Parking Availability Research Articles

Gender and violent crime modify associations between greenspace and cardiovascular disease mortality in Philadelphia, PA

Few studies have explored variability of associations between greenspace and cardiovascular (CVD) mortality according to demographic or neighborhood contextual factors. We estimated overall and sex-stratified associations between greenspace and CVD mortality rates in Philadelphia, PA, and quantified effect modification of the sex-stratified associations by neighborhood violent crime rates. Sex- and age-stratified census tract CVD mortality rates (years 2008–2015) were linked with proportion tree canopy cover, grass/shrub cover, and total vegetation cover, and proportion of adult residents reporting access to a park. We used multivariable negative binomial models to estimate overall and sex-stratified associations between neighborhood greenspace and CVD mortality rates, and quantified effect modification by tract-level rates of violent crime. Higher proportion tree canopy cover and higher proportion adults reporting access to parks were associated with modestly lower rates of CVD mortality, with more pronounced estimates in males than females. In tracts with higher rates of crime, higher tree canopy coverage and perceived park access were associated with lower CVD mortality rates. We did not observe strong evidence of sex-based differences in interaction between neighborhood crime rates and greenspace. Results from this study reveal variability of associations between greenspace and CVD mortality rates according to sex categories, and according to neighborhood social environments. There is a need for further research exploring the extent to which differences in perceived safety explain gender-based differences in associations between greenspace and cardiovascular outcomes.

Social Determinants of Health and US Health Care Expenditures by Insurer

US health expenditures have been growing at an unsustainable rate, while health inequities and poor outcomes persist. Targeting social determinants of health (SDOH) may contribute to identifying and controlling health care expenditures. To determine whether SDOH are associated with US health care expenditures by Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurers. Cross-sectional study of adults, representing the US civilian, noninstitutionalized population with Medicare, Medicaid, or private coverage, from the 2021 Medical Expenditure Panel SDOH Survey. Data analysis was conducted from October 2023 to April 2024. SDOH as individual-level, health-related social needs categorized by Healthy People 2030 domains: (1) educational access and quality, (2) health care access and quality, (3) neighborhood and built environment,(4) economic stability, and (5) social and community context. The primary outcome was health care expenditures (US dollars) by Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurers. A 2-part econometric model (probit regression model and generalized linear model with gamma distribution) was used. Among the 14 918 insured adults in the analytic sample (mean [SD] age, 52.5 [17.9] years; 8471 female [56.8%]), the majority had middle to high family income (10 524 participants [70.5%]) and were privately insured (10 227 participants [68.5%]). Annual median (IQR) expenditure was $1648 ($389-$7126) for Medicaid, $3643 ($1321-$10 519) for Medicare, and $1369 ($456-$4078) for private insurers. Educational attainment and social isolation were associated with Medicaid expenditures. Medicaid beneficiaries with a high school diploma or general educational development certificate had on average (mean difference) $2245.39 lower annual Medicaid expenditures (95% CI, -$3700.97 to -$789.80) compared with beneficiaries with less than high school attainment. Compared with those who never felt isolated, Medicaid beneficiaries who often felt isolated had on average $2706.94 (95% CI, $1339.06-$4074.82) higher annual Medicaid expenditures. Health care access, built environment, and economic stability were associated with Medicare expenditures. Medicare beneficiaries living in neighborhoods with lower availability of parks had on average $5959.27 (95% CI, $1679.99 to $10 238.55) higher annual Medicare expenditures. Medicare beneficiaries who were very confident in covering unexpected expenses had on average $3743.98 lower annual Medicare expenditures (95% CI, -$6500.68 to -$987.28) compared with those who were not confident. Medical discrimination and economic stability were associated with private expenditures. Private insurance beneficiaries who experienced medical discrimination had on average $2599.93 (95% CI, $863.71-$4336.15) higher annual private expenditures compared with those who did not. Private beneficiaries who were contacted by debt collections in the past year had on average $2033.34 (95% CI, $896.82 to $3169.86) higher annual private expenditures compared with those who were not contacted. In this cross-sectional study of 14 918 insured adults, individual-level SDOH were significantly associated with US health care expenditures by Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurers. These findings may inform health insurers and policymakers to incorporate SDOH in their decision-making practices to identify and control health care expenditures, advancing health equity.

Artificial intelligence for parking forecasting: an extensive survey of machine learning techniques

To address the parking challenges, this survey delves into the significant impact of machine learning (ML) on parking availability (PA) predictions. With swelling urban populations, efficient parking management has become paramount. PA prediction offers accurate, context-sensitive solutions for dynamic on-street and off-road parking scenarios, thereby promoting urban mobility and parking efficiency. However, traditional ML models, while contributory, struggled to capture complex contextual nuances and dependencies for effective predictions. The rapid advancements of deep learning offer promising avenues for sophisticated prediction models. This survey covers a wide spectrum, from PA definitions and relevant datasets to ML modules, features considered, and evaluation metrics. Additionally, the current limitations and future directions are also explored. This comprehensive review underscores the present contributions of ML in parking predictions and paves the way for refining and devising future developments to tackle the persistent parking issues.

City Spending Is Positively Related To Citizen Park Access

City Spending Is Positively Related To Citizen Park Access

Equity, travel, and park visitation in 10 US metro areas: a smartphone mobility study

Urban planners and urban forestry researchers use various methods to evaluate how well different populations access the benefits of parks, often by assessing park distribution in relation to the social and economic conditions of surrounding neighbourhoods. However, without precise visitation data, it remains unclear whether proximity to parks translates into actual use. This study analyses the social and spatial factors influencing park visitation using real-world data across multiple urban and ecological contexts. We utilised smartphone mobility to capture visitation counts for over 14,000 parks across 10 US metropolitan areas, representing populations from more than 26,000 census block groups (CBGs). By integrating census data with spatial models, we examined the relationships between park visitation, proximity of parks to visitors' home neighbourhoods, and socio-economic variables such as race and ethnicity. Our analysis revealed that park visitation increases with proximity to visitors' home neighbourhoods. We also found positive associations between visitation rates and factors such as population density, median income, and park coverage in visitors' home neighbourhoods. Additionally, we identified significant correlations between park visitation and the racial and ethnic composition of these neighbourhoods. These findings confirm the assumption that closer proximity to parks enhances visitation rates. We recommend that park visitation data be considered alongside distributional analyses when planning for park accessibility.

Abstract C009: An exploratory ecologic analysis of the association of neighborhood obesogenic factors with prostate cancer mortality in Chicago, Illinois: Challenges and opportunities

Abstract Introduction: Obesity has been associated with aggressive prostate cancer (PCa). Environments that promote obesity, known as obesogenic environments, may also contribute to PCa progression at the population level. However, studies exploring these factors are limited. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between neighborhood obesogenic factors with PCa mortality rates in Chicago. Methods: We used an ecological study design with Chicago Community Areas (n=77) serving as the geographical area unit of analysis. All community area-level data were obtained from the Chicago Health Atlas public data portal. For each area, two obesogenic factors were examined: food environment and park access. The number of healthy and unhealthy grocery stores was used to characterize the food environment. The retail food establishments data was retrieved for the year 2013. The stores were classified into chain grocery stores, non-chain grocery stores, liquor stores, and convenience stores which included dollar tsores, corner stores and gas stations. Chain and non-chain grocery stores were grouped as healthy food access, and other (convenience store, dollar store and liquor store) as unhealthy food access. The area of public parks per 100,000 community area population was used as a measure of park access. An exclusive park area for each community was calculated by intersecting the community area and park area shape files from the year 2016. The outcome variable was community area-level PCa mortality rate age-adjusted to the community area male population. To normalize the data, all included variables were standardized to zero mean and unit standard deviation. Linear regression models analyzed the association of the standardized measures of obesogenic environment (individually and simultaneously) with age-adjusted rates using the Statistical Analysis Software 9.4. Results: The mean number of healthy (0 - 11) and unhealthy (0 - 10) food stores in each community area were 3.1 and 2.6 respectively and mean park area (14.0 - 4096.5 acres) available in each community area was 453.5 acres per 100,000 population. The mean (0 – 29.6) PCa mortality was 9.8 per 100,000 population. Healthy food access was inversely associated with PCa mortality rates, where for every for one 1-standard deviation increase in healthy food access standard deviation, there is a 0.40 unit decrease in community area PCa mortality rate standard deviation (p=0.002) while accounting for the other obesogenic factors (unhealthy food access and park access). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the neighborhood access to healthy food may be a determinant of neighborhood PCa mortality rates. Ecological studies are helpful to understand the impact at the geographical level. Methodological challenges and opportunity in ecological analyses, such as addressing bias and multivariable control of confounding, will be discussed. Citation Format: Ravneet Kaur, Jiehuan Sun, Nebiyou Y. Tilahun, Vincent L. Freeman. An exploratory ecologic analysis of the association of neighborhood obesogenic factors with prostate cancer mortality in Chicago, Illinois: Challenges and opportunities [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr C009.

The Influence Of Facilities And Prices On Tourist Satisfaction At Pantjoran PIK, North Jakarta

This study investigates the influence of facilities and prices on tourist satisfaction at Pantjoran PIK, North Jakarta. The research employed a quantitative approach with 115 respondents who had visited the destination. Using multiple linear regression analysis, the results show that both facilities and prices have a significant and positive effect on tourist satisfaction. Specifically, well-maintained facilities, such as cleanliness, parking availability, and comfort, enhance the overall experience of visitors. Similarly, reasonable prices that align with the quality of services provided also contribute to higher satisfaction levels. The findings suggest that improving facilities and maintaining competitive pricing can lead to increased tourist satisfaction and loyalty. Future research may explore additional factors influencing visitor satisfaction.

A Case Study on Children’s Accessibility in Urban Parks in Changsha City, China: Developing an Improved 2SFCA Method

As countries develop, the challenge of providing access to the outdoors and nature increases. Consequently, recent environmental justice research has focused on measuring children’s access to parks. The results of these analyses better reflect differences in accessibility, but there are discrepancies between different accessibility models. This study aims to explore child-friendly accessibility measures and proposes a supply–demand-improved two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method for estimating urban park accessibility based on children’s needs. The application of this improved 2SFCA method in Changsha City successfully identified areas with unequal park accessibility, offering valuable insights for urban planners, that can be used to promote equitable access to green spaces for all residents, especially children. The results demonstrate that park accessibility in Changsha City exhibits significant differences across various areas, with the lowest accessibility in the western part of Furong District, the northwestern part of Yuhua District, and the southern part of Tianxin District; while the highest accessibility is found in Yuelu District. The limited green space in the central business district of Changsha City, coupled with high population density, indicates a tension between green space planning and population density in the city’s central area. The study proposes that the primary challenge in current green space planning in Changsha is the rational allocation of green spaces to meet the needs of high-density populations within limited urban space. It provides a comprehensive and realistic perspective for understanding the accessibility and availability of green spaces for children, which can help urban planners develop effective policies to support children’s outdoor mobility, while considering equity.

Developing a new tool to capture the nature dose to reduce loneliness and improve quality of life

Recognition of the health benefits of nature contact has increased. Simultaneously, growing numbers of people worldwide experience loneliness. There is a movement towards prescribing nature-based activities to improve/promote social connections, health, and quality of life. Yet, what constitutes a therapeutic nature dose is not well understood, due in part, to the lack of instruments that capture the characteristics of nature-based activities and measure ‘nature dose.’ We created a nature dose measurement tool to fill this gap by capturing various aspects of contact with nature and perceptions regarding park access, quality, naturalness, psychological distance to nature, and biodiversity. This tool will facilitate greater understanding of how natural areas, nature-based activities, and nature exposure reduce loneliness and promote health-related quality of life. Measuring nature dose with standardized tools and documenting benefits will generatethe evidence base needed to design, implement and evaluate nature-based social interventions for improving health and quality of life.•This tool captures the nature dose to reduce loneliness and promote quality of life.•Constructs range from park quality and access, to mood, to biodiversity perceptions.•The standardized nature dose tool will help design nature-based social interventions.

Do hypothetical and actual service distances align for urban fringe parks? An investigation of Shanghai using big data

In China's transition from rapid urbanization to high-quality development, urban peripheral parks are increasingly crucial for ecological services and quality of life. However, a disparity persists between their intended function and actual usage, a common occurrence in megacities of China. This study aims to identify the actual service distance and accessibility of parks in fringe areas, using the southwestern sector of Shanghai's main urban fringe as an example. By utilizing mobile location data, it explores the multilevel service attributes of urban fringe parks. Analyzing spatial characteristics from the perspectives of clustering distances and life circle service capabilities, it concludes that: 1) fringe parks exhibit lower service capacities compared to central ones, mainly providing routine services; 2) fixed service range models are inadequate, especially for fringe parks; and 3) community and district-level parks have comparable service distances, highlighting the need to enhance district-level parks. This research aims to optimize park site selection and functions in urban peripheries, providing insights for sustainable planning.

A Study on the Impact of Public Parks on Community Health

To ascertain if living near green spaces is linked with the health and well-being of the inhabitants of Denton County, this study examines the variables that characterize community well-being regarding park accessibility and proximity. This research identifies a few factors likely to impact residents’ wellness. These factors determine whether living close to or having access to green spaces positively correlates with residents’ health and wellness. This paper found out that distance to the park is not the only factor that enhances physical activity; other factors such as types of nature (Blue space and Countryside) and size of green spaces, accessibility of parks, quality of parks, Social and recreational services availability; park maintenance, and management is influential. Overall, proximity to green spaces, such as parks and natural areas, has been associated with reduced stress, anxiety, and depression. Green spaces contribute to cleaner air by absorbing pollutants and producing oxygen.

Determinants of bicycle ownership and use: A case study of apartment residents in Melbourne, Australia

Cycling can offer a range of benefits for individuals and society, yet factors influencing bicycle ownership and use are not well understood, particularly among apartment residents where the provision of bicycle parking is stipulated by planning requirements. A survey of 480 apartment residents was undertaken in Melbourne, Australia, with results analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression modelling. Results show that households owned 0.86 bicycles on average, much higher than the current bicycle parking requirement of 0.2 spaces per household for new apartment developments. Additionally, 28% of respondents reported using a bicycle in the last week. Factors associated with bicycle ownership and use included various socio-demographics, attitudes, preferences, and built environment and transport characteristics. In general, these factors were far more extensive than previous studies that have considered all housing types together. Notably, the availability of off-street bicycle parking was found to increase the odds of an apartment household owning one bicycle, compared with none, by more than two times. The results imply that increasing bicycle ownership and use among apartment residents requires a multifaceted approach, including adequate bicycle parking requirements that vary both spatially and by apartment size, along with programs and events that can foster positive attitudes towards cycling.

Citizens’ and government officials’ perceptions of commercialization in Cairo’s public parks

ABSTRACT Public park commercialization has primarily been studied in the Global North, and little is known about how it developed in the Global South. This paper uses public parks in Cairo, Egypt, to explore commercialization practices in public space. Public parks in Cairo are commercialized mainly under the pretext of helping pay for them. In this context, some citizens raise their concerns over the potential impacts of commercialization on the public availability and accessibility of parks. Using on-site observations, semi-structured interviews, and content analysis of social media data, this study aims to understand how commercialization manifests in the landscape of Cairo’s public parks, how managing authorities justify commercialization practices, and how and why some residents contest these changes. Results show that commercialization prevails in the day-to-day administration of Cairo’s public parks. By demonstrating growing public park commercialization in an important megalopolis of the Global South, we contribute to ongoing debates on the social and environmental consequences of prioritizing the parks’ exchange value over their use value.

Inequity in Access to Sustainable Urban Parks in South Tucson, AZ

This study highlights the poor conditions of urban parks in South Tucson, a predominantly Hispanic area, and provides actionable solutions for enhancing equity in urban park access and quality. This was done by comparing the parks in the study area to the parks in East Tucson, an area predominantly Caucasian. The samples were selected using stratified random sampling. The case study method was used to make a comparison between three parks in south Tucson, namely Santa Rosa, Mirasol, and Ormsby Parks, and those in East Tucson, namely Roy P. Drachmann Agua, Morris K. Udall, and Michael Perry Parks. Findings show that parks in east Tucson had more amenities, were better maintained, were larger, and had a higher proportion of green spaces and more facilities than those in south Tucson. The author recommends that park authorities ensure that the parks in South Tucson are well-maintained and have enough amenities and green spaces to meet the needs of the residents. Also, the residents should collaborate to identify park development priorities to ensure they have a voice in creating sustainable parks in their communities. Lastly, the principles of environmental justice should be included as a criterion for the distribution and maintenance of public parks for underserved populations.

Spatial disparities in urban park accessibility: Integrating real-time traffic data and housing prices in Ningbo, China

The urban park accessibility is a vital measure of urban livability, indicating either the presence or absence of environmental equity. This study introduces a novel approach by integrating real-time navigation data with traditional accessibility assessments to examine the spatial distribution of parks in Ningbo, China. It evaluates service provision across different transportation modes and park tiers, revealing significant spatial disparities in accessibility. Particularly, it highlights a pronounced polarization, with some city core areas experiencing limited access. Additionally, this research establishes a clear correlation between housing prices and park accessibility, illustrating how urban greenery can influence real estate values. The findings underscore the need for policy interventions to promote equitable access to urban parks and to address potential green gentrification risks. The methodology proposed here offers valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers in scientifically assessing public resource accessibility and planning more equitable urban environments.

Quantifying urban park use in the USA at scale: empirical estimates of realised park usage using smartphone location data

A large body of evidence connects access to greenspace with substantial benefits to physical and mental health. In urban settings where access to greenspace can be limited, park access and use have been associated with higher levels of physical activity, improved physical health, and lower levels of markers of mental distress. Despite the potential health benefits of urban parks, little is known about how park usage varies across locations (between or within cities) or over time. We estimated park usage among urban residents (identified as residents of urban census tracts) in 498 US cities from 2019 to 2021 from aggregated and anonymised opted-in smartphone location history data. We used descriptive statistics to quantify differences in park usage over time, between cities, and across census tracts within cities, and used generalised linear models to estimate the associations between park usage and census tract level descriptors. In spring (March 1 to May 31) 2019, 18·9% of urban residents visited a park at least once per week, with average use higher in northwest and southwest USA, and lowest in the southeast. Park usage varied substantially both within and between cities; was unequally distributed across census tract-level markers of race, ethnicity, income, and social vulnerability; and was only moderately correlated with established markers of census tract greenspace. In spring 2019, a doubling of walking time to parks was associated with a 10·1% (95% CI 5·6-14·3) lower average weekly park usage, adjusting for city and social vulnerability index. The median decline in park usage from spring 2019 to spring 2020 was 38·0% (IQR 28·4-46·5), coincident with the onset of physical distancing policies across much of the country. We estimated that the COVID-19-related decline in park usage was more pronounced for those living further from a park and those living in areas of higher social vulnerability. These estimates provide novel insights into the patterns and correlates of park use and could enable new studies of the health benefits of urban greenspace. In addition, the availability of an empirical park usage metric that varies over time could be a useful tool for assessing the effectiveness of policies intended to increase such activities. Google.

Who Benefits? A Mixed Methods Study Assessing Community Use of a Major Metropolitan Park During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

By providing spaces for recreation, physical activity, social gatherings, and time in nature, urban parks offer physical, mental, and social benefits to users. However, many urban residents face barriers to park use. The COVID-19 pandemic introduced new potential barriers to urban park access and use, including changes to daily life and employment, closure of park amenities and restrictions to public movement, and risk from the coronavirus itself. The mixed-methods PARCS study measured use and perceptions of a large urban park in St. Louis, Missouri before, during, and after local COVID-19 contingency measures and restrictions. We examine data from 1,157 direct observation assessments of park usership, an online survey of park users (n=561), interviews with key stakeholders (n=27), four focus groups (n=30), and a community-based participatory research sub-study (n=66) to comprehensively characterize the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on park use. Park users who felt unsafe from the coronavirus experienced 2.65 higher odds of reducing park use. However, estimated park visits during COVID-19 contingency measures (n=5,023,759) were twice as high as post-contingency (n=2,277,496). Participants reported using the park for physical activity, recreation, time in nature, and socializing during the contingency period. Black, Hispanic/Latino, and young people were less likely to visit the park than others, suggesting an additional, disproportionate impact of the pandemic on minoritized and socioeconomically disadvantaged communities. This study highlights the role of public spaces like parks as resources for health and sites where urban health inequities can be alleviated in times of public crisis.

Bandung as a Creative City in Indonesia: The Role of Community in Developing a Creative Tourism Urban Village Initiative

Bandung City Government, in collaboration with the Bandung City Culture and Tourism Office, has implemented the activation of creative tourism urban villages as a strategic measure to promote regional autonomy through the development of the creative economy. Prior studies have not extensively addressed the concept of creative tourism in urban villages as an alternative form of tourism. Therefore, this research aims to explore the involvement of communities in the management of creative tourism urban villages in Bandung, seeing them as the primary stakeholders. The objective of this study is to chart the potential and obstacles facing creative tourism urban villages in Bandung City from the perspective of tourism awareness groups as managers of creative tourism urban villages. The study employed qualitative methodologies with a phenomenological approach, specifically in-depth interviews with managers of creative tourism urban villages, as well as field observations of 8 activated creative tourism urban villages in Bandung city. The activation of creative tourism urban villages in the city of Bandung to promote the sustainable development goal is characterized by three primary themes: community dynamics, infrastructure readiness and external support. Community dynamics refers to the interactions that take place among community members as they collaborate to establish creative tourism urban villages in different regions through stories, conflicts and the active involvement of community members. The availability of infrastructure is contingent upon the presence of tangible assets that facilitate the execution of creative tourism urban village business operations, encompassing aspects such as road accessibility, parking availability, and building structures. Assistance from external entities refers to the support provided by external parties to foster the growth of creative tourism in urban villages, including mentoring, training, sponsorship, and collaboration networks. The activation of creative tourism urban villages needs to be accompanied by community independence and involvement in a bottom-up development process, not just a top-down one, so as to maintain the sustainability of creative tourism urban villages after the government no longer supports activities carried out by tourism awareness groups.

Reassessing urban park accessibility: an improved two-step floating catchment area method based on the physical activity services perspective

Urban parks, as important carrier of outdoor physical activity, can effectively reduce the incidence of chronic diseases and promote public health. The accessibility of parks directly affects residents’ levels of physical activity. However, current accessibility assessments do not consider physical activity needs into account and are unable to adapt to the current developmental needs of a healthy China. We propose a framework for evaluating park accessibility oriented towards a physical activity service perspective. First, we introduced a park attractiveness index based on physical activity preferences. The index encompasses not only objective park features but also subjective environmental perception features, which are evaluated using deep-learning techniques. Furthermore, the size of the park catchment area was correlated with the park attractiveness index, and the likelihood of park selection based on people's physical activity preferences was computed. Fuzhou City's Gulou District was selected for this case study. The results show the following: (1) Our proposed evaluation model can identify more underserved neighborhoods in scenarios geared toward physical activity requirements than traditional approaches. (2) The distribution of parks in the Gulou District was not sufficiently balanced, with the accessibility value at the 90th percentile only slightly higher than the average value of 6.35. There was obvious spatial differentiation, with a pattern of high values in the central area and low values in the surrounding areas. (3) Approximately 12.70 % of the population is located within service-blind zones and the overall level of accessibility is poor. This study offers novel ideas and approaches for optimizing the spatial layout of urban parks within a health-oriented framework. This aids planners and policymakers in enhancing the spatial layout of parks and ensuring equitable access to urban parks that foster physical activity.

Optimizing urban park locations with addressing environmental justice in park access and utilization by using dynamic demographic features derived from mobile phone data

Urban parks play a critical role in improving the quality of life of local residents and creating sustainable and resilient urban environments. As urban parks are essential public services, it is important that they be accessible, sufficient, and of high quality so all city residents can access and benefit from them to advocate environmental justice. To make park services more equitable, it is crucial to evaluate the distribution and quality of existing urban parks and consider potential locations for new urban parks, in terms of both park access and utilization. By adopting a new type of dynamic population data based on mobile phone-based tracking, we assessed urban park access by vulnerable populations, particularly economically marginalized older adults, and employed dynamic demographic features and neighboring environmental features of existing urban parks and park candidate sites to estimate park utilization. Ultimately, we developed an advanced multi-objective location optimization model considering park access, utilization, and construction cost. The three objectives of maximizing utilization of the candidate sites when urban parks are established, maximizing the number of vulnerable people who can be covered by the urban parks, and minimizing the total establishment cost for the urban parks were optimized in locating urban parks among candidate sites. The proposed methodology was validated with an application to Ulsan Metropolitan City in the Republic of Korea.