Accessible Form Research Articles

Poor people's money during times of uncertainty: Uses, meanings and negotiation of monetary aid measures in the pandemic context.

This study sought to explore the uses meanings and negotiation that female heads of household from low-income areas gave to the transferred money in the COVID health emergency period. Our specific interest is in the withdrawal of 10% of pension funds and the Emergency Family Income (IFE) due to the monetary relevance of both programs. Based on a 10th-month follow-up of 14 female heads of household from low-income areas of Santiago, Chile, this qualitative study examines how the participating women "mark," in Zelizer's sense, the money they received. Thus, we seek to account for how, based on the source of money, its forms of access and the amounts received, women determine how to use it and assign meaning to its value.

Visual Metaphors in Pedagogical Discourse

A visual metaphor is an image that allows you convey the meaning that escapes during verbal representation, as well as to enhance the impact of the message. It is for this reason that visual metaphor occupies a special place in pedagogical discourse. The explanation of unknown concepts and phenomena by referring to the formed units of knowledge presented figuratively is a necessary stage of cognition of reality. Visual metaphorization of complexly organized aggregates of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world facilitates their perception, thereby representing their essence in a visual and accessible form. The basis of the visual metaphor is the similarity in function, purpose, shape, color, size. A number of scientific papers are devoted to the methodology of analyzing individual verbal metaphors. At the same time, the visual metaphors used by the teacher to explain the transmitted educational information have not been practically investigated. This provision determines the relevance of the research. The target of the study is to study the specifics of visual metaphorization in pedagogical discourse. As part of the educational process, visual metaphors are embodied in the form of mind maps, mood boards, singular metaphorical references that explicate an Abstract idea in a system of images formed during the development of curricula and personal subjective experience. It is established that the use of these methods of visualization of theoretical material, built on the basis of a given visual metaphor, contribute to the structuring and memorization of educational information, the development of creative and cognitive potential. A visual metaphor acts as a vector for analyzing a problem situation: the creative process of interpreting a visual image leads to the identification of a logical relationship between the images, revealing the nature of the object or phenomenon being studied, as well as the formation of creative thinking of students.

Tambov radio: from wired access points to Internet broadcasting

INTRODUCTION. The study focuses on regional radio, which is an important part of the modern information system due to the stable interest in radio on the Internet, ease of use, and accessible forms of informing the audience. Analysis of radio broadcasting formation in the Tambov region, identification of characteristic features of radio activity in different historical eras, assessment of the current state of development of electronic media is the goal of this study.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study is used comparative historical analysis, a systematic method, the method of expert interviews, and analyzed extensive empirical audio material, articles in the media, and local history documents.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The periodization of radio from the beginning of the Tambov region radioification to the development of Internet radio is presented, highlighting the key stages of the functioning of this media in the region. The experience of public and private radio broadcasting is generalized, the originality of the development of Tambov radio journalism is reflected, and the concept of viewing the media as an integral system, including structural elements and characteristic patterns is formed.CONCLUSION. The results of the study may be useful for further study of electronic media in the Tambov region in the context of the overall development of the modern media system of the region and the country as a whole.

Juridical Study of the Granting of Persons with Disabilities' Rights to Access Public and Social Facilities

The purpose of this study is to analyze: 1) How does the provision of rights protection to persons with disabilities over access to public facilities and social facilities? 2) How is the implementation and efforts of the government towards the fulfillment of the rights of persons with disabilities to accessibility of public facilities and social facilities based on Law number 8 of 2016 concerning Persons with Disabilities? The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory approach, concept approach, and case studies. The results showed that: 1) The implementation of the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities in access to public facilities in terms of analysis as well as the theory of legal protection with the passing of regulations derived from law number 6 of 2018 by requiring each region to make provisions in the form of access to public facilities and public facilities. 2) Providing access to public and social facilities as well as legal protection conditions that provide protection for preventive and repressive efforts. As well as the implementation of the Disability Protection Law, it makes benefits for people with disabilities in terms of access to public facilities and social facilities with the establishment of a national commission on disability.

Bridging comic art and research: lessons from an interdisciplinary collaboration project in a palliative care context

The Dutch graphic novel Naasten, about palliative family caregiving, is the product of an interdisciplinary collaboration between researchers and two comic artists. This paper aims to present lessons, reflections and...

On the need for a multi-dimensional framework to measure accessibility to urban green

With the recent expansion of urban greening interventions, the definition of spatial indicators to measure the provision of urban greenery has become pivotal in informing the policy-design process. By analyzing the stability of the population and area rankings induced by several indicators of green accessibility for over 1000 cities worldwide, we investigate the extent to which using a single metric provides a reliable assessment of green accessibility in a city. The results suggest that, due to the complex interaction between the spatial distribution of greenspaces in an urban center and its population distribution, a single indicator may inadequately differentiate across areas or subgroups of the population, even when focusing on one form of green accessibility. From a policy standpoint, this indicates the need to switch toward a multi-dimensional framework capable of organically evaluating a range of indicators at once.

ON THE USE OF THE METHOD OF EXPEDIENT PROBLEMS TO ACTIVATE STUDENTS' COGNITIVE ACTIVITY IN THE PROCESS OF TEACHING MATHEMATICS IN THE NEW UKRAINIAN SCHOOL

Formulation of the problem. The motivation of students to study a subject at school largely depends on the methodology used by the teacher in the teaching process, and his or her ability to convey new knowledge to students in an interesting and accessible form. This problem becomes especially relevant in the context of the New Ukrainian School project, which involves shifting the emphasis in the learning process from the teacher to the student and puts in the forefront the needs of the latter. For a child to be interested in learning and sufficiently motivated, a teacher should have an answer to the question "Why do we need to learn this?" The method of expedient problems gives one of the possible answers to this question, helps the teacher to motivate the student to study mathematics, and indicates directions for further use of mathematical knowledge. The importance of developing students' ability to apply mathematical knowledge in practice is further confirmed by the results of the International Comparative Studies PISA 2018 and PISA 2022, as well as statistical reports of the Ukrainian Center for Educational Quality Assessment in Mathematics. Materials and methods. To achieve our goal, we use a theoretical analysis of the methodological literature related to the chosen research topic. We also implement empirical methods, including conducting our own survey via Google Forms, observing the educational process in secondary schools, and analyzing students’ performance. Results. To study the feasibility and possibility of using the method of expedient problems in teaching mathematics in the NUS, we surveyed 290 mathematics teachers with different pedagogical experiences and qualifications from all regions of Ukraine. In particular, we assumed the effectiveness of using expedient problems in the process of teaching mathematics. The survey was conducted anonymously and online via the Google Forms platform. The results of the survey show that a significant number of respondents are familiar with the method of expedient problems and regularly or constantly use such tasks in the learning process. In addition, they are convinced of the need to include such tasks in existing math textbooks. The survey also shows at what stages of the lesson and when studying which content areas of the mathematics course, in the opinion of the respondents, it is most appropriate to use the method of expedient problems. Conclusions. To ensure the proper quality of students' acquisition of the necessary competencies envisaged by the New Ukrainian School project, the use of appropriate tasks at different stages of the lesson and in the study of different content areas of the school mathematics course is quite appropriate and possible. Although only half of the surveyed teachers currently use such tasks in their pedagogical activities regularly, most of the respondents consider them useful. In addition, teachers express a wish to provide methodological support for the effective implementation of appropriate tasks in the educational process, in particular, in the form of ready-made didactic materials and methodological recommendations for their creation.

Personal Protective Equipment Portraits Canada (PPC)-Humanization and surveying mask-wearing nationally.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Portraits is a hybridized art and medical intervention that lessens the alienating appearance of PPE through wearable, smiling headshot pictures. During the pandemic, the use of these portraits was expanded, but Canadian initiatives offered portraits only to immediate stakeholders. PPE Portraits Canada (PPC) aimed to provide PPE portraits to any Canadian healthcare institution and surveyed healthcare workers (HCW) regarding these portraits' impact. University student volunteers founded PPC via online platforms and coast-to-coast collaborations that allowed any HCW nationwide to request a free portrait via an accessible online form. PPC has gathered feedback from participating HCWs directly via an anonymous and bilingual survey. 70% of HCWs wore their portraits "always" or "usually", 69% of HCWs "definitely would" recommend their portrait, 89.5% of HCWs found that the PPE portraits made a difference in their experiences with patients and 74% found the same for their colleagues. The pre- and post-effect of the portraits, led to a 37.5% greater likelihood that HCWs felt "connected" or "very connected" to patients/residents. For the thematic analysis, 70% or more of the comments were rated as positive, with less than 5% of comments being rated as negative. This model's logistical framework can be expanded beyond PPE portraits to other initiatives with limited resources, allowing them to reach and positively impact diverse populations. HCW feedback was predominantly positive. The optimal design and impact of PPE portraits on patients and HCWs should be studied further to improve portrait adoption.

The Impact of Physical Exercise on microRNAs in Hemodialysis Patients: A Review and a Protocol for an Ancillary Study.

Physical inactivity is considered a significant risk factor for mortality and morbidity among chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients. Therefore, physical exercise is recommended in the treatment of HD patients. Although the beneficial effects of physical exercise in HD patients are well-described in the literature, the underlying physiological mechanisms still need to be fully understood. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as potential mediators of the therapeutic effects of physical exercise in healthy individuals. miRNAs are short, single-stranded, noncoding RNAs involved in gene expression regulation. Specifically, upon forming the RNA-induced silencing complex, miRNAs selectively bind to specific miRNAs within cells, reducing gene expression. miRNAs can be secreted by cells in an accessible form or enclosed within exosomes or extracellular vesicles. They can be detected in various body fluids, including serum (circulating miRNAs), facilitating the study of their diverse expression. Currently, there is no available data regarding the impact of physical exercise on the expression of miRNAs involved in osteogenic differentiation, a fundamental mechanism in the development of vascular calcification, for HD patients. Therefore, we have designed an observational and longitudinal case-control study to evaluate the expression of miR-9 and miR-30b in HD patients participating in a 3-month interdialytic physical exercise program. This paper aims to present the study protocol and review the expression of circulating miRNAs in HD patients and their modulation through physical exercise.

Productivity of onion depending on the seeding fraction and feeding with water-soluble complex mineral fertilizers

The productivity of agricultural crops is determined by the choice of varieties, planting material, the optimal time of sowing and planting depending on the climatic conditions of the region, the use of organic and mineral fertilizers, and care methods. Planting material plays an important role in the growth and development of onions and the formation of yield. Onions are very demanding in terms of nutrition, this is due to the length of the growing season, growth rates and poorly developed root system. To obtain high and high-quality onion yields, it is necessary to use fertilizers in an accessible form. Water-soluble complex mineral fertilizers quickly and evenly penetrate deep into the soil. Fertilizers improve the growth and development of plants, regulating nutrition processes, increase the yield and quality of the resulting products. As a result of many years of research, it was found that optimizing the mineral nutrition of onions through the use of fertilizers in active form provides a significant increase in the yield of onions. A comparative assessment of the productivity of onions when grown from sets of different fractions using water-soluble complex mineral fertilizers in the conditions of the Udmurt Republic has been little studied.Materials and methods. The purpose of the research: to improve the technology of cultivating onions depending on the fraction of the set and fertilizing with water-soluble complex mineral fertilizers. In 2020–2021 On onions of the Stuttgarter Riesen variety, a two-factor experiment was carried out to study the effect of fertilizing with Aquarin and Rastvorin fertilizers when using different fractions of sets for planting. The studies were carried out using generally accepted methods.Results and its discussion. In the Udmurt Republic, the optimal for planting Stuttgarten Riesen onions is the medium and large fraction of the set, and the positive effect of water-soluble complex mineral fertilizers Aquarin and Rastvorin on the yield and its structure has been revealed. However, it is more economically profitable to use the fine fraction of sets when growing onions.

Access policies to higher education: from merit to expansion and democratization

This article provides a contextualized analysis of the different forms of access to higher education in Brazil, considering its historical evolution. It employs a historical-dialectical approach as the analytical framework, understanding that the analysis of a social phenomenon should take into account the context in which it originated, exploring its mediations and contradictions. The article starts from the assumption that access to higher education has generally been elitist and exclusionary, considering the demand for this level of education and the availability of slots, thereby highlighting the issue of merit. This situation undergoes changes with the implementation of access democratization policies in the country since the 1990s, which utilize the Unified Selection System (SiSU) through the National High School Exam (Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio – ENEM). The article concludes that although these measures have expanded access for populations from less privileged classes to higher education, they have also generated other factors that compromise access democratization and increase dropout rates.

Wielofunkcyjne osiedle społeczne – koncepcja rewitalizacji obszaru pofortecznego w Warszawie

Współczesne rozumienie osiedla społecznego staje się alternatywą, a jednocześnie odpowiedzią na liczne mankamenty oraz problemy wielu dużych współczesnych, homogenicznych osiedli mieszkaniowych i wyzwania związane z kształtowaniem ładu przestrzennego w dużych miastach. Stworzone przed drugą wojną światową koncepcje osiedli społecznych nabierają obecnie nowego znaczenia w kontekście licznie powstających nowych, chaotycznie zaplanowanych zespołów mieszkalnych. Najistotniejszymi kwestiami związanymi z ideą osiedli społecznych są kształtowanie lokalnej społeczności i wzmacnianie więzi społecznych przez właściwe zagospodarowanie przestrzenne oraz zróżnicowaną strukturę społeczną, obejmującą również mieszkańców, których sytuacja życiowa i materialna jest trudniejsza. Jest to realizowane przez zdywersyfikowane formy dostępu do mieszkań (m.in. lokale komunalne i socjalne) i różne formy dofinansowania zakupu i wynajmu mieszkań. W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowano potencjał rozwojowy w tym zakresie wybranego obszaru typu brownfield w Warszawie. Opisana teoretyczna wizja urbanistycznej koncepcji rewitalizacyjnej przewiduje zabudowę miastotwórczą o charakterze osiedla społecznego na terenie pierwotnie zajmowanym przez nieistniejące już fortyfikacje, a następnie przez zakłady przemysłowe w dzielnicy Wola. Teoretyczny program osiedla obejmuje ważne towarzyszące funkcji mieszkalnej udogodnienia społeczne (szkoła, przedszkole, przychodnia, dom kultury, placówki handlowe) oraz zróżnicowane, otwarte i ogólnodostępne publiczne przestrzenie, w tym obszary zieleni.

Isolation and Screening of Zn (Zn) Solubilizing Rhizosphere Bacteria from Different Vegetations for Their Ability to Improve Growth, Zn Uptake, and Expression of Zn Transporter Genes in Tomato.

Zinc-solubilizing bacteria (ZSB) can convert insoluble zinc to an accessible form and increase Zn bioavailability in soil, which helps mitigate Zn deficiency in crops. In this study, different bacterial strains were screened for different Zn solubilization and plant growth promotion traits. Two bacterial strains, Acinetobacter pittii DJ55 and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia DJ24, were tested for their Zn-solubilizing potential on plate media, and both showed variable levels of Zn solubilization. The results showed that the bacterial strains applied to the plants in the pot experiment caused improvements in growth parameters compared to control conditions. DJ55, when applied with an insoluble source, enhanced plant height, leaf number, and leaf area compared to DJ24 and control conditions, while the maximum fruit weight was noticed in plants treated with ZnSO4. An increase in chlorophyll contents was noted in plants treated with ZnSO4, while maximum carotenoid contents were observed in plants treated with DJ55 + ZnO when compared with their controls. Plants supplemented with ZnO and DJ55 showed higher zinc content and iron content as compared to their respective controls. The expression patterns of the SLZIP5 and SLZIP4 genes were changed in the root and shoot. Application of ZnO stimulates both gene expression and protein synthesis in tomato roots and shoots. Inoculation of tomato plants with ZSB and insoluble ZnO reduced the expression of the SLZIP5 and SLZIP4 genes in the root and shoot. In conclusion, both strains can be considered as potential zinc-solubilizing bioinoculants to promote the growth and production yield of tomato.

The homocapitalist politics of queer tourism: global LGBTQ+ activism, queer travel, and other queer mobilities in Buenos Aires, Argentina

ABSTRACT The article sheds ethnographic light on the homocapitalist politics of queer tourism in Argentina. Tracing the growing incorporation of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer (LGBTQ+) inclusion into the country’s tourist offer as a “global brand,” it interrogates how different forms of access to queer mobility, liberation, and privilege unfold across different “zones of encounter” within the landscape of queer tourism in Buenos Aires. I suggest that while homocapitalist investments in queer tourism strongly resonate with an entrepreneurial class of global(ized) elite LGBTQ+ activists and small business owners who are able to “sell liberation” by forging partnerships with tourism authorities and corporations, their effects are more ambivalent for those who are unable and/or unwilling to appropriate the products and processes of globalization in pursuit of their own goals. These tensions come to the fore in the city’s LGBTQ+ nightlife, where encounters between local sexualities and the mobile subjectivities of Global North LGBTQ+ tourists take place against the backdrop of global economic crisis, economic precarity, and inequalities within lesbian, gay, bisexual, travesti, trans, transexual, and intersex (LGBTTTI) communities.

Incentivised physical activity intervention promoting daily steps among university employees in the workplace through a team-based competition.

The benefits of walking on health and well-being is well established and regarded as the most accessible form of physical activity (PA) that most individuals can incorporate into their lives. Despite the benefits, the impact of a competitive walking intervention combined with a prize incentive in the workplace is yet to be established. The aim of this intervention was to promote PA among university employees through teams-based competition with a prize incentive targeted towards the recommended 10,000 steps per day. A total of 49 employees participated and formed eight departmental teams ranging from Senior Admin management, Educational & Social work, Nursing & Midwifery, Sport & Exercise, Health Sciences, Admin Assistant, Library, and IT to compete in a walking intervention. Each team was handed an ActiGraph wGT3X-BT from Monday to Friday to record their walking steps. Steps. Post intervention participants completed an open-ended survey to provide their views about the intervention. The ActiGraph findings determined that steps increased by 4,799 per day from daily baseline of 5,959 to 10,758 throughout this intervention. The themes from qualitative data showed that the prize incentive and competitive nature of this intervention has motivated staff to walk more, changed their behaviour, enjoyed the team-based competition, and improved perceived productivity in the workplace. This intervention increased employees' daily steps by 4,799 and met the 10,000 steps guideline. The 'Health Sciences' team recorded the highest steps 531,342 followed by the 'Education and Social Work' accumulating 498,045 steps throughout this intervention. This intervention with prize incentive demonstrated a positive impact on employees personal and work-based outcomes as well as contributed to the workplace PA, health, and wellbeing literature, and more specifically, to the scarce research focused on university settings.

Informed consent of the patient for medical intervention during biomedical research

The article reflects the concept of «informed consent of the patient», indicates the normative regulation and consolidation of this concept, examines the issues of the right to give consent for medical research and the right to refuse to carry it out, analyzes the principle of a person’s free consent in the context of international legal acts, and the relevance of this topic for today is also emphasized.
 Human life is a complex and mysterious mechanism that combines physical and spiritual essence. Often, during the entire life path, a person faces various obstacles to his quality existence and comprehensive development. Some of these obstacles already exist in a person from birth, and some may arise during life. In one case, a person can overcome them on his own, in another, he needs the medical assistance of doctors, specialists in the desired direction. More serious obstacles, that is, diseases existing from birth or those that have arisen during life, require comprehensive, targeted treatment, which includes biomedical research or surgical intervention. Important in this aspect is the issue of the consent of a person - a patient to medical treatment and conducting biomedical research, as well as the normative definition and consolidation of such consent.
 Having studied, analyzed and researched the issue of «informed consent of the patient for conducting biomedical research», it is possible to come to the unequivocal position that this issue is very relevant and important today. It is mentioned and constantly improved in both international and national legislation. A person repeatedly needs medical assistance during his life.
 The right to life and health is guaranteed to everyone by the Constitution of Ukraine and should be unhindered for a person to exercise this right. The process of diagnosis and treatment depends only on the person himself and his free decision. Only with the patient’s consent is this or that study conducted. International legal acts indicate that a person’s failure to consent to medical intervention is considered an interference in his personal private life, a violation of his dignity and freedom.
 «Informed consent» includes not only the concept of consent itself, i.e. the free decision of a person, but also an explanation of a specific case or research procedure. And it largely depends on the specialist. Will he be able to convey and explain the patient’s problem, illness, actions correctly, fully and in an accessible form? Yes, free consent is given by a person, but the doctor also influences this decision to some extent. Patients’ freedom in choosing medical care methods is somewhat limited. The patient can choose only among those methods of medical intervention recommended by the attending physician or refuse treatment.
 That is why the question of «informed patient consent» will continue to be one of the most debated issues and will repeatedly be an excellent topic for research by young scientists.

Foreign persons procedural rights implementation in the issuance of an exequatur by commercial court

The article is aimed at researching and evaluating compliance with the conditions for exercising procedural rights accessibility by foreign persons when issuing an exequatur by commercial court. By analyzing procedural legislation norms and practice, it was revealed that judicial communication peculiarities caused by the language barrier can lead to negative procedural consequences in the form of access to justice guarantees. The author proposes to organize the technical possibility of switching to viewing the Russian e-justice Internet pages in a foreign language. The article also substantiates the need to reimburse expenses for the interpreter services who was not involved in the case, while assisting a foreign person in exercising procedural rights outside the trial, but in connection with it. Similarly, it is proposed to reimburse the expenses of an attorney with knowledge of a foreign language, who performs the functions of an out-of-court interpreter.

Judicial communication and the reasoning part of the court decision. About the future of civil procedure

The analysis of judicial communication, conducted in thus article, focuses on its institutional significance for civil procedure. For this aim, existing formulations of the purpose of civil litigation are critically examined. The author’s concept is formulated, according to which the objectively grouped goals of civil proceedings are: authoritative provision of the results of judicial (formal) resolution of the conflict, bringing into a publicity accessible form (information) of the motives of the parties to the conflict and summarizing by the court of the analysis of communication conducted by him. The article includes a visionary legal study concerning the projection of the posthumanist picture of the world on the content of civil disputes, conditioning the value of judicial communication and systematic presentation by the court of the results of its analysis.

The Effectiveness of English-Subtitled Videos in Enhancing Speaking, Listening and Vocabulary Skills: A Meta-Analysis

English-subtitled videos are a popular and accessible form of multimedia that can enhance language learning by providing authentic input and scaffolding comprehension. Therefore, This study aims to assess the effectiveness of English-subtitled videos as a learning tool for enhancing speaking, listening, and vocabulary skills among language learners. A total of 87 eligible studies were included in the analysis. The results of our analysis, conducted using JASP software simulation, indicate a statistically significant impact of English-subtitled videos on language learning, accounting for 59% of the variance, placing it in the Moderate category of significance. Specifically, the effect size values for speaking, listening, and vocabulary were 0.64, 0.59, and 0.55, respectively, highlighting their positive influence. Furthermore, the present research revealed that studies published in 2022 exhibited the highest effect size, with an estimated value of 0.771, underscoring the growing relevance of this instructional approach in recent years. Additionally, when considering the number of participants, studies with fewer than 40 participants demonstrated the highest effect, with an estimated value of 0.534. This suggests that English-subtitled videos are particularly well-suited for improving speaking skills, especially in smaller sample sizes. These findings offer valuable insights for educators and learners seeking effective multimedia tools to develop language proficiency.

The Influence of Political Connections on Banking Performance with Board of Directors Diversity as a Moderating Variable

The study endeavors to empirically demonstrate how political ties impact the performance of banks, while considering the Board of Directors' diversity as a potential influencing factor among banking firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2017-2022 period. Within this research, political connections are represented as dummy variables, denoting firms linked with the government, directors having affiliations with shareholders, or associations with political parties or other governmental bodies. Banking performance is assessed through proxies such as ROA, ROE and loan loss provision. The diversity of the board of directors, evaluated by the ratio of female directors to the total board members, serves as a moderating variable. The research formulates two hypotheses, all of which underwent testing using the SPSS 28 application. Findings revealed that political connections positively influence banking performance as measured by ROA, demonstrate no impact on ROE, and exhibit a significant negative effect on LLP. Moreover, the diversity of the board of directors moderates the correlation between political connections and banking performance in terms of ROA and ROE, while it does not moderate this relationship concerning LLP. The implication of this research is based on the theory of resource dependence where political connections owned by banks provide benefits to firm in the form of easy market access and are able to reduce banking performance in the form of decreasing bad debts. These findings might prompt future regulators to contemplate regulations concerning gender diversity within board compositions, considering its potential implications for governance and performance.