Accessibility Features Research Articles

Interpretable machine learning model to predict rupture of small intracranial aneurysms and facilitate clinical decision.

Estimating whether to treat the rupture risk of small intracranial aneurysms (IAs) with size ≤ 7mm in diameter is difficult but crucial. We aimed to construct and externally validate a convenient machine learning (ML) model for assessing the rupture risk of small IAs. One thousand four patients with small IAs recruited from two hospitals were included in our retrospective research. The patients at hospital 1 were stratified into training (70%) and internal validation set (30%) randomly, and the patients at hospital 2 were used for external validation. We selected predictive features using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method and constructed five ML models applying diverse algorithms including random forest classifier (RFC), categorical boosting (CatBoost), support vector machine (SVM) with linear kernel, light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). The Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) analysis provided interpretation for the best ML model. The training, internal, and external validation cohorts included 658, 282, and 64 IAs, respectively. The best performance was presented by SVM as AUC of 0.817 in the internal [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.769-0.866] and 0.893 in the external (95% CI, 0.808-0.979) validation cohorts, which overperformed compared with the PHASES score significantly (all P < 0.001). SHAP analysis showed maximum size, location, and irregular shape were the top three important features to predict rupture. Our SVM model based on readily accessible features presented satisfying ability of discrimination in predicting the rupture IAs with small size. Morphological parameters made important contributions to prediction result.

Thanks or Tanks: Training with Tactile Cues Improves Learners’ Accuracy of English Interdental Consonants in an Oral Reading Task

ABSTRACT The present study investigates whether training second language pronunciation with tactile cues facilitates the production of non-native sounds involving accessible articulatory features. In a between-subjects experiment with a pretest-training-posttest design, 50 Turkish learners of English received audiovisual training on a set of target words and sentences containing two English interdental fricatives, /θ/ and /ð/, in one of two conditions, tactile and non-tactile. The tactile condition involved self-touching the tongue as it protruded during pronunciation of the two target sounds. Participants’ pronunciation performance was assessed through a word-imitation task, a sentence-imitation task, and a discourse reading task. Results showed that while both training conditions helped learners to improve their pronunciation performance in all three tasks, the tactile condition triggered greater improvements in the discourse reading task. These results extend previous findings on the benefits of tactile input for speech perception and suggest the efficacy of multisensory training paradigms for improving second language pronunciation.

Relationship between nomophobia and impulsivity among deaf and hard-of-hearing youth

Excessive use of smartphones is known to be associated with negative social, physical, and psychological outcomes across age groups. A related problem is called “no-mobile-phone phobia” or “nomophobia,” which is an extreme anxiety caused by not having access to a mobile phone. Despite their detrimental effects, smartphone use is highly prevalent among deaf/hard-of-hearing (DHH) individuals owing to their accessibility features. Therefore, it was deemed important to identify the prevalence of nomophobia in DHH youth and to examine the association between impulsivity and nomophobia. Gender-based differences in nomophobia and impulsivity were also examined. Data were collected from 187 DHH youth in Saudi Arabia using the Nomophobia Questionnaire and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (short form). Findings revealed that 71.65% of the participants experienced severe nomophobia. While, nomophobia was more prevalent among female DHH youth than males, this difference was not observed for impulsivity. A linear regression analysis indicated that higher impulsivity was significantly associated with higher nomophobia in this sample. These findings suggest the importance of helping youth understand the disadvantages of smartphone use, and the consequences of their abuse or addiction to smartphones by incorporating this information into school curricula. Additionally, educating parents may help them monitor their children’s smartphone use more closely.

The development and implementation of an assistive technology training for teachers in an underserved school district

ABSTRACT Disparities in academic performance have been found in students from underserved districts. This is especially prevalent in students with disabilities. Technology use can help to narrow this divide. Mainstream software packages are readily available to most districts and increasingly include accessibility features (AF) to enable students to complete academic tasks at relatively low cost. Occupational therapy practitioners (OTPs) can support student success through the use of AF available to all students, including assistive technology (AT) for students with disabilities. Students’ successful use of technology is often contingent on help from their teachers, however, teachers may need support to facilitate this process. This study describes the results of a pilot training program for teachers in an underserved school district designed to facilitate sustained use of AF that are readily available for implementation in the classroom. This paper discusses the lessons learned from provision of this training program to inform the OTP role in support of processes with similar objectives. Factors that influence teachers’ perceptions of the utility and comfort with the features are reported.

Comparative functional genomics identifies unique molecular features of EPSCs.

Extended pluripotent or expanded potential stem cells (EPSCs) possess superior developmental potential to embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, the molecular underpinning of EPSC maintenance in vitro is not well defined. We comparatively studied transcriptome, chromatin accessibility, active histone modification marks, and relative proteomes of ESCs and the two well-established EPSC lines to probe the molecular foundation underlying EPSC developmental potential. Despite some overlapping transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility features, we defined sets of molecular signatures that distinguish EPSCs from ESCs in transcriptional and translational regulation as well as metabolic control. Interestingly, EPSCs show similar reliance on pluripotency factors Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog for self-renewal as ESCs. Our study provides a rich resource for dissecting the regulatory network that governs the developmental potency of EPSCs and exploring alternative strategies to capture totipotent stem cells in culture.

Accessibility of Canadian COVID-19 Testing Locations for People with Disabilities During the Third Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: Canadians with disabilities make up nearly a quarter of the population yet faced barriers in accessing information about COVID-19 testing accessibility across the country. Objective: This study aimed to understand the availability of accessibility information for COVID-19 testing sites in Canada. To date, no known studies have evaluated the availability of accessibility information online.Methods: An environmental scan of COVID-19 testing websites was conducted (1) nationally through the provincial/territorial websites for COVID-19 testing and (2) in Ontario, where there was individual location information. Data on key accessibility features were extracted from the website to simulate the user experience of booking a COVID-19 test during March 2021. Results: All provinces and territories provided minimal accessibility information on their provincial or territorial COVID-19 testing websites. Only Ontario included accessibility information for individual testing locations. Out of 170 individual testing locations in Ontario, few had information about accessibility, with only 8.2% listing at least 3 of the 5 key accessibility features measured on their websites.Conclusions: This study demonstrates that, more than a year into the pandemic, there existed a clear lack of accessibility information for testing locations for Canadians with disabilities.

On-demand microtransit and paratransit service using autonomous vehicles: Gaps and opportunities in accessibility policy

Autonomous vehicle (AV) technology can help disabled Americans achieve their desired level of mobility. However, realizing this potential depends on vehicle manufacturers, policymakers, and state and municipal agencies collaborating to accommodate the needs of disabled individuals at different stages of trip making through information system design, vehicle design, and infrastructure design. Integrating accessibility at this stage of the AV revolution would finally allow us an opportunity to develop a transportation system that treats accessibility as a guiding principle, not as an afterthought. This paper documents accessibility considerations for disabled individuals followed by a review of relevant Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) regulations. The review of regulations is followed by a review of nine case studies, five corresponding to the on-demand microtransit service model and four corresponding to the paratransit service model. These case studies are essentially different prototypes currently being deployed on a pilot basis. Each of these specific case studies is then evaluated for its ability to provide potential accessibility features that would fulfill the requirement set forth by relevant ADA regulations in the absence of an operator/driver. Based on this review of relevant research, ADA regulations, and case studies, recommendations are provided for researchers, private firms, policymakers, and agencies involved in AV development and deployment. The recommendations include better collaboration and adoption of best practices to address the needs of individuals with different disability types (e.g., Cognitive, Visual, Auditory). ADA regulations should be used as one of the tools in addition to universal design principles and assistive technologies in order to maximize accessibility.

A new proposal of an ultrasonic imaging model for predicting overall and progression-free survival in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma.

PURPOSE We aimed to develop models for predicting overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Clinicopathological characteristics and laboratory information of patients were collected. We retrospectively analyzed presurgical data of 216 patients with primary HCC. The random forest and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression models were used to select features. We established prognostic models for predicting OS and PFS of primary liver cancer using ultrasonic imaging as well as clinical and pathological features. Accuracy of the models was evaluated using area under the curve, C index, and calibration curves, whereas their clinical application value was assessed using decision curve analysis. RESULTS Models for predicting OS and PFS were established based on ultrasonic imaging accessible features. The models showed excellent accuracy and prognosis prediction of OS and PFS in patients with primary HCC. CONCLUSION The established models based on factors such as aspartate aminotransferase platelet ratio index, Child-Turcotte-Pugh grade, tumor grade, hepatitis B virus-DNA, the intensity of ultrasound enhancement at the portal stage, lymphocyte/monocyte ratio, portal hypertension, gender, stage, the beginning time of ultrasonic contrast, and the total grade of ultrasonic enhancement can effectively predict OS and PFS of primary HCC.

Exploring environmental measures in disability: Using Google Earth and Street View to conduct remote assessments of access and participation in urban and rural communities.

The Americans with Disabilities Act has been in place since 1990. Yet, we still do not know the actual levels of accessibility in the nation, how access varies across communities or over time, or how it influences participation in community life. The present two studies explored the use of Google Earth (GE) and Google Street View (GSV) imagery as a database for examining the accessibility of rural and urban cities and towns in the United States. We developed procedures for selecting places in a community to observe multiple access features. Study 1 reports the findings from assessments of 25 communities across 17 states. We observed ≈50,000 m (31 miles) of pathways through the observed places. The Combined Access Score (CAS) averaged 65% across these communities. In Study 2, we evaluated 22 towns and cities in a large rural state. We observed ≈77,000 m (48 miles) of pathways through the Central Business Districts observed as core areas connecting people to community life. The CAS averaged 83.9% across these communities. We noted a Rural Access Penalty (RAP), such that rural areas tended to be less accessible, leading to less community participation. The method for using GSV to examine accessibility is discussed. This study demonstrates an inexpensive and reliable method for evaluating the accessibility of communities and participation in them. Future research should be conducted to gather a larger sample of communities in order to create a baseline from which to monitor changes in accessibility of infrastructure over time.

A Study on the Geometric and Kinematic Descriptors of Trajectories in the Classification of Ship Types.

The classification of ships based on their trajectory descriptors is a common practice that is helpful in various contexts, such as maritime security and traffic management. For the most part, the descriptors are either geometric, which capture the shape of a ship’s trajectory, or kinematic, which capture the motion properties of a ship’s movement. Understanding the implications of the type of descriptor that is used in classification is important for feature engineering and model interpretation. However, this matter has not yet been deeply studied. This article contributes to feature engineering within this field by introducing proper similarity measures between the descriptors and defining sound benchmark classifiers, based on which we compared the predictive performance of geometric and kinematic descriptors. The performance profiles of geometric and kinematic descriptors, along with several standard tools in interpretable machine learning, helped us to provide an account of how different ships differ in movement. Our results indicated that the predictive performance of geometric and kinematic descriptors varied greatly, depending on the classification problem at hand. We also showed that the movement of certain ship classes solely differed geometrically while some other classes differed kinematically and that this difference could be formulated in simple terms. On the other hand, the movement characteristics of some other ship classes could not be delineated along these lines and were more complicated to express. Finally, this study verified the conjecture that the geometric–kinematic taxonomy could be further developed as a tool for more accessible feature selection.

An Analytical Model for the Aggregate Throughput of IEEE 802.11ah Networks under the Restricted Access Window Mechanism.

The IEEE 802.11ah is an amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standard to support the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT). One of its main novelties is the restricted access window (RAW), which is a channel access feature designed to reduce channel contention by dividing stations into RAW groups. Each RAW group is further divided into RAW slots, and stations only attempt channel access during the RAW slot they were assigned to. In this paper, we propose a discrete-time Markov chain model to evaluate the average aggregate throughput of IEEE 802.11ah networks using the RAW mechanism under saturated traffic and ideal channel conditions. The proposed analytical model describes the behavior of an active station within its assigned RAW slot. A key aspect of the model is the consideration of the event of RAW slot time completion during a station’s backoff operation. We study the average aggregate network throughput for various numbers of RAW slots and stations in the network. The numerical results derived from our analytical model are compared to computer simulations based on an IEEE 802.11ah model developed for the ns-3 simulator by other researchers, and its performance is also compared to two other analytical models proposed in the literature. The presented results indicate that the proposed analytical model reaches the closest agreement with independently-derived computer simulations.

Analysis of Bilateral Air Services Agreement Liberalization in Australia

This paper examines an assessment of the level of air transport services liberalization in Australia in order to generate recommendations on what key market access features of Air Services Agreements should be revised to reflect the changes in air transport characteristics, including the increase in air cargo traffic during the COVID-19 period. The different variants of the key market access features of ASA, levels of air transport liberalization and the extent of air transport service liberalization between Australia and 104 partner countries were analysed using descriptive study, comparison analysis and the ALI index. The ALI index is calculated for four different weighting schemes. Passenger capacity in 41 bilateral agreements contain restrictions of frequency, capacity and aircraft type. The analysis of cooperative arrangements indicated that Australia has a single aviation market only with New Zealand. The cargo capacity analysis identified different types of capacity restrictions based on weekly cargo service, volume, destinations, designated airline and aircraft types. In conclusion, cargo capacity analysis illustrates that the level of liberalization is high, but the air services agreements between Australia and other countries in the first and second cargo capacity groups should be revised to reflect the increase in air cargo traffic during COVID-19.

A Two-Phase Machine Learning Framework for Context-Aware Service Selection to Empower People with Disabilities.

The use of software and IoT services is increasing significantly among people with special needs, who constitute 15% of the world’s population. However, selecting appropriate services to create a composite assistive service based on the evolving needs and context of disabled user groups remains a challenging research endeavor. Our research applies a scenario-based design technique to contribute (1) an inclusive disability ontology for assistive service selection, (2) semi-synthetic generated disability service datasets, and (3) a machine learning (ML) framework to choose services adaptively to suit the dynamic requirements of people with special needs. The ML-based selection framework is applied in two complementary phases. In the first phase, all available atomic tasks are assessed to determine their appropriateness to the user goal and profiles, whereas in the subsequent phase, the list of service providers is narrowed by matching their quality-of-service factors against the context and characteristics of the disabled person. Our methodology is centered around a myriad of user characteristics, including their disability profile, preferences, environment, and available IT resources. To this end, we extended the widely used QWS V2.0 and WS-DREAM web services datasets with a fusion of selected accessibility features. To ascertain the validity of our approach, we compared its performance against common multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) models, namely AHP, SAW, PROMETHEE, and TOPSIS. The findings demonstrate superior service selection accuracy in contrast to the other methods while ensuring accessibility requirements are satisfied.

Predicting online news popularity based on machine learning

Due to its fast transmission and easy accessibility features, the Internet has replaced traditional newspapers and magazines as the main channel for delivering public news. Hence, predicting the popularity of Internet news has become an essential topic. This research is based on a UCI dataset, the primary source of which is Mashable News, one of the major blogs in the world. The number of shared articles is used as a predictor of the popularity of the news, and the four types of machine learning algorithms utilized are Random Forest, LightGBM, XGBoost, and One-Class SVM. The best prediction method is One-Class SVM with 88% accuracy. This result indicates that combining Autoencoder and One-Class algorithm will optimize the prediction while detecting anomalies within imbalanced data.

Te Pua Keith Park – Nau mai, Haere mai Let’s Play Together

Te Pua/Keith Park playground employed an innovative early program of co-design with an All Abilities Project Group (AAPG), representing disability organisations and key stakeholders from the community. Through ongoing engagement with disabled people as experts, the outcome was an inclusive and welcoming play space for a diverse range of children, young people and their caregivers.Play equipment included a range of vestibular, visual, and auditory pieces as well as a customised 2m high wheelchair accessible play tower for inclusive play experiences. Caregivers were enabled to play with their children through smooth and step-free surfaces as well as specific play equipment such as an adult and child swing. Children and young people of different ages and abilities were encouraged to sit/lie/stand in the basket swing and see-saw together. Unique to this playground, communication boards were innovatively and collaboratively designed with visual images representing various features of the playground and QR codes linking to online videos with New Zealand Sign Language.In addition to play equipment, the AAPG identified that the toilet facilities were crucial to ensuring accessibility to many families, including those with bigger children or teens with access needs who were often faced with the reality of needing to be changed in unsanitary and unsafe ways without the appropriate facilities being available. Keith Park worked with a leading toilet manufacturer to co-design a bespoke double toilet block with enhanced accessibility features including an adult-sized change table.Every aspect of the park was carefully selected and designed including fencing, furniture, plants and colours. Colour enhanced accessibility by guiding children with low vision and created a play circuit to assist the neurodiverse community. The resultant playground is one that welcomes all to play, which is a core tenet of child development, socialisation and participation.&#x0D; &#x0D; Read the full article in accessible html-format here.

Trio-binned genomes of the woodrats Neotoma bryanti and Neotoma lepida reveal novel gene islands and rapid copy number evolution of xenobiotic metabolizing genes.

The genomic architecture underlying the origins and maintenance of biodiversity is an increasingly accessible feature of species, due in large part to third-generation sequencing and novel analytical toolsets. Applying these techniques to woodrats (Neotoma spp.) provides a unique opportunity to study how herbivores respond to environmental change. Neotoma bryanti and N. lepida independently achieved a major dietary feat in the aftermath of a natural climate change event: switching to the novel, toxic food source creosote bush (Larrea tridentata). To better understand the genetic mechanisms underlying this ability, we employed a trio binning sequencing approach with a N. bryanti×N. lepida F1 hybrid, allowing the simultaneous assembly of genomes representing each parental species. The resulting phased, chromosome-level, highly complete haploid references enabled us to explore the genomic architecture of several gene families-cytochromes P450, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters-known to play key roles in the metabolism of naturally occurring toxic dietary compounds. In addition to duplication events in the ABCG and UGT2B subfamilies, we found expansions in three P450 gene families (2A, 2B, 3A), including the evolution of multiple novel gene islands within the 2B and 3A subfamilies, which may have provided the crucial substrate for dietary adaptation. Our assemblies demonstrate that trio binning from an F1 hybrid rodent effectively recovers parental genomes from species that diverged more than a million years ago.

Quality, Readability, and Accessibility of Online Content From a Google Search of "Macular Degeneration": Critical Analysis.

This work aims to assess the quality, accountability, readability, accessibility, and presence of Spanish translation in online material through a Google search of "macular degeneration". In this retrospective cross-sectional analysis of website results from a Google search of "macular degeneration", the quality and accountability for each website were assessed using the DISCERN criteria and the Health on the Net Foundation Code of Conduct (HONcode) principles. All 31 sites were independently graded by 2 ophthalmologists. Readability was evaluated using an online tool. The presence of accessibility features on the website and Spanish translation was recorded. The primary outcome measure was the DISCERN and HONcode quality and accountability scores of each website. Secondary outcome measures included the readability, accessibility, and presence of Spanish translation. The mean ± SD of each criterion across all 15 DISCERN questions was 2.761 ± 0.666 (out of 5). The mean HONcode score for all websites was 7.355 ± 3.123. The mean consensus reading grade level was 10.258 ± 2.49. There were no statistically significant differences in any score between the top 5 websites and the bottom 26 websites evaluated. Accessibility was available on 10 of 31 websites. Spanish translation was available on 10 of 31 websites. The top 5 websites that appeared on a Google search did not have better quality or readability of online content. Improving quality, accountability, and readability can help improve patients' health literacy regarding macular degeneration.

Reliability and Validity of the ActivForce Digital Dynamometer in Assessing Shoulder Muscle Force across Different User Experience Levels.

BackgroundCurrently available hand-held dynamometers (HHD) offer a more objective and reliable assessment of muscle force production as compared to a manual muscle test (MMT). Yet, their clinical utility is limited due to high cost. The ActivForce (AF) digital dynamometer is a new low-cost HHD with unknown psychometric properties, and its utilization may benefit clinical practice.Hypothesis/PurposeThis study aimed to determine the AF intra- and inter-tester reliabilities, standard error of measurement (SEM), minimal detectable change (MDC), and criterion validity for assessing shoulder isometric force as compared to the microFET2 (MF2) across testers with different experiences.DesignDescriptive observational study.MethodsA convenience sample of 29 healthy adults were assessed twice by each of three testers (two experienced clinicians and a novice PT student) on shoulder external rotation (ER), internal rotation (IR), and forward elevation (FE) using both the AF and MF2 devices. Tester, HHD, and shoulder motion assignment orders were randomized. All testing was performed in a standardized seated position. ER and IR were tested with the shoulder fully adducted. FE was tested at 45° at the scapular plane. All testing and rest periods between testers and tested motions were standardized and monitored via a stopwatch.ResultsBoth devices had high intra- [ ER (.95-.98), IR (.97 - .99), FE (.96 - .99)] and inter-tester [ ER (.85-.96), IR (.95 - .97), FE (.88 - .95)] intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with comparable intra- (1.68-1.80) and inter-tester (2.36-2.98) SEM, and intra- (4.64-4.97) and inter-tester (6.50-8.24) MDC values across all motions. Tester experience did not affect these values. High (.89-.93) statistically significant Pearson correlations were found between HHDs for all shoulder motions.ConclusionBoth the AF and MF2 HHDs were found to have high reliability levels across all shoulder motions regardless of tester clinical experience. The AF was also found to be valid for measuring shoulder isometric force production compared to the criterion standard device, the MF2. Its low-cost and electronic accessibility features may promote better compliance for clinicians using dynamometry to objectively assess and store muscle force data in a cost-effective manner.Level of Evidence3

Multimedia Priority Service over Wi-Fi Networks

Communication is a crucial capability for people with national security and emergency preparedness (NSEP) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> For example, NSEP Services are available in the United States as Government Emergency Telecommunications Service and Wireless Priority Service (https://www.cisa.gov/priority-telecommunications-services). responsibilities. There are several scenarios where Wi-Fi <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> Wi-Fi is a brand name and a trademark of Wi-Fi Alliance (https://www.wi-fi.org/). access networks may provide the best or only means for NSEP users to access the global communication infrastructure. However, unless communications traffic associated with NSEP users receives priority access to the wireless medium, it could experience significant performance degradation if the access network, which might be shared with a large number of non-NSEP users, is congested. Realizing this need for priority treatment of NSEP users' traffic, efforts are underway to define a Multimedia Priority Service <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> To support MPS, priority access capabilities are also defined in 3GPP (see TS 22.153: Multimedia Priority Service). (NSEP priority access) within IEEE 802.11be: Enhancement for extremely high throughput (EHT) [1], a next generation amendment of the IEEE 802.11 standard [2]. The NSEP priority access features encompass medium access control layer capabilities for discovery, verification of NSEP authorization, and invocation/revocation of priority access, and a mechanism to provide priority channel access to NSEP users' traffic. They are specified in IEEE 802.11be generically as Emergency Preparedness Communication Service priority access features. The performance study described in this article demonstrates that even in heavily congested Wi-Fi networks it is possible, using a scheme within the quality of service framework specified in IEEE 802.11be, to provide priority to NSEP traffic with limited negative impact on non-priority real-time traffic.

Penggunaan Gadget untuk Orang Berkebutuhan Khusus

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Recently, the use of gadgets, especially in the form of smartphones for various activities, has increased rapidly, from studying to working, all of which are done with gadgets. However, for some groups of people in Indonesia, one of them is people with disabilities or people with disabilities having difficulty using gadgets like other people use in general, some of them have difficulty operating gadgets when they have to be used directly like ordinary people do. The essence of this material is that there are accessibility features in gadgets, especially smartphones, along with their functions and how to activate the features through the default smartphone settings used. Accessibility gadgets are application features to make it easier for users to operate them. Accessibility options may vary by device and by individual operating system version. Today's gadgets have included accessibility application features in them, and this can make it easier for users to use their gadgets according to user needs. Because not all of these features cannot be activated automatically or there are even some gadgets that do not have the built-in accessibility features as needed, users must know how to install, activate, and use the features of this accessibility application.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;