Access To Water Resources Research Articles

State-of-the-Art Drought Handling in Indonesia

Droughts tend to become more extreme, longer, and more frequent as an impact of climate change. Droughts now impact various development activities, especially those reliant on water resources, like agriculture for food security. Drought management issues in Indonesia stem from inadequate regulations and laws regarding drought response, due to intricate agency procedures and overlapping responsibilities. Nevertheless, there are currently established partial regulations and laws that govern the management of meteorological data and the accessibility of water resources. Without clear rules, policies, and frameworks, government policies on drought become less effective and overlapping. The research and novelty aim to design an integrated framework for handling drought by examining the present circumstances of relevant agencies using spatial nexus framework that is divided into three stages (construction, deconstruction, and reconstruction). During the first stage, the focus goes toward developing the construction framework will be proposed. The construction framework was conducted descriptively through a desk research method of drought management public policies, institutions, and operating systems for the agricultural sector in Indonesia. Moreover, a panel discussion was held to obtain the data and information about drought management by the government. Field observations were conducted to determine the handling of water resources practically for agriculture. Thus, drought management has been more concentrated on meteorological/climatological and hydrological elements. Moreover, it focuses on the statistical results of public and agricultural activities rather than on their socioeconomic consequences. A spatial approach will become the integration node of meteorological/hydrological elements, socioeconomic components, and agricultural activities.

Conventional water resources associated with climate change in the Southeast Mediterranean and the Middle East countries

Conventional water sources in the Southeast Mediterranean and the Middle East play a crucial role in driving the socio-economic progress of the region. This study aims to address the uncertainties, discrepancies, and gaps in knowledge regarding how to combat the climate crisis and extreme weather events impacting traditional water sources. These sources encompass rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and groundwater reservoirs that are vital for agriculture, industry, and daily household needs. The availability and upkeep of water resources in this area are influenced by factors like climate change, population growth, and competing demands from different sectors. The methodology involved an extensive review of research literature curetted from a wide array of international scientific studies and reports, drawing data from sources such as PubMed, EBSCO, Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and UNESCO, WHO databases. The findings underscore the importance of traditional water sources in these regions, underscoring their significance for agricultural, industrial, and domestic applications. The accessibility of water resources varies among nations, with some grappling with water scarcity issues. This research delves into the condition of traditional water sources in the Southeast Mediterranean and the Middle East, shining a spotlight on concerns like water scarcity, pollution, and governance, offering valuable insights into these critical resources.

Estimation of water quality in Korattur Lake, Chennai, India, using Bayesian optimization and machine learning

Assessing water quality becomes imperative to facilitate informed decision-making concerning the availability and accessibility of water resources in Korattur Lake, Chennai, India, which has been adversely affected by human actions. Although numerous state-of-the-art studies have made significant advancements in water quality classification, conventional methods for training machine learning model parameters still require substantial human and material resources. Hence, this study employs stochastic gradient descent (SGD), adaptive boosting (AdaBoosting), Perceptron, and artificial neural network algorithms to classify water quality categories as these well-established methods, combined with Bayesian optimization for hyperparameter tuning, provide a robust framework to demonstrate significant performance enhancements in water quality classification. The input features for model training from 2010 to 2019 comprise water parameters such as pH, phosphate, total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, nitrate, iron, chlorides, sodium, and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Bayesian optimization is employed to dynamically tune the hyperparameters of different machine learning algorithms and select the optimal algorithms with the best performance. Comparing the performance of different algorithms, AdaBoosting exhibits the highest performance in water quality level classification, as indicated by its superior accuracy (100%), precision (100%), recall (100%), and F1 score (100%). The top four important factors for water quality level classification are COD (0.684), phosphate (0.119), iron (0.112), and TDS (0.084). Additionally, variations or changes in phosphate levels are likely to coincide with similar variations in TDS levels.

THE ROLE OF RESERVOITHE ROLE OF RESERVOIRS IN MITIGATING THE CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE: CASE STUDY OF THE VRBAS RIVER BASINRS IN MITIGATING THE CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE: CASE STUDY OF THE VRBAS RIVER BASIN

<p class="ABSTRACT">The consequences of climate change are becoming increasingly evident in all aspects of human activity, particularly in the field of water, affecting the availability and accessibility of water resources, and intensifying extreme phenomena such as droughts and floods. These impacts, in combination with existing vulnerabilities, can have significant consequences for society as a whole. Consequences of climate change in the Vrbas River basin, with a special focus on flood protection, particularly in the city of Banja Luka, and the provision of water for irrigation in the downstream part of the basin, were analyzed in the article. It analyzes the role of existing and planned reservoirs in mitigating adverse events, emphasizing the importance of integrated water resources management.</p>

Inaccessible and Unaffordable? The State of Water and Sanitation Services in Nairobi, Kenya

As the limited water resources become increasingly stressed by factors such as rapid urbanization, population growth, and climate change, the need for sustainable urban water management is more important than in the past decades. A large part of the world’s population still lacks access to clean water and sanitation, making achieving Sustainable Development Goals a challenge. Water is an indispensable resource and plays an important role in ensuring the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. Therefore, there is a need to prioritize research on the availability, affordability, and access of water resources to promote sustainable water resource management. In this study, we reviewed academic articles and published reports from various institutions and organizations to assess water sources, infrastructure, coverage, accessibility, and affordability of water and sanitation services in Nairobi County. The study identified Nairobi’s main water sources as municipal water, primarily from surface water and groundwater. However, the capacities of the water sources, treatment plants, and wastewater treatment plants were found to be insufficient, resulting in water shortages in most parts of the city.Most of the infrastructures were also found to be insufficient and old, contributing to water distribution inefficiencies, frequent leakages, and pipe bursts which hampers water reliability. The study suggests prioritizing the water and sanitation sector in government budgets to increase infrastructure development investments and funding. Appropriate wastewater treatment methods should also be adopted and implemented to enable wastewater to meet water consumption standards and be potentially integrated into supply systems.

Selection of Water Transmission Method and Analysis of Pipe Network Zoning in Municipal Water Supply and Drainage Design

With the acceleration of urbanization, the demand for water supply and drainage pipe networks has increased significantly. In the planning of urban construction, it is necessary to optimize the design of the water supply and drainage system pipe network to effectively save energy while providing residents with more accessible water resources. Therefore, the municipal water supply and drainage system and the water transmission methods should be designed according to the geographical conditions of the city. In this paper, we mainly analyze the design of municipal water supply and drainage systems and the selection of water transmission methods. Besides, the optimization of the water supply and drainage network zoning process and pipe network maintenance is also discussed, so as to provide a reference for municipal water supply and drainage work.

Design and Fabrication of Setup for Harvesting Water from Atmospheric Air- A Review

In numerous nations like India, accessing water resources for irrigation or other needs, particularly in arid regions, poses a significant challenge. Water scarcity is a prevalent issue worldwide, often stemming from insufficient rainfall. Conversely, in highly humid locales such as coastal areas, water can be procured through condensing atmospheric water vapour. This paper introduces a method for developing a water condensation system utilizing thermoelectric cooling technology. The system comprises cooling elements, a heat exchange unit, and an air circulation mechanism. Powered by a solar cell panel unit with a substantial output, the cooling elements are regulated through a control circuit. An Atmospheric Water Generator, a device capable of converting atmospheric moisture directly into potable water, operates on the principle of latent heat to transform water vapour molecules into water droplets. Although introduced earlier, it remains relatively uncommon in India and other regions. However, given the contemporary emphasis on renewable energy sources, its potential applications are considerable. Key words :Water condensation, Thermoelectric peltier, Dew condensation (latent heat), Solar energy, AWGs.

Declined benefit of earlier spring greening on summer growth in northern ecosystems under future scenarios

Widespread spring warming and an earlier start of the growing season (SOS) compensated for spring vegetation productivity, simultaneously resulting in reduced retention of accessible nutrition and water resources in subsequent seasons. In this case, however, it is unknown whether the increased summer growth induced by earlier SOS will be sustained. Here, we analyzed the legacy effects of SOS on summer growth under historical and future scenarios, through combining remote sensing products, flux tower observations and model simulations. We observed that the background climate (summer temperature and summer precipitation) modulated the response of summer growth to SOS. In the past two decades, the advance of SOS promoted summer growth in most areas of the northern ecosystems, except for dry and hot regions. Moreover, the effects of SOS on plant growth reversed within the summer months, which may be related to the continued deterioration of moisture conditions. Models predicted a general shift from a negative to a positive correlation between SOS and summer growth under future warming and regionally uneven precipitation. In particular, under SSP370 and SSP585 scenarios, areas of positive correlation will exceed that of negative correlation by the end of the century. These results indicated the stimulation of summer growth by SOS advance may shift to inhibition in more regions in the future. Our findings highlighted the limited enhancement of plant carbon sink by altered spring phenology under future climate change.

Exclusion and invented water scarcity: a historical perspective from colonialism to apartheid in South Africa

This paper examines the dynamics of water governance in South Africa during the colonial and apartheid periods, focusing on the socio-economic and political invented water scarcity experienced by black communities. By exploring historical policies and legislation, such as the Irrigation and Conservation of Water Act No. 8 of 1912, the Riparian Rights principle, and the Water Act of 1956, this study sheds light on black people’s systemic exclusion and marginalisation from accessing water resources. The analysis reveals how water governance practices were utilised as instruments of power and control, disproportionately favouring European settlers and reinforcing racial inequalities. Implementing discriminatory policies, forming reserves and forcing removals to Bantustans, establishing segregated water supply systems, and discriminatory practices in farms, mines, and urban townships, resulted in invented water scarcity for black communities. The deliberate exclusion of black communities from equitable water access created systemic disadvantages, impacting health, livelihoods, and socio-economic development. This paper argues that invented water scarcity was integral to colonial and apartheid strategies, further entrenching power imbalances and exacerbating socio-economic disparities.

Composite hydrogels based on calcium alginate and polyethyleneimine for wastewater treatment

AbstractWater shortage has risen severely in recent years, confronting mankind with a worldwide challenge, especially as the accessible water resources are further limited by diverse contamination. The most widespread industrial process for water treatment is the activated sludge process, in which, however, excessive sludge production has become an enormous environmental problem worldwide. To overcome this problem, hydrogels possess outstanding potential in view of adsorptive removal of contaminants like heavy metal ions, fertilizers, and dyes. In this paper, we report about the synthesis of biobased alginate hydrogel beads along with polyethyleneimine‐modified composite hydrogels for water treatment. The adsorption of methylene blue as a positively charged and of congo red as a negatively charged model dye is quantitatively investigated, both separately and in combination. In addition, the pH‐dependent adsorption of the dyes is determined. The use of alginate‐based hydrogel systems combines several prospects: they are bio‐based, inexpensive, easily available to a sufficient extent, sustainable, and are applicable in a broad range of wastewater treatment by its charged groups.

Determination of Crop water Requirement and Irrigation Scheduling for Major Crops of Surendranagar, Gujarat Using CROPWAT 8.0

Abstract: Due to the growing need for water for uses such as hydropower, farming, and drinking purpose among others, water is becoming an endangered asset. Water is increasingly needed for a variety of reasons as the population grows. On the contrary, the accessibility of water resources is limited. To determine crop water requirement for any crop and evaluate irrigation scheduling for effective water management, crop coefficients and reference crop evapotranspiration must be calculated. The purpose of this research is to determine crop water requirement of Cotton, Wheat and Sesame for Surendranagar Region and Prepare Irrigation Scheduling using the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith Method using FAO CROPWAT 8.0 Software. Meteorological data for Surendranagar region such as maximum and minimum temperatures, mean relative humidity, sunshine hours, and wind speed, are obtained from Wadhwan taluka of Surendranagar used to calculate reference crop evapotranspiration. Crop water requirement for Cotton using CROPWAT 8.0 model is obtained 876.3 mm/dec Crop water Requirement for Wheat is obtained 543.9 mm/dec and Crop water Requirement for Sesame is obtained 529.6 mm/dec This finding may be helpful for agricultural planning and effective irrigation control in the growing of cotton, Wheat and Sesame.

Molecular identification and mapping of mixed root samples to species and individuals.

This article is a Commentary on Osborne et al. (2023), 238: 1305–1317.

The Investigation Of Basic Yellow 28 Adsorption by Using Different Carbon Material

Accessible water resources on the earth's surface are decreasing day by day. For this reason, the treatment of wastewater released into the environment from different industrial areas is becoming a very important issue. In the present study, the removal of Basic Yellow 28 (BY28), one of the dyes used in the textile industry, from aqueous media using adsorption method was tested. Two different carbon based adsorbents; graphene nanoplatelets (graphene) and activated charcoal (activated carbon) were used as adsorbents. The optimum operating conditions were found as 0.004 g, 10 mL, 10 mg/L BY28, 10 minutes for activated charcoal and 0.05 g, 10 mL, 30 mg/L BY28, 15 minutes for graphene. As a result of the data obtained at optimum operating conditions; it was concluded that activated carbon can perform a more successful treatment than graphene.

Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Analysis for the Selection of Desalination Technologies

Accessible fresh water resources for drinking and usage are very limited in our world. Furthermore, these limited fresh water resources are gradually decreasing due to climate change, industrialization, and population growth. Despite the ever-increasing need for water, the inadequacies in our resources have made it critical to develop alternative drinking and utility water production methods. Desalination, one of the most important alternatives for fresh water supply, is on the rise on a global scale. Desalination facilities use various thermal and membrane techniques to separate water and salt. Concentrated brine, which contains desalination chemicals and significant amounts of salt, and is formed in high volumes from desalination processes, is also a concern. This article compares various desalination techniques using a multi-criteria decision-making method. The findings show that the Reverse Osmosis & Membrane Crystallization process is the most preferred technology due to its cost advantages as well as operational efficiency. Similarly, Multistage flash &Electrodialysis, the least preferred alternative, has been criticized for its low cost-effectiveness. These results suggest that cost and operational efficiency will continue to be the main drivers in the evaluation of desalination technologies in the near future.

Using knowledge graph and RippleNet algorithms to fulfill smart recommendation of water use policies during shale resources development

Shale gas and oil, as unconventional clean energy sources, has shown growing importance to addressing increasingly serious energy crisis. The bottleneck limiting widespread shale development and utilization is the large amounts of water consumptions during well drilling and hydraulic fracturing processes. However, little attention has been paid to water use policies when multiple resources can be concurrently available; moreover, previous studies using mathematical models can only depend on clear understanding of stringent physical law, implied mechanisms, and quantitative data. Focusing on twelve shale regions in Southwest China, we construct the first knowledge graph (KG) in the world and then use a RippleNet algorithm (RNA) to fulfill smart recommendation of water use policies base on the KG. By comparing results under four scenarios, we find that the identified policies vary with accessible cities and water resources, depending on the priority experience (i.e., historical records) input to RNA. Three mathematically based programming models are parallelly developed to generate optimal water use policies for comparing with those from smart recommendation. Similarities are found among the policies though discrepancies occur in part of scenarios. Despite the difficulty in evaluating the priority of each policy, the most remarkable advantage in this smart recommendation lie in the 1) independence on quantitative data (from monitoring or statistics) and mechanism modeling, and 2) capability of using a preference probability to suggest the likelihood or preference of each policy to be recommended. Outputs from this research provides new technical implication on developing conjunctive water-use and energy-extraction policies.

Yumuşak Çekirdekli Meyve Türlerinde Kuraklığın Etkileri

Elma, armut, ayva, trabzonhurması, yenidünya, muşmula ve alıç dünyada önemli üretim potansiyeline sahip yumuşak çekirdekli meyve türleri arasındadır. Sıcaklık yetiştriciliği sınırlandıran en önemli iklim faktörüdür. Son yıllarda küresel iklim değişikliğiyle birlikte kuraklığın artması ve su kaynaklarına erişimin azalması sıcaklığın en önemli etkileri olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Su stresi altındaki yumuşak çekirdekli meyve türlerinde ortaya çıkan morfolojik, biyokimyasal, fizyolojik ve moleküler değişimlerin etkisi ile verim ve kalite parametrelerinin düşmesi dolayısıyla ağaçların ekonomik verim değerleri olumsuz etkilenmektedir. Dayanıklılık ıslahı, kaolin, melatonin, anti-transpirant (brasinolid), gövde azaltması, silika, nitrik oksit, besin maddesi uygulaması, mikorizal funguslar ve bitki gelişimini teşvik eden rizobakteriler ile aşılama, toprak işleme uygulamaları ve gölgelik örtü sistemleri farklı yöntemler ve uygulamalar stres faktörlerinin olumsuz etkilerini azalabilmek amacıyla yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmada yumuşak çekirdekli bazı meyve türlerinde kuraklığın etkileri ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.

Coastal dunes migration over the Itaúnas district - Espírito Santo, humid tropical coast of Southeast Brazil

The migration of transgressive coastal dunes over urban and farming areas is commonly observed in the semi-arid northern coast of the Brazilian northeast. However, it is unusual in the humid tropical coast of southeastern Brazil. This paper aims to investigate the aeolian dynamics and the drivers of the burial process over the Itaúnas District, Espírito Santo State landscape, by transgressive coastal dunes. Methodological procedures consist of remote sensing techniques, geoprocessing, wind regime simulations, and mathematical calculations of migration rate parameters. Satellite images were georeferenced using ArcGIS 10.3 software and wind regime information was simulated using HYSPLIT software using wind reanalysis data. The results suggest a sediment transport rate of 44.98 kg/m/s, wind drift potential of 123.96 v.u. and dune migration rate estimated at 4.0 m/yr. It was found that the northern and western sectors of the studied dunefield have the highest migration rates towards the main access road, water resources and urban area. The values obtained are considered significant because it is a coastal segment subjected to a humid tropical climate.

The impact of climate change on the availability of irrigation water at the rift valley lakes basin in Southern Ethiopia: A review

Agriculture is one of the foremost climate-responsive businesses, with open-air production systems sensitive to temperature and rainfall. This paper reviews recent literature and assesses the impact of climate change on the accessibility of water resources for irrigation. The paper critically reviews recent research findings on climate change's effect on the potential of surface water and groundwater for irrigation in Ethiopia's south rift valley (Abaya-Chamo) Sub-basin. Surface water in the south rift valley Ethiopia sub-basin, including the Abaya and Chamo lakes, is estimated to be just over 5,718 million m3yr-1. Finally, the implications for future study and development are emphasized. The effect of climate change (rainfall and temperature) on the water in the Abaya-Chamo lakes feeder Rivers is different for the near future (2021–2050) and extreme future (2071–2100) time using the RCP 8.5 scenario. Overall, findings show that the availability of water resources for irrigation purposes in the south rift valley Ethiopia sub-basin will be more vulnerable to changes in rainfall and temperature. In conclusion, Stream flow future projection (%) for each feeder river Bilate, Kulfo, Gidabo, and Hare are -9.07, -11.24, 3.89, 4.135, − 0.95, − 1.5, 13.4, and 15.4% respectively

Geospatial Assessment of Ground Water Quality and Associated Health Problems in the Western Region of India

Groundwater constitutes a significant component of freshwater resources in India being vital for its economy and domestic water security. The quantity, quality and accessibility of water resources forms the basis of balanced socio-economic development and its optimum utilization cannot be sustained unless its quality is assessed. The current study tries to access the quality and suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes in western drier parts of India in the state of Rajasthan. Based on collected data, selected hydro-geochemical parameters, the quality of water has been determined and Water Quality Index (WQI) have been prepared using GIS applications. Applying the Inverse Distance Weighting method, WQI values for 89 villages in the area have been computed, which ranged between 71.23 and 447.39. While 68% of the region had “poor water quality”, only 32% is sustained as ‘good water’ for consumption. The fluoride content ranging between 1.66 and 8.60 mg/L and TDS > 1000 mg/L with average pH levels > 7 (8–9 pH) were found to be very high amongst all the 12 water quality parameters taken for the study. The northeastern region with a WQI value of >250 had the worst water quality. Furthermore, the existing water quality is also examined for influencing two water borne diseases, i.e., gastroenteritis and fluorosis in the region. The study thus establishes that the majority of groundwater in the region is beyond the permissible safer consumption limits, and a large population of the region, which is directly dependent on groundwater sources, is prone to water borne health hazards. A significantly high correlation was observed between Specific Water Quality Parameters in the region and prevalence of gastroenteritis (and fluorosis diseases with R2 = 0.530 and R2 = 0.813, respectively).

Advances in biopolymer composites and biomaterials for the removal of emerging contaminants

Abstract Domestic, agriculture, and industrial activities contaminate the waterbodies by releasing toxic substances and pathogens. Removal of pollutants from wastewater is critical to ensuring the quality of accessible water resources. Several wastewater treatments are often used. Researchers are increasingly focusing on adsorption, ion exchange, electrostatic interactions, biodegradation, flocculation, and membrane filtration for the efficient reduction of pollutants. Biopolymers are a combination of two or more products produced by the living organisms used to give the desired finished product with a unique attribute. Biomaterials are also similar to traditional polymers by having higher flexibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and nontoxic secondary byproducts producing ability. Grafting, functionalization, and crosslinking will be used to enhance the characteristics of biopolymers. The present chapter will illustrate some of the important biopolymers and its compos that will impact wastewater treatment in the future. Most commonly used biopolymers including chitosan (CS), activated carbon (AC), carbon-nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene oxide (GO) are discussed. Finally, the opportunities and difficulties for applying adsorbents to water pollution treatment are discussed.