Accessibility Conditions Research Articles

Numerical Simulations of Locked Lamellar Eutectic Growth Patterns

We present two-dimensional numerical simulations of tilted lamellar growth patterns during directional solidification of nonfaceted binary eutectic alloys in the presence of an anisotropy of the free energy $$\gamma $$ of the interphase boundaries in the solid. We used a dynamic boundary-integral (BI) method. The physical parameters were those of the transparent eutectic $$\mathrm CBr_4$$ - $$\mathrm C_2Cl_6$$ alloy. As in Ghosh et al. (Phys Rev E 91, 022407, 2015), the anisotropy of $$\gamma $$ was described by a model function with tunable parameters. The lamellar-locking effect in the vicinity of a deep minimum of the interfacial energy was reproduced. For a weak anisotropy, the lamellar tilt angle $$\theta _t$$ was shown to depend on the growth conditions. We systematically studied the influence of usual control parameters (pulling velocity, temperature gradient, lamellar spacing, alloy concentration) on the tilted-lamellar pattern. We identified experimentally accessible conditions under which $$\theta _t$$ falls close to the theoretical prediction based on the so-called symmetric-pattern approximation. We finally simulated locked and weakly locked lamellar patterns and found empirically a good morphological matching with experimental observations during directional solidification of thin $$\mathrm CBr_4$$ - $$\mathrm C_2Cl_6$$ samples.

The causal effect of trade liberalization on the environment

This study investigated the effect of trade liberalization on carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The exogenous reduction in trade restrictions due to countries' accession to the World Trade Organization is used as a measure of trade liberalization. Using the difference-in-difference method, the study estimated a large effect of accession on environmental quality. The results passed several robustness checks and did not appear to be influenced by coincidental shocks or the political conditions of accession. These results directly challenge the use of a single environmental quality indicator when assessing the relationship between trade liberalization and the environment.

On structural accessibility of network nonlinear systems

This paper studies the structural accessibility for a class of network nonlinear systems (NNSs) with meromorphic vector fields. Nonlinear eigenvector and differential one-form are employed to establish a Kalman rank typed strong accessibility condition, which helps to prove that the structural accessibility of the considered NNSs is equivalent to the structural controllability of their linearized systems. Such an equivalence allows us to analyse and design NNSs by using the well-developed linear system theories. A chemical reaction system example is taken to illustrate the theoretical result.

Accessibility and mobility deficiencies of line 2 RUTA, case of San Ramón, Puebla

Deficient accessibility and mobility conditions can create exclusion, which is why, when planning a mass transport system, it is necessary to analyse them at the neighbourhood level in order to guarantee the right to the city and access to public transport. The objective of this article is to show how the deficiencies of urban accessibility in line 2 of the RUTA system, in the case study of the San Ramón colony, Puebla, since the necessary pedestrian infrastructure conditions were not considered, which causes difficulties in pedestrian mobility to access public transport. This situation was confirmed by the disappearance of the urban routes that provided transport services in the colony. The action-research methodology was implemented through successive approaches in the theoretical, physical-spatial and legal spheres. The analysis was carried out through the application of a diagnostic instrument to evaluate urban accessibility, workshops with focus groups to identify the perception of inhabitants and users, interviews with key actors and multilevel matrices of legal instruments, with the aim of making recommendations that include participatory management.

External differentiated integration between the European Union and Turkey: a ‘Ukraine Model’ for the Customs Union upgrade?

ABSTRACT The forthcoming Customs Union (CU) upgrade negotiations have the potential to stabilize and deepen the ties between the European Union (EU) and Turkey and bring them to a stronger form of external differentiated integration. This article examines the viability of an EU–Turkey Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA), similar to that between Ukraine and the EU, as an alternative to the CU. The paper contends that a DCFTA would benefit both the EU and Turkey while it would de facto shift the contractual relations from accession conditionality to market access conditionality with potential political repercussions.

Socio-Adaptive Thinking of Searching for an Architectural Connection to Improve the Lives of Students with Special Physical Needs as a Special Kind of Philosophical Communication

An analysis of the spiritual situation in the modern, in particular the Western, world prompts the idea that a person's place in it is becoming increasingly uncertain and contradictory. This is especially evident in the context of various conflicts arising among people with disabilities due to infrastructure problems in educational institutions. It is obvious that disabled people and various categories of mentally and physically weakened people are a very significant part of our society, for which accessible and comfortable conditions of life and rehabilitation should be created. This requirement should be considered among the fundamental, and it should apply to many significant objects of the social infrastructure of modern cities, including their higher educational institutions. The major purpose of this article is to determine the ways of adapting the architectural environment of higher education institutions to the needs of persons with disabilities. The object of the research is the buildings and structures of higher education institutions. To achieve the goal of our research we have used a IDEF0 model in the context of achieving social adaptation and improving communication.

Enhanced optical nonlinearities under collective strong light-matter coupling

Optical microcavities and metallic nanostructures have been shown to significantly modulate the dynamics and spectroscopic response of molecular systems. We present a study of the nonlinear optics of a model consisting of $N$ anharmonic multilevel systems (e.g., Morse oscillators) undergoing collective strong coupling with a resonant infrared microcavity. We find that, under experimentally accessible conditions, molecular systems in microcavities may have nonlinear phenomena significantly intensified due to the high quality of polariton resonances and the enhanced microcavity electromagnetic energy density relative to free space. Particularly large enhancement of multiphoton absorption happens when multipolariton states are resonant with bare molecule multiphoton transitions. In particular, our model predicts two-photon absorption cross section enhancements by several orders of magnitude relative to free space when the Rabi splitting $\Omega_R$ is approximately equal to the molecular anharmonic shift $2\Delta$. Our results provide rough upper bounds to resonant nonlinear response enhancement factors as relaxation to dark states is treated phenomenologically. Notably, ensembles of two-level systems undergoing strong coupling with a cavity (described by the Tavis-Cummings model) show no such optical nonlinearity enhancements, highlighting the rich phenomenology afforded by multilevel anharmonic systems. Similar conclusions are expected to hold for excitonic systems that share features with our model (e.g., molecular dyes with accessible S_0 -> S_1 -> S_2 transitions) and strongly interact with a UV-visible cavity.

Exposing the hidden influence of selection rules on phonon\u2013phonon scattering by pressure and temperature tuning

Selection rules act to restrict the intrinsic anharmonic interactions between phonons in all crystals. Yet their influence on phonon propagation is hidden in most materials and so, hard to interrogate experimentally. Using ab initio calculations, we show that the otherwise invisible impact of selection rules on three-phonon scattering can be exposed through anomalous signatures in the pressure (P) and temperature (T) dependence of the thermal conductivities, κ, of certain compounds. Boron phosphide reveals such underlying behavior through an exceptionally sharp initial rise in κ with increasing P, which may be the steepest of any material, and also a peak and decrease in κ at high P. These features are in stark contrast to the measured behavior for many solids, and they occur at experimentally accessible conditions. These findings give a deep understanding of phonon lifetimes and heat conduction in solids, and motivate experimental efforts to observe the predicted behavior.

Enhancing magnetic dipole emission in Eu-doped SrMO3 ( M=Ti,Zr,Hf ): First-principles calculations

Magnetic dipole (MD) spontaneous emission plays a vital role in the field of optical magnetism, which has been observed in trivalent lanthanide ions. In this case, the luminescence properties of the MD are largely affected by the crystal field symmetry at the embedding trivalent lanthanide ion site, but the correlation between the doping properties and the MD emission has not been fully understood. Here, we systematically investigate the doping properties of Eu in $\mathrm{Sr}M{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ ($M=\mathrm{Ti},\mathrm{Zr},\mathrm{Hf}$) using first-principles calculations, in order to maximize the MD emission efficiency of the Eu-doped perovskites. By analyzing the formation energies under the accessible growth conditions, we determine the ideal conditions for Eu-doped perovskites that could maximize the MD emission. We also theoretically demonstrate the spin flipping emission mechanism of ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$. Our study thus provides a guideline for the design of highly efficient MD emission materials.

The Thermodynamic Stability, Electronic and Photocatalytic Properties of the ZnWO4(100) Surface as Predicted by Screened Hybrid Density Functional Theory.

Zinc tungstate (ZnWO4) is an outstanding photocatalyst for water splitting and organic contaminant degradation under visible light irradiation. Surface termination stabilities are significant for understanding the photochemical oxidation and reactions on the ZnWO4 surface. Based on density functional theory, we calculated the thermodynamic stability of possible surface terminations for ZnWO4(100). The surface stability phase diagrams show that the Zn2O4-Zn8W6O28, W2O4-Zn8W10O36, and Zn2-Zn8W6O24 terminations of ZnWO4(100) can be stabilized under certain thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. The electronic structures for these three possible stability surface terminations are calculated based on the Heyd–Scuseria–Ernzerhof (HSE06) hybrid functional to give dependable theoretical band gap values. It is found that the surface states of W2O4-Zn8W10O36 termination are in the band gap, which shows a delocalized performance. The calculated absorption coefficients of W2O4-Zn8W10O36 termination show stronger absorption than bulk ZnWO4 in the visible-light region. The band edge calculation shows that the valence band maximum and conduction band minimum of the W2O4-Zn8W10O36 termination can fulfill the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction requirements at the same time. Furthermore, work functions are extraordinarily distinct for various surface terminations. This result suggests that the ZnWO4-based direct Z-scheme heterostructure can be controlled by obtaining the thermodynamically preferred surface termination under suitable conditions. Our results can predict ZnWO4(100) surface structures and properties under the entire range of accessible environmental conditions.

Relationship between Transport Anisotropy and Nematicity in FeSe

The mechanism behind the nematicity of FeSe is not known. Through elastoresitivity measurements it has been shown to be an electronic instability. However, so far measurements have extended only to small strains, where the response is linear. Here, we apply large elastic strains to FeSe, and perform two types of measurements. (1) Using applied strain to control twinning, the nematic resistive anisotropy at temperatures below the nematic transition temperature Ts is determined. (2) Resistive anisotropy is measured as nematicity is induced through applied strain at fixed temperature above Ts. In both cases, as nematicity strengthens the resistive anisotropy peaks about about 7%, then decreases. Below ~40 K, the nematic resistive anisotropy changes sign. We discuss possible implications of this behaviour for theories of nematicity. We report in addition: (1) Under experimentally accessible conditions with bulk crystals, stress, rather than strain, is the conjugate field to the nematicity of FeSe. (2) At low temperatures the twin boundary resistance is ~10% of the sample resistance, and must be properly subtracted to extract intrinsic resistivities. (3) Biaxial inplane compression increases both in-plane resistivity and the superconducting critical temperature Tc, consistent with a strong role of the yz orbital in the electronic correlations.

Geoinformational Analysis of Transport Accessibility Conditions of Rural Territories of Volgograd Region

The article deals with the assessment of transport accessibility of rural settlements. The main research methods are the geoinformation and cartographic methods. A transport accessibility factor implies the time spent on moving between villages and the center. The methodology proposed is based on two spatial levels: the district level, where the territory of mapping is the municipal districts of Volgograd region, and the object is rural settlements; the regional level covering the entire territory of the region. At the district level, the calculation and geoinformation analysis of the transport accessibility of villages in relation to district centers are made. As a result, it is identified that the territories are in different conditions of transport accessibility. 20.9% of the region’s villages are located in favorable conditions (transport accessibility less than 30 minutes); 25.2% of villages are in less favorable conditions (transport accessibility 30–45 minutes); 53.9% of villages are in unfavorable conditions (more than 45 minutes). At the regional level in relation to Volgograd, there are three zones with a different degree of favorable transport conditions: a zone of time accessibility up to 2 hours with favorable conditions for economic development; a restrictedly favorable zone with time accessibility of 2–4 hours; and a zone of unfavorable economic influence with the time transport accessibility exceeding 4 hours. It is noted that 15 out of 33 districts of Volgograd region are in unfavorable conditions of transport accessibility in relation to the regional center. This is primarily determined by the size of the region’s territory, the geographical location of Volgograd, the state of the road network, namely the presence of asphalt roads.The conclusion is drawn about the heterogeneity of the conditions for the provision of residents with services concentrated in the centers based on the uneven distribution of the conditions of transport accessibility. The authors give recommendations for the development of regional sub-centers of public service.

Measuring accessibility and island development in Ambon City

Island studies has thus far mostly focused on the limitations, isolation and marginality of island communities. However, recent research into island cities, or urban island studies, provides an analytic lens or research perspective that can be used to understand an island’s diversity and to encourage researchers to identify island characteristics that have an impact on the function of cities and population centers on islands. One of the factors that inhibit the development of island cities is the limited availability of land area and resources, causing island city regions to depend on other regions to fulfill the population’s needs and provide basic services to the population, which puts islands in a vulnerable position because of transportation accessibility problems. This study was conducted using the Transit Opportunity Index (TOI) method to observe the relationship between transportation accessibility and economic growth in island city regions. The result of the analysis showed that transportation accessibility indirectly affects economic growth in every district/city in Maluku Province. Sea transportation accessibility better illustrates the condition of transportation accessibility of Ambon City and other districts/cities in Maluku Province compared to sea and air transportation accessibility.

Management Model and the Success Factors of Village Owned Enterprises (VOEs) in Indonesia

Purpose: This study aims to describe and analyze the development management model of Village-Owned Enterprises (VOEs) and identify and explain the determining factors for the success of VOEs in Indonesia. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study approach used qualitative methods, document studies, publications on VOEs performance, secondary data, field observations, and interviews with several sources. Findings: The study results explain three models found in the development of VOEs, namely an ambiguous model, a subjective approach, and a cultural management model. Practical Implications: The determinants of VOEs development are organizational factors in the form of human resources (HR), leadership, technology support, organizational culture, financial governance, institutional arrangement. Meanwhile, contextual factors (outside the organization) are government intervention, raw materials and production technology, accessibility, market opportunities, economic and socio-cultural conditions, demographics, physical environment, and policies. Originality/Value: Triangular prototype model of determinants of success of Village-Owned Enterprises (VOEs)

The characters of transportation system in kampung kota

Transportation system is an effort in integrating the network of human and product movement from source to desired destination. The movements are conducted in every part of the world in macro scale (intercontinental) and micro scale (neighbourhood). Kampung Kota (Urban village) is an organic residential settlement at the urban area which still having Indonesia lifestyle uniqueness. Each kampung kota has built unique transportation system related to their kampung accessibility conditions. This qualitative study is using analytic descriptive to explain the facts about the transportation system in kampung Pendrikan Kidul, Semarang with spatial, kampung and transportation theory approach. This study found that micro transportation system in Indonesia’s kampung kota has set unique types and developed through eras.

Post-earthquake fire risk assessment of historic urban areas: A scenario-based analysis applied to the Historic City Centre of Leiria, Portugal

Recent natural and anthropic disasters have aroused the interest of the scientific and governmental community in seeking more efficient and effective risk mitigation strategies. Index-based approaches have received particular attention in the field of disaster risk because of their extraordinary capacity to synthesise and spatially contextualise vulnerability. Motivated by the massive impacts of earthquakes, the seismic risk field has gained popularity over the last few decades. However, little attention has been paid so far to a potentially highly impacting phenomenon: post-earthquake fires. Historical records have shown that fire ignitions triggered by earthquakes present a significant likelihood of ending up in massively destructive urban fires whose consequences are even more dreadful than those of the earthquake itself. This paper aims to contribute to the body of knowledge in the field of post-earthquake fires by presenting a scenario-based analysis in the Historic City Centre of Leiria. Firstly, two seismic vulnerability index methodologies are applied to obtain post-earthquake damage scenarios. Then, a risk matrix is used to identify the buildings that are more prone to suffer post-earthquake fire ignitions. Finally, fire spreading and suppression conditions are examined and discussed through a detailed analysis where fire risk outputs, damages, and the accessibility conditions of the area are combined to obtain an integrated post-earthquake fire analysis. The results show that for a seismic event of intensity IEMS−98 = VIII, 33% of the total surveyed buildings could present a moderate or high risk of post-earthquake fire ignition.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features of Fungal Keratitis (Review)

In this review we presented the information about pathogenesis of mycotic keratitis and the most characteristic clinical signs that can help ophthalmologists to suspect mycotic etiology. In conditions of poor accessibility and informativeness of laboratory and instrumental diagnostic tests, the analysis of the anamnesis and the clinical signs remain the only information that can be used by a physician while making a diagnosis and choosing treating strategies. This review contains the results of a number of studies. In the review we show the progression phases of cornea mycotic infection, among them adherence, invasion, morphogenesis and toxigenicity. We also reveal that the most characteristic clinical signs of mycotic keratitis are scalloped rough edge of stromal defect, prominent dry crumby or caseous structured view of infiltrates and necrotic masses, satellite infiltrates, certain changes of color of the defected area. Heaviness of mycotic keratitis ulcer defect has a correlation with an unfavourable prognosis for disease. Mycotic keratitis during contagion can be complicated by mycotic glaucoma with a malignant disease course and endophthalmitis. There can be cases with mixed infection. While Almost No clinical sign is pathognomonic for keratomycoses, summing up all the signs can verify the diagnosis. Ophthalmologists need training in the recognition the clinical signs of infectious keratitis. Also new methods of fast diagnostics of infectious keratitis etiology and implementation on a large scale are needed.

The rate of aerobic glycolysis is a pivotal regulator of tumor progression.

Cancer cells depend on glucose metabolism via exclusive glycolysis pathway is named Aerobic glycolysis or Warburg effect. The aim of this study was investigation of different glucose accessibility conditions on the rate of Warburg effect and its impact on Hypoxia inducible factors-1 α (HIF-1 α)/vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) pathway in breast cancer cells lines. MDA-MB-231 (Warburg phenomenon) and MCF-7 (oxidative) cell lines were cultured in DMEM and exposed to three different glucose accessibility medium for 48h (5.5mM as normal glucose (NG), 25mM as high glucose (HG) and 2-Deoxyglucose (2-DG) as restricted glucose accessibility). Glucose uptake, intra/extracellular lactate and pyruvate, HIF-1α accumulation and vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) expression were evaluated by standard methods. Our results showed in NG condition both of cell lines produce lactate, but it was higher in MDA-MB-231. HG condition increased extracellular lactate in both cell lines especially in MCF-7 cells whereas intracellular lactate and pyruvate raised only in MCF-7. 2-DG decreased extracellular and intracellular lactate and pyruvate in both cell lines especially in MDA-MB-231. HIF-1α accumulation was detectable in NG condition in both cell lines. HG condition increased HIF-1α accumulation in MCF-7 cells but not in MDA-MB-231 and 2-DG decreased it in both call lines, especially in MDA-MB-231. Expression of VEGF had similar pattern with HIF-1α in different conditions. Our findings revealed the rate of Warburg effect is an important indicator for tumor promotion and invasion due to its impacts on important transcription factors like HIF-1α.

Microwave-accessibility conditions estimated by plasma parameters obtained experimentally on electron cyclotron resonance ion source.

We insert two probes in the upstream and the downstream regions with respect to the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) zone which is formed at the center of mirror fields. We measure simultaneously plasma parameters in those regions by each of them under the same operating condition. We measure ion saturation currents Iis and electron energy distribution functions at two positions. We obtain measurement results that suggest the more efficient ECR on the side closer to the microwave-launchings than those on the other side. It is consistent with the accessibility condition of the right-hand polarization wave. We also compare the charge state distributions of Ar ion beams extracted in the case of launching microwaves from the coaxial semi-dipole antenna and those from the rod antenna. We observe the higher multicharged ion beam currents at the low microwave powers in the case of the rod antenna than those in the case of the coaxial semi-dipole antenna. We also confirm stable increasements of ion beam currents at considerably high microwave powers in the case of the coaxial semi-dipole antenna. Based on the experimental results, we propose a new microwave-launching method, "dual-ECR heating" and report its preferable preliminary experimental results in this paper.

THE Exploration of Effective Spatial Performance of Accessible Neighbourhood Green (Ang), Including its Proportion and Standard Distance from User in Dhanmondi Residential Area, Dhaka

Urban physical context can be analyzed across three key matrixes (3-P) among others i.e. place, path, and people. So, pragmatic analysis of spatial effective performances connecting 3-P, require provoking frequency of people’s experience. Acknowledging this issue, the demand for accessible neighbourhood green (ANG) at an appropriate distance becomes the primary concern to enhance the quality of life and liveability in a city. However, with the continued urban growth and densification, the discrepancy between the demand and supply of open space continues to vary requiring adjustments to remain responsive. The real-life circumstance results in a shortage of parks and open areas in terms of demand and supply within accessible distance in Dhaka city. This paper intends to examine this issue through the case of the planned Dhanmondi Residential Area (DRA) in Dhaka. Despite having provision of multiple open spaces in DRA, visitor’s frequency varies due to age and gender group accessibility conditions and varying distances. Considering existing spatial norms set by Detail Area Plan (DAP), Dhaka structure plan (DSP), and numerous research works on Dhaka open spaces, the major inquiry posed here is whether these open spaces are appropriate for DRA or not. Therefore, the objective of this paper focuses on examining the quality of the physical environment of Neighbourhood public open spaces termed here as accessible neighbourhood green (ANG) in DRA to examine their adequacy concerning proportion and distance synchronized with the frequency of visits. The initial part of the paper focuses on conceptualizing the problem vis-à-vis the existing scenario. Surveys and interviews have been conducted to assess people’s perceptions in terms of comfort, accessibility, sociability, and user frequency aligned with proximity. The result indicates that the provision of one appropriate ANG within two or three standard blocks apart contribute to enhancing the quality of life for the city dwellers and their liveability.