Access To Basic Services Research Articles

IEEE 802.11ay enabled integrated mmWave radar detection and wireless communications

Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) under the same frequency band and hardware has emerged as a key technology in future wireless networks. Meanwhile, the harmonious coexistence between detection and communication modules has also attracted tremendous research interest in both academia and industry, currently. In this work, we propose a novel Integrated detection and communication (IDAC) scheme in the promising IEEE 802.11ay enabled millimeter wave (mmWave) networks. Particularly, we first introduce a mixing personal basic service set control point or access point (PCP/AP) architecture to support the IDAC function. Thereafter, we embed the radar detection into the IEEE 802.11ay beamforming training (BFT) period by utilizing its directional scanning feature. Furthermore, a BFT and energy allocation strategy is derived to balance the performance between detection and communication. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Developing micro level resilience index for Indian Sundarban adopting resilience indicators for measurement and analysis (RIMA) methodology

• Communities along West Bengal coast devastated by cyclone-induced multi-hazards. • To comprehend the resilience strategy, four pillars of RIMA-II have been explored. • Villages affected differently and bounce back diversely. • Vulnerability and risk exposure are negatively correlated with the resilience index. Tropical cyclones induced multi-hazards have wreaked havoc on coastal communities in the last two-three years in coastal West Bengal, India. This research article aims to highlight the essence of these people's resilience to cyclone induced multi-scale hazards focusing on the Kakdwip Subdivision of Coastal West Bengal (Indian Sundarban Portion). Indicators in explaining RIMA-II, four pillars have been examined: Access to Basic Services (ABS), Assets (AST), Social Safety Nets (SSN) and Adaptive Capacity (AC). A total of 18 indicators from four pillars have been considered (6 from ABS, 4 from AST, 3 from SSN, and 5 from AC) and associated data has been gathered through a primary survey. In order to fully understand the village level scenario, the study has also used the Resilience Capacity Index (RCI). With the exception of Kuemuri, which is located in the far north-eastern part of the research area and is the most resilient, the study's findings show that the villages with a higher score (>56.81) are more resilient than others and are typically found in the section of Kakdwip Sub-northern Division. The least resilient settlements are clearly identified by their geomorphological location. Additionally, the resilience index shows a favourable relationship with the demographic index and a negative relationship with vulnerability and hazard exposure.

The Syrian refugee life study: first glance

Abstract This paper presents descriptive statistics from the first wave of the Syrian Refugee Life Study (S-RLS), which began in 2020. S-RLS is a longitudinal study that tracks a representative sample of approximately 2,500 registered Syrian refugee households in Jordan. It collects comprehensive data on sociodemographic variables, health and well-being, preferences, social capital, attitudes, and safety and crime perceptions. We use these data to document sociodemographic characteristics of Syrian refugees in Jordan and compare them to representative populations in the 2016 Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey (JLMPS). Our findings point to lags in basic service access, housing quality, and educational attainment for Syrian refugees relative to non-refugees. The impacts of the pandemic may partially explain these disparities. The data also show that most Syrian refugees have not recovered economically after Covid-19 and have larger gender disparities in income, employment, prevalence of child marriage, and gender attitudes than their non-refugee counterparts. Finally, mental health problems were common for Syrian refugees in 2020, with depression indicated among more than 45 per cent of the phone survey sample and 61 per cent of the in-person survey sample.

Smallholders’ Livelihood Resilience in the Dryland Area of the Yellow River Basin in China from the Perspective of the Family Life Cycle: Based on GeoDetector and LMG Metric Model

Farm households’ sustainable livelihoods in the dryland area of the Yellow River basin is an important guarantee of ecological protection and high-quality development for the Yellow River basin. However, farm households in this region have been facing frequent droughts, water resource shortages, severe soil erosion and other problems; their livelihood security has been seriously threatened. This study used a livelihood resilience framework to evaluate farm households’ livelihood resilience in dryland areas through the field survey data and identified the influencing factors of livelihood resilience using the GeoDetector and the Lindeman, Merenda and Gold method (LMG) from the family life cycle perspective. The results revealed the following points: (1) there were significant differences in livelihood resilience, adaptive capacity and anticipatory capacity at each stage of the family life cycle at a 5% significant level. (2) The top two variables of livelihood resilience were preparedness and planning, and substitutable assets, followed by household characteristics. With the evolution of the family life cycle, the impacts of family assets and basic service access on livelihood resilience showed a “U” trend. On the contrary, savings and safety nets showed an inverted “U” shape. (3) Both the GeoDetector and LMG metric models could identify the key influencing factors, but the variable importance rankings of the two models were different to some degree. Finally, based on the results of the analysis, this study proposed targeted policy recommendations for building livelihood resilience of farm households.

Transporte público y despoblación en el medio rural: el caso del interior castellonense

En los últimos años ha cobrado actualidad el problema de la despoblación rural, que ha llevado a muchos núcleos a su efectiva desaparición. Entre los que todavía subsisten, algunos padecen una progresiva reducción de servicios públicos y dotaciones, como el transporte en autobús, que juega un papel relevante. Esto acaba obligando a muchos residentes a emigrar a zonas más pobladas para acceder a los servicios básicos. Este trabajo pretende estudiar la paulatina desaparición y/o disminución del servicio de autobuses en el interior de la provincia de Castellón y mostrar las alternativas existentes que permitan revertir o atenuar este éxodo a partir de propuestas sostenibles que garanticen una calidad de vida equitativa en todos los territorios. El análisis se ha realizado mediante una reconstrucción de la evolución demográfica y de la oferta de servicios de autobús existente en la provincia, a partir de diversas fuentes estadísticas del INE y la consejería regional, mientras que las propuestas se inspiran o apoyan en la bibliografía existente sobre el transporte en el medio rural. Los resultados confirman la disminución del servicio de transporte paralelamente a la despoblación en numerosas zonas, sin que se haya aplicado ninguna de las medidas existentes para garantizar su eficiencia y sostenibilidad.

Accessibility to the drinking water sources in Burkina Faso: the case study of Toessin and Bonogo villages

In Africa, accessibility to drinking water is major problem for rural population. This study analyzes accessibility to the drinking water source in two villages in Burkina Faso. Data were obtained from household’s surveys. In total, 221 households have been surveyed. Data analysis method is based on water accessibility of World Health Organization & United Nations Children Fund (2017) and Howard & Bartram (2003) approach. Results show that in Toessin village, more than half of the households have improved service or intermediate access to wells, whereas a small percentage have access to boreholes. Slightly over half of the households have a low service or a minimal access for the same quantities of water and sources. No household falls under the limited service state or does not have access to wells, whereas small number of the families do not have access to boreholes. In the Bonogo village, nearly one third of households have improved service or intermediate access to boreholes and a very small number of household have intermediate access to wells. The majority of the Bonogo household’s access to boreholes fall under the basic service or a minimal access category, whereas accessibility to wells under the same category constitute slightly over half of the household. However, only a very small number of household in Bonogo have a limited service or do not have access at boreholes and wells. Overall, in terms of accessibility to drinking water sources, the majority of households in Toessin falls under the improved service or intermediate/minimal access for wells, whilst in Bonogo, most households fall under the basic service or minimal access to boreholes. It is necessary to dig new boreholes in Toessin in order to improve access to the drinking water. Keywords: accessibility, boreholes, Burkina Faso, drinking water, households, traditional wells

How collectively organised residents in marginalised urban settlements secure multiple basic service enhancements: Evidence from Hyderabad, India

Residents of marginalised urban settlements in low- and middle-income countries jointly experience multiple short-term basic service deficits which impair their health and broader wellbeing. A wide range of bottom-up strategies has been identified and employed to enhance basic service access in these contexts, but few scholars have attempted to conceptually organise these strategies. This study synthesises the disparate means identified in the literature to effect jointly experienced basic service access enhancements. It draws on fieldwork conducted in four notified slums situated in Hyderabad, India, to create a typology of the full range of strategies employed by collectively organised residents, illustrate how strategies interact in practice, and suggest a prioritisation of strategies with reference to the extent of pressure they exert on the local urban state to improve service provision over time. The study finds that high-pressure strategies which alter the incentives of public agencies and align them with those of residents appear the most promising to mediate the tension between short-term and long-term service needs.

The Geography of the Bottom Billion: Rural Isolation and Basic Service Access in the Republic of Mali

This article investigates the challenge of basic service access in one of the world’s poorest regions. Using the Republic of Mali as a case study, the article provides a new perspective on the dominant paradigm of decentralized service provision with a focus on rural areas, where basic services remain persistently inadequate. Service provision in regions such as West Africa will represent one of the most important development challenges in coming decades. This article applies a new geographical framework to decentralized institutions and service provision that is necessary to understand why access to basic services is becoming a more difficult problem to solve. It introduces two new analytical concepts—livelihood extensification and service attenuation—as well as a novel geographic dataset of rural service accessibility to show how rapid population growth and continued dependence on agriculture are putting basic services out of reach for an increasing share of Mali’s population.

A Study on Financial Inclusion: Need and Challenges in India

Financial sector has a key part of an economy for development of the society as well as developing nation. So the main emphasis has to be on growth of financial system as well as growth of financial positions of all the citizens of the country for the inclusive and sustainable development. Thus the financial inclusion aims to recognize the challenge of poor access of financials products to rural as well as urban masses in India. Therefore, through financial inclusion we can achieve inclusive growth of the country. Financial inclusion helps for delivery of appropriate financial services at an affordable cost to groups such as low income and weaker section who lack access to this basic services. Through with this, attempt has been made to understand the need as well as challenges in way of achieving the financial inclusion in a nation. Government of India has been playing a key role towards improving the level of financial inclusion and for this numerous effort have been undertaken by the government. now the new term has introduced in this sector that is called digital financial inclusion and it aimed to catalyze government actions to drive financial inclusion through a focus on digital technologies. Digital technologies also offer affordable and convenient ways for individuals, households and businesses to save, make payments, access credit and obtain insurance. Through this paper, we also focus on role of digital technologies in a way to achieving the goal of financial inclusion, on this basis of analysis, it can be concluded that financial inclusion is in progressive stage in but many more things has to be done in future also.

Desenvolvimento de tecnologia assistiva para o transporte público baseado na percepção do usuário.

O transporte público de passageiros está diretamente ligado a qualidade de vida dos seus usuários devendo prover acesso à serviços básicos, como saúde, educação, lazer etc. Considerando os problemas do sistema de transporte público nos centros urbanos, observa-se a necessidade da melhoria da acessibilidade para usuários com deficiência visual. Dentre as soluções possíveis para o problema de acessibilidade, o uso de tecnologias assistivas se apresenta como uma solução viável pelo seu baixo custo de implantação e por requererem, em geral, pouca adaptação na infraestrutura existente. Dessa forma, busca-se realizar estudo para aplicações voltadas para acessibilidade de passageiros com deficiência visual ao sistema de transporte público rodoviário, no intuito de diminuir o nível de dependência dessa parte da população e facilitar o seu deslocamento e proporcionando o acesso a diversos serviços existentes nas cidades. Para tanto, aplica-se a modelagem da extração de atributos para identificar os diversos requisitos percebidos pelos usuários das capacidades gerais de uma aplicação e sistema em determinado domínio. Foi realizada uma pesquisa do tipo survey tomando uma amostra de 30 passageiros com deficiência visual a partir de respostas a um questionário para extração dos atributos mandatórias do sistema. A partir dos atributos identificados, determinou-se a existência de possíveis provedores de soluções no mercado, e, entre eles, apenas um sistema seria capaz de atender as necessidades levantadas, o CittaMobi. Assim, realizou-se o estudo nesse sistema aplicando-se o modelo de extração dos atributos para identificar as falhas do sistema frente a necessidade dos usuários e adequar o sistema de acordo com a necessidade específica dos mesmos.

Standalone, Collective or Both? How Low-income Urban Households Employ Strategies to Secure Basic Service Access in Hyderabad, India

Basic service security remains grossly insufficient for many urban slum households in low-income and middle-income countries. While participation in collective action has often been hailed as the most effective means to secure improvements, households also employ standalone strategies to enhance service provision. Yet potential trade-offs or complementarities between individual and collective strategies have rarely been considered. Using data from a survey of 752 households in the core urban area of Hyderabad, India, this study uses both the exit, voice and loyalty and collective action frameworks to jointly consider household participation in standalone and groups efforts to improve basic service security. Findings show that, contrary to most past conceptualizations, households employ several strategies simultaneously. While there is some evidence of substitution in strategies employed by households, there appears to be little strategic complementarity. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Why is basic service access worse in slums? A synthesis of obstacles

ABSTRACTMany residents of urban areas face joint obstacles to basic service access, but these barriers are more prevalent and severe in slum settlements. Analyses of obstacles have typically been conducted in a piecemeal rather than synthetic framework and have focused on access to single services rather than the range of services needed to support household welfare. By contrast, this study uses data from fieldwork in four slum settlements situated in Hyderabad, India to develop a typology synthesising the obstacles – economic, spatial, social, institutional, and political – to the full range of service access desired by residents. Economic differences explain little of the access deficit within this population. While social and institutional obstacles are more likely to explain slum formation and residence over the long term, variation in spatial and political factors present the most acute short-term access barriers. The article concludes by suggesting the most promising means for slum residents and supporting stakeholders to overcome multi-faceted obstacles.

Narrating the Everyday of Informality: A Multi-Media Approach to Understanding Basic Service Access in Cape Town, South Africa

Narrating the Everyday of Informality: A Multi-Media Approach to Understanding Basic Service Access in Cape Town, South Africa

Social Security in Malaysia: Stock-Take on Players, Availablec Products and Databases

The main aim of this article is to provide an overview of social security in Malaysia. The focus is on relevant services, players and databases in the country. The development of social security in Malaysia is captured in Malaysia’s Five Year Development plans with a twin goal of achieving good growth and equitable development. Hence, social security policies in the more recent development plans were part of the distribution policies. The study uses the ILO’s three-dimensional approach to social protection as a benchmark for analysis. The first dimension refers to the proactive measures to provide social assistance to the non-productive and productive groups in society by ensuring access to basic essential goods and services. The basic protection floor has improved over the years with programmes targeted at equitable development and inclusive growth as seen in the NEM and the 10th MP. The second dimension refers to the social insurance system to prevent or at least mitigate the impact of risks borne by society. The four main schemes such as pension for civil servants, the LTAT, the EPF, and SOCSO have contributed to a relatively higher score forMalaysia (same income group), in the Social Protection Index (SPI) introduced by the ADB (2003). However, post-1997 Asian Financial Crisis saw social security policies beginning to incorporate labour market programmes, the third dimension of the ILO’s framework which aims at promoting the potentials and opportunities for individuals to contribute positively to society. Several agencies that are accountable to different authorities are responsible for the programmes. Yet, there is no effective coordination; in other words, no supreme body to oversee the products of social security and to link them all to meet the national framework and policy. The absence of an overarching social policy is not helping either. All social protection service providers and government agencies collect data and information in order to support their own programmes. As a result, the single-user data collection remains isolated with no mega-database as an interface among social securityproviders.

Governance Innovations for Access to Basic Services in Urban Slums

With rapid urbanization on a global scale, poverty is increasingly becoming an urban phenomenon. A key component of urban poverty in developing countries is inadequate access to basic services, so understanding the institutional setting for basic service provision is key to addressing this challenge. This paper seeks to explain the institutional and organizational forms of service provision that emerge in developing country cities, where the urban poor living in informal settlements constitute a significant proportion of the urban population. The paper does so by examining the contemporary case of the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area in Brazil, based on fieldwork conducted over the 2007-2014 period, for three key services: electricity, water, and sanitation (sewerage). I argue that the traditional forms of interaction between the state and informal settlements in Rio, based upon pork-barrel politics, have declined due to the absence of law enforcement and subsequent rise of organized crime in these areas, but also because of the emergence of new actors and organizations, including private service providers. Where the state remains the service provider, the decline of pork-barrel politics and the incentives related to public ownership have resulted in a policy of neglect towards informal settlements, significantly limiting access. In some cases, however, I show that private actors are constructing new approaches to service provision through collaboration with community and nonprofit organizations. These approaches entail collaborative forms of governance that have the potential not only to increase access, but to offer an alternative to the existing institutional setup beyond basic service provision. As such, they are of interest not only to scholars and practitioners interested in basic service provision, but more generally for the broader challenge of urban poverty and exclusion in the developing world.

Human Development Reports Impact on Indian Policy Making

Addressing human development in India is of vital importance since a large portion of the population is living below the poverty line, and income inequalities are rising by the day. It is estimated that nearly one third of Indians live on less than 20 Rupees per day. Disparities exist across States, along rural/urban lines and across groups. More than 60 percent of women are chronically poor. The percentage of poor among Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes remains high. Many people are excluded from access to basic services. Therefore it is highly essential to understand the impact of Human Development Reports on the policy choices of Indian state. Introduced in the 1990s as an alternate development paradigm that treats people as the real wealth of nations, the human development approach has become the prevailing development paradigm for the past 25 years. Human Development Reports have impacted Indian policy since the beginning of the 1990s. Around that time, the Global human development Reports, and the introduction of the human development paradigm in the Government of India’s 8th Five Year Plan inspired some States in India to independently take up preparation of state human development Reports. The human development paradigm since then has been institutionalised in the development agenda in India, strongly impacting policy and planning decisions both at national, state and district level.

The Barrie Jones Lecture - Eye Care for the Neglected Population: Challenges and Solutions

Globally, pockets of 'neglected populations' do not have access to basic health-care services and carry a much greater risk of blindness and visual impairment. While large-scale public health approaches to control blindness due to vitamin A deficiency, onchocerciasis, and trachoma are successful, other causes of blindness still take a heavy toll on the population. High-quality comprehensive eye care that is equitable is the approach that needs widescale application to alleviate this inequity. L.V. Prasad Eye Institute of India developed a multi-tier pyramidal model of eye care delivery that encompasses all levels from primary to advanced tertiary (quaternary). This has demonstrated the feasibility of 'Universal Eye Health Coverage', including promotive, preventive, corrective, and rehabilitative aspects of eye care. Using human resources with competency-based training, effective and cost-effective care could be provided to many disadvantaged people.

TCM“Preventive Treatment for Disease”in community health care

The application of TCM“Preventive Treatment for Disease”in community health care is a major approach to implementing the prevention-first health policy and realizing access to basic health services for all.Covered first in the paper is the significance of TCM“Preventive Treatment for Disease”in community health care.It is followed by a systematic description of the innovative community health care model in Hangzhou in 2008.This innovation started in 2009 to apply the TCM“Preventive Treatment for Disease”in community health care.The authors described the preliminary practice,specific measures and the main results of TCM“Preventive Treatment for Disease”in community health care.They went on to recommend the service model of TCM“Preventive Treatment for Disease”in community health care and provide references for application of TCm in community health care. Key words: TCM; “Preventive Treatment for Disease”; Community health care

Financial Inclusion in India

Financial Inclusion is delivery of banking services at an affordable cost to the vast sections of disadvantaged and low income groups. The main focus of financial inclusion in India is to promote sustainable development and generating employment in rural areas for the rural population. Out of 19.9 crore households in India, only 6.82 crore households have access to banking services. As far as rural areas are concerned, out of 13.83 crore rural households in India, only 4.16 crore rural households have access to basic banking services. In respect of urban areas, only 49.52% of urban households have access to banking services. Over 41% of adult population in India does not have bank account. There are many factors affecting access to financial services by weaker section of society in India. Several steps have been taken by the Reserve Bank of India and the Government to bring the financially excluded people to the fold of the formal banking services. The 100 per cent financial inclusion drive is progressing all over the country. The State Level Bankers Committee (SLBC) has been advised to identity one or more districts for 100 per cent financial inclusion. So, far, the SLBC has identified 431 districts for 100 per cent financial inclusion. As on 31st March 2009, 204 districts in 18 States and 5 Union Territories have reported having achieved the target. Keeping in view the enormity of the task involved, the Committee on Financial Inclusion recommended the setting up of a mission mode National Rural Financial Inclusion Plan (NRFIP) with a target of providing access to comprehensive financial services to at least 50 per cent (55.77 million) of the excluded rural households by 2012 and the remaining by 2015.

'Forced Migration' in Karamoja Uganda

This paper is a desk-top exploratory literature review examining the historical, military, cultural, political, economic and social push factors that explain the current conditions and movement of people within and without the Karamoja region of Uganda. The Karamoja sub region is located in the northeastern part of Uganda bordering the Republic of Kenya and Sudan.Karamoja is one of the most conflict-prone zones of Uganda because it experiences recurrent widespread cattle rustling, lawlessness, criminality, banditry and generalized insecurity. The area is characterized by bad roads, lack of water, telecommunications and electricity, poor sanitation, access to basic social services such as education and health and virtually no employment opportunities. The zone also suffers from absence of or weak presence of the state and its institutions. Political instability, economic weakness, food insecurity and marginalization are leading to a situation of women and children trafficking from the Karamoja region. Livelihood insecurity, food insecurity, increased social tension, less access to useable water, decreased trade, decline in human health, increased poverty, decreased physical security, and increased migration.Forced displacement from Karamoja has clearly increased in the last couple of years because for over a decade now, Karimojong women and children have inundated the streets of major urban areas in Eastern Uganda and the capital city Kampala as beggars. According to United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and Kampala City Council (KCC) about 80 per cent of Kampala's street beggars come from Karamoja. In many instances, women, particularly mothers have been found to be the key decision makers regarding out-migration. Women often made the decision to leave Karamoja with or without children, often because they were neglected or abused by a male relative or husband. To women, some of the immediate factors that compel them to move are: loss of livestock, poor harvests, abandonment or death of breadwinners or key family members, and the weakening or collapse of social safety nets. Those who are abandoned believe that they have no other recourse than to beg in Kampala. Many women become angry when their husband takes a new wife and take themselves and their children away. Others leave the region to escape arranged marriages. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is on the increase in Karamoja according to a report by UNFPA which states that thousands of girls aged 10-15 are being circumcised and forcefully married off. About 100% of the Pokot girls have undergone FGM exposing them to risks of HIV/AIDS, excessive bleeding and death.