Accession Of New Member States Research Articles

Relationship between the Obligations from the European Convention on Human Rights and the Accession to the European Union

Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) has difficulty integrating and moving closer to the goal of becoming a member of the European Union (EU). From the legal perspective, the main issue is the need to fulfil the accession criteria. The article aims to examine the relationship between the obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights and Basic Freedoms (ECHR) and the obligations related to the European Union (EU) accession process, with emphasis on Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) as an EU membership candidate country. At first sight, those two obligations are separate. However, upon close examination, a strong link between those two obligations can be established using normative research with a historical approach, statute and case-based approach. On the other hand, the constitutional system of B&H has been described as discriminatory by numerous judgments of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and, most prominently, by the Sejdic-Finci case. B&H has difficulties implementing those judgments. Implementing those judgments is also set as one of the requirements of EU accession. Even if the two obligations seem separate at first sight, the ECHR has a special position within the law of the EU and is especially important in the accession of new Member States, including B&H. The research results show a special position of the ECHR in EU law and a link between the obligations under the ECHR and EU accession.

Do Urbanization and Energy Consumption Change the Role in Environmental Degradation in the European Union Countries?

Nowadays, increased urbanization is visible in most European Union countries. At the same time, it can be noticed that in the studied period (2000–2018), GDP per capita increased, and CO2 emissions per capita and energy consumption per capita decreased. These trends should be assessed in an unequivocally positive way. Considering these trends, especially with regard to economic development, our research goal is to answer the following questions: is there a long-run relationship between urbanization, energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon dioxide emissions, and what roles do urbanization and energy consumption play in the concept of the environmental Kuznets curve? This study aims to contribute to this growing area of research by exploring the European Union countries in the period covering the accession of new member states from Central Europe that needs intensifying European environmental policy. In order to test cointegration, we used Pedroni and Westerlund’s panel tests. To estimate the long-run coefficients, we employed the FMOLS, MG, CCEMG, and AMG tests. Our findings confirmed the long-run relationship between variables. We find that urbanization has a high negative impact on carbon dioxide emissions per capita. Interestingly, our studies’ results differ from those in most of the previously published articles about European countries. For this reason, our results provide a new insight for policymakers in European Union institutions.

Alignment with EU Regulations in the Field of the Competition Policy and System of State Aid in Western Balkan Countries

Abstract The underying idea behand the foundation of the European Union is a single, integrated and competitive market. The future of the entire Western Balkans region (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo*, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia) lies within the European Union. The main purpose of this paper is to explore the multiplicative effects of the alignment of European Union regulations with the competition policy in Western Balkan countries. In addition, the paper is designed to highlight the specific issues, challenges in this field, and provides an overview of empirical trends. A combination of qualitative and quantitative approach proposes methodological framework which recognizes different economic environments and regulatory frameworks. By comparing selected economic indicators related to competiton authorities (number of staff in the national authorities, annual budget of the national authorities, number of prohibited agreements, abuse of dominant position, notification of concentrations, opinions), the authors give a reliable basis for comparative progress analysis in this filed. Using multi-criteria optimization as a key method, as well as network and input-output display, the obtained results suggest country whose competition authority is efficient frontier. The significance of this research stems from the current debate whether the harmonized competition policy should speed up and facilitate the process of the accession of new member states to the European Union.

Economic impact of the EU Eastern enlargement on New Member States revisited: The role of economic institutions

Abstract The paper analyses the economic implications of the accession of New Member States (NMS) to the European Union (EU) in 2004 and 2007. The estimation effects of integration with the EU were carried out as a comparative case study using the synthetic control method (SCM) proposed by Abadie and Gardeazabal. Compared to previous studies analysing the effects of accession to the EU (Campos, Coricelli and Moretti), we check for the importance of the quality of economic institutions for the matching process of the analysed economies with their comparators. The results of the econometric analysis show a positive impact on the country performance 6 years and 12 years after accession to the EU. The gains from accession are large but not universal. For 5 of the 10 analysed countries the difference in levels of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) against the counterfactual is at least 30%.

European Capital of Culture, Urban Tourism and Cross-Border Cooperation Between Romania and Serbia

ABSTRACT Nowadays, with the recent events inside EU and accession of new member states, it increases the need for a deeper integration of the member states. This paper looks at the important role of cultural cross-border cooperation, in the context of winning the European Capital of Culture (ECoC) title by Timișoara and Novi Sad for 2021. The ECoC title offers a great opportunity for Timișoara and Novi Sad, two cities from neighbouring countries, Romania and Serbia, also close from geographical and historical point of view, to shape together a region of culture through cross-border cooperation. Moreover, the title is a catalyst for the development of urban tourism at a local level. This article makes a qualitative analysis of the opportunities and challenges for cross-border cooperation in the new context. Cultural cross-border cooperation changes borders from barriers to bridges of cooperation and creates stronger ties between communities.

"Pig Meat Market In Selected Eu Countries Under Theconditions Of Economic Integration: A Comparativeanalysis Of Old And New Member States "

The objective of the paper is to present the changes that have taken place in the EU pig meat market under the conditions of economic integration. The study aims to evaluate the gains and losses arising from EU accession for the Central and Eastern European countries and the so-called “old†EU countries. The authors adopted the hypothesis that those gains and losses are not uniformly distributed, - the EU-15 countries benefit, while the new member states lose out from the changes. The analysis covered five EU-15 member states, i.e. Germany, Spain, France, Denmark and the Netherlands, and four new EU members, i.e. Poland, Romania, Hungary and the Czech Republic. The material scope of the paper includes the changes in supply (pig stock and production), prices and foreign trade, while the temporal scope encompasses the period from 1995 to 2015. An evaluation of the trends in the pig meat market with respect to the changes in supply, prices, and foreign trade reveals that the “old†EU countries benefitted from the accession of new member states to the European Union.

Interregional migration within the European Union in the aftermath of the Eastern enlargements: a spatial approach

This paper investigates interregional migration on a pan-EU level for the era immediately following the accession of new member states with relatively low income levels. It is shown that it is possible to account for spatial effects of interregional migration despite the lack of data on region-to-region migration flows. In the paper, a spatial model framework of interregional migration is developed that corresponds to a spatial lag of X model or, by inclusion of a spatial autocorrelation term, a spatial Durbin error model. The framework shows that within a system, a linear model of migration inevitably results in a function of net-migration which is based on a column-standardised weight matrix. A region’s migration level is assumed to be simultaneously affected by determinants at home as well as in other regions, where the latter’s influences decrease with distance. The specifications are subsequently applied to data on net-migration rates in 250 European NUTS2 regions over the period 2006–2008. The empirical results reveal a robust association between a region’s net-migration rate and its relative location in space. Moreover, migration is driven by income opportunities, labour market conditions, economic growth, human capital endowments as well as temporarily imposed restrictions on the freedom of movement of workers.

The Development of EU Law in the Field of Occupational Health and Safety: A New Way of Thinking

Workplace accident and disease prevention have been the focus of law-making activity in European Union (EU) since the creation of the common market. In more than half a century, the EU occupational health and safety (OHS) law grew from nothing into the present legal system, experiencing stages of development through the introduction of important European Community (EC) treaties, for example, the Rome Treaty, Paris Treaty, Maastricht Treaty, Lisbon Treaty and other European-wide legal documents such as the European Social Charter 1961, and seven rounds of EU enlargements for the accession of new member states. With these developments, the approaches adopted in EU OHS law are also involving. In the first few decades, a prescriptive approach was dominant until the introduction of the Framework Directive 89/391, which marked the shift towards a goal-oriented approach. In the later development, the evolution in approach also presents a shift towards the social dialogue approach.

FROM CANDIDACY TO MEMBERSHIP

I. Preliminary Remarks II. The Development ofTurkey-ECIEU Relations 1. The Association Agreement 2. The Customs Union 3. The Accession Partnership III. The Legal Framework of Community Law for the Accession of New Member States 1. Association Agreement and Members hip 2. The Treaty on European Union, Art. 49 3. The Copenhagen Criteria 4. The Accession Partnership IV. The Adoption of the Acquis Communautaire by Turkey V. Perspectives

Patent Rights and the “Specific Mechanism” to Prevent Parallel Imports

The “Specific Mechanism” as part of the accession of new Member States to the EC limits the free movement of goods between new and old Member States with respect to certain pharmaceuticals that could not find patent protection in the new Member States prior to accession. While the Specific Mechanism derogates from the principles of intra-Community free trade, it does not alter the rules of domestic patent law applicable in the respective Member States. As a consequence, the Specific Mechanism can only have an effect where domestic patent law gives the patentee the right to prevent parallel importation from other Member States or third countries. At least in the UK, this does not seem to be the case.

Domestic politics and the widening–deepening trade-off in the European Union

ABSTRACTThis contribution analyzes the relationship between European Union (EU) enlargement, preference heterogeneity of EU members and co-operation in the EU. I argue that the widening of the EU does not invariably present an obstacle to co-operation. Preference heterogeneity in the Council is not only affected by the accession of new member states, but it also fluctuates over time owing to changes in the domestic political arena. In European countries, governmental coalitions have changed frequently, with important consequences for the ability of EU members to negotiate deeper integration. To test the theoretical hypotheses, I analyze to what extent the changing bargaining dynamics in the Council owing to domestic political circumstances, as compared to the accession of new member states itself, have affected the co-operation between EU member states over time.

Encountering migration: English primary school teachers’ responses to Polish children

Schools in England have recently undergone a shift in their pupil demographic, which in part reflects changing patterns of trans-European migration since the accession of new member states to the EU in 2004 and 2007. There is evidence that this shift is one experienced not just in inner-city schools most commonly associated with minority ethnic populations, but in a wide range of schools in rural and smaller town settings in a number of counties across the country. This article explores the responses of English primary school teachers to Polish children arriving since 2006 in a county in the South of England. Using Bourdieu’s logic of practice, interview data are analysed to examine attitudes towards Polish children and their families. Discussion centres on how teachers’ professional habitus may unconsciously govern their reception of children from Poland and on how the teacher-friendly behaviour of Polish children and families may support a generalized construction of the Polish model learner.

The European employment strategy and opportunities for occupational therapy

Europe is one of the world’s seven continents consisting of approximately 50 states. Precisely where the division betweenEurope andAsia lies is still a matter of some debate. Sometimes the word “Europe” is used in a geopolitical way to refer only to the European Union. TheEuropeanUnion is composed of 27Member States. The enlargement of the European Union is the process of expanding through the accession of new Member States. This process began with the Inner Six, who founded the European Coal and Steel Community (the EU’s predecessor) in 1952. Since then, the EU’s membership has grown to twenty-sevenwith the most recent expansion to Bulgaria and Romania in 2007. Europe is multilayered, multi-centred and complex. It is not surprising that the process of providing it with a constitution is long and difficult. Fortunately Europe has found ways of going forward on the basis of its desire to go forward, whether or not all the rules are in place to make things happen. Europe exists because many peoplewant it to exist and are building it,working together toward common goals [1]. Building Europe, defining its constitution and strengthening its citizenship is not a yes/no matter, but an on-going activity. Europe is and it is becoming. Europe is a learning and developing process. The idea of Europe is underpinned in practice as well as in theory by shared political, economic and social values. Insofar as these are concretely protected, enhanced and developed, they will become real rights. The European Charter of Fundamental Rights contains six sections: dignity; freedoms; equality; solidarity; citizens’ rights; justice [2]. 2. Objectives of the European Union

Just Good Friends? The European Union's Multiple Neighbourhood Policies

The EU’s self-definition as an integrating civilian, democratic and legal space of political norms and economic regulation, without any significant military power structure, profoundly affects the conception of its neighbourhood policies. It tries to promote with its neighbours what it has achieved itself at home. While the EU has one explicit neighbourhood policy, there are no less than 13 concentric circles of graduated neighbourhood relationships surrounding its territory, with a continuous blurring of categories between them. The EU can be described as engaging in a policy of Eurocentric normativism. But does trying to make neighbours ‘become like us’ amount to an effective strategy? There is widespread agreement that although the enlargement process for accession of new member states has proved impressively transformative, the official ENP, sometimes called ‘enlargement-lite’, has not. Nevertheless, while the conditionality mechanism has proved weak in the absence of the accession incentive, the alternative of Europeanisation by socialisation might still work gradually in the longer term in the outer neighbourhood.

Opinion 1/08 of the Court (Grand Chamber), Schedules of specific commitments – Conclusion of agreements on the grant of compensation for modification and withdrawal of certain commitments following the accession of new Member States of the European Union, 30 November 2009, not yet reported.

Opinion 1/08 of the Court (Grand Chamber), <i>Schedules of specific commitments – Conclusion of agreements on the grant of compensation for modification and withdrawal of certain commitments following the accession of new Member States of the European Union</i>, 30 November 2009, not yet reported.

Limitations on Religion in a Liberal Democratic Polity: Christianity and Islam in the Public Order of the European Union

This paper examines aspects of the European Union’s approach to the accession of new member states and the integration of immigrants to show how the Union has viewed religion as a potential threat to the autonomy of the public sphere and to individual autonomy in the private sphere and has required acceptance of limitations on religious influence over law and law-making from both applicant states and individual migrants. It notes how, in common with the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, the EU has been willing to interfere with privacy and individual autonomy in order to protect such principles from the consequences of unlimited religious influence on law and society. Finally the paper considers how the Union’s attempts to uphold limitations on religion in the public sphere have been complicated by the partial and contested nature of the secularity of its existing members. It shows how an Islamic presence in the public sphere has been identified by the Union as particularly threatening to the liberal democracy in contrast to its ready acceptance of the public roles of culturally and historically entrenched Christian denominations in many member states.

The Euro and Other Major Currencies Floating Against the U.S. Dollar

This paper discusses the interdependent effects of conditional volatilities in returns of the Euro and other major currencies against U.S. dollar exchange rates (spot rates) since the launch of the Euro, using, for this purpose, the daily data and dynamic conditional correlation (DCC)–GARCH model with country-specific effects. The following conclusions are drawn: there are volatility spillovers (contemporaneous and lagged) in the Euro, Yen, and British pound, the degree of the correlation is high between the Euro and British pound against the U.S. dollar, there is a very strong association between the ECB Euro reference rate (fixing rates) and U.S.-traded spot rates, and finally, the impulse-response of volatility (after the accession of new Member States to the European Union) rapidly diminishes in the spot markets, indicating a short-run dynamic effect.

PHYSICAL AND REHABILITATION MEDICINE IN EUROPE

This article aims to describe the specialty of ‘‘physical and rehabilitation medicine’’ (PRM) in its European context and sets out to show the progress made over the last few years in its rapid development in Europe. It is expected to expand within the European Union (EU) following the accession of new member states and this article will discuss, in particular, the structure, role and the major issues facing the specialty in Europe.

Migrants as Minorities: Integration and Inclusion in the Enlarged European Union*

The developing migration and asylum law and policy of the European Union aim to construct a common normative framework to address the admission and residence of diverse categories of third-country nationals in EU territory. The principles of minority protection, however, are absent from EU law, with the exception of some references in the new Constitutional Treaty and the incorporated Charter of Fundamental Rights, although they have been employed, to a certain degree, in a prescriptive and pragmatic way in the context of the accession of new Member States. However, increased EU attention to the concept of integration in recent Council policy pronouncements and newly adopted legal measures, aimed almost exclusively at lawfully resident third-country nationals, provides a space where migration policy and minority protection principles may engage more directly. This article undertakes a preliminary assessment of the points of convergence and divergence in these two sets of principles, and argues that greater convergence would result in a more coherent EU policy on integration.

Immigration Policy and the Skills of Irish Immigrants: Evidence and Implications

The rise of immigration into Ireland has been accompanied by a debate on the potential objectives of immigration policy. This paper begins with a survey of international and historical evidence on the economics of immigration policy. To place Irish immigration in the international context, a recent OECD data set is used to compare the education of Irish immigrants to their counterparts in other European economies. The data suggest that Ireland's immigrant population is remarkably skilled. Immigrants of EU origin are positively self-selected. From outside the EU, some countries supply mainly skilled immigrants, while others are sources of less-skilled workers. These findings are used as a backdrop to explore three major issues in Irish immigration: the likely impact of EU accession of new member states, the appropriateness of current immigration policy, and the relationship between current immigration and future population flows.