Accessible Target Research Articles

Financial inclusion and extreme poverty in the MENA region: a gap analysis approach

PurposeEradicating extreme poverty remains one of the most significant and challenging sustainable development goals (SDGs) in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region. The latest World Bank statistics from 2018 show that extreme poverty in MENA increased from 2.6% to 5% between 2013 and 2015. MENA ranks third among developing regions for extreme poverty and fell short of halving extreme poverty by 2015 – the target established by the United Nations’ (UN) millennium development goals, the precursor to the SDGs. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of financial inclusion on extreme poverty for a sample of 34 countries over the period 1990–2017.Design/methodology/approachUsing system general method of moments dynamic panel estimation methodology on annual data for 11 MENA countries and 23 emerging markets (EMs) over the period 1990 – 2017, this study begins by estimating the impact of financial inclusion – using measures of access and usage – on the eradication of extreme poverty by 2030, the first goal of the SDGs.FindingsThe results of the study indicate that, on one hand, financial access measures have a positive, statistically significant impact on reducing extreme poverty for the full sample and the MENA region. The second part of the study uses a gap analysis against four poverty targets – 0%, 1.5%, 3% and 5% – and shows that no MENA country and few EM countries will be able to close the extreme poverty gap and reach the target of 0% by 2030 by depending solely on improvements in financial access. These targets are based on the two benchmarks set by the World Bank and the UN, with intermediaries to capture error and give a fuller picture of what is possible. However, if improvements in financial inclusion alone can bring every EM and MENA country except Djibouti and Romania to bring the most accessible target of reducing global extreme poverty to no more than 5% by 2030.Originality/valueWhile research on poverty reduction in the region tends to focus on financial development and governance, less attention has been paid to the role of financial inclusion. SDG 1 – eliminating poverty in all its forms – explicitly highlights the importance of access to financial services. Indeed, evidence from Argentina, India, Kenya, Malawi, Niger and other countries demonstrates the ways in which financial inclusion can impact poverty (Klapper, El-Zoghbi and Hess, 2016). When people are included in the financial system, they are better able to improve their health, invest in education and business and make choices that benefit their entire families. Financial inclusion advances governments, too: introducing vast segments of the population into the financial system by digitizing social transfers, for example, can cut government costs and reduce leakage, with benefits that ripple across society. Yet, the links between financial inclusion and poverty reduction in MENA are less established. This study aims to analyze the importance of financial inclusion in addressing extreme poverty by 2030, the year UN member states set as a target for achieving the SDGs.

Use of Middle Cerebral Artery Visualization with Coronal Computed Tomography to Access Target Artery in Mechanical Thrombectomy

Background: When introducing a microguidewire into an occluded vessel during mechanical thrombectomy (MT), visual information on the vessel course distal to the occluded site could help to avoid perforation. We examined whether visualization of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) by coronal images of nonenhanced computed tomography (coronal CT) provides useful preoperative information on the vessel course in the setting of MT. Methods and Results: We retrospectively studied 29 patients with ischemic stroke of the internal carotid artery and MCA occlusion who were admitted to our hospital within 4.5 hours from stroke onset and underwent MT. Coronal CT images were preoperatively created by a dedicated workstation and adjusted to visualize the M1 segment of the MCA (M1) and nearby areas. We referred to these images while performing MT. The shape and course of M1 on preoperative coronal CT images were compared with that in intraoperative angiography after recanalization. The median time from the start of imaging to arterial puncture was 40 minutes (interquartile range: 32.5-55.0 minutes). Successful recanalization of the thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2b-3 was achieved in 89.7% of patients. The degree of matching was assessed as moderate to excellent, and was useful as preoperative information in 27 (93.1%) patients. Conclusions: Preoperative information on the vessel course by coronal CT well matched that in the intraoperative angiography. Only a little extra time and a small additional procedure are necessary for this technique. The addition of coronal CT images could contribute to a safe and successful MT.

Outcomes of Peripheral Vascular Interventions via Retrograde Pedal Access for Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia in a Multicenter Registry

Purpose: To describe the use and 1-year outcomes of retrograde pedal access during peripheral vascular interventions (PVI) for chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI). Materials and Methods: From October 2016 to September 2017, 159 patients (mean age 71±10 years; 112 men) undergoing PVI via retrograde pedal access were enrolled in the multicenter Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) registry. The pedal access approach included retrograde femoral (40%), antegrade femoral (26%), retrograde to antegrade femoral (22%), and pedal only (11%). A comparator group of 1972 patients (mean age 69±12 years; 1129 men) having a contralateral retrograde femoral access was established for propensity matching, which resulted in 156 patients per group. Procedure characteristics, technical success, and access site complications were compared. Major adverse limb events (MALE) and amputation-free survival (AFS) at 1 year were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard models to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Technical failure was similar for retrograde femoral and pedal access (7% vs 13%, p=0.07). Complications were rare and included access site hematoma (2 vs 5, p=0.32) and target artery thrombosis (0 vs 2) for the femoral vs pedal access groups, respectively. The rates of MALE at 1 year were significantly lower after retrograde femoral access (24%) compared with pedal access (38%; log-rank p=0.01; HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.15 to 3.30). AFS estimates at 1 year were similar: 86% for retrograde femoral and 83% for pedal access (log-rank p=0.37; HR 1.32, 95% CI 0.73 to 2.39), as were major amputation estimates: 10% for retrograde femoral access and 13% for pedal access group (log-rank p=0.21; HR 1.58, 95% CI 0.77 to 3.26). Conclusion: In this analysis of multicenter registry data, retrograde pedal access in patients with CLTI had similar technical success and early complications in comparison with traditional contralateral retrograde femoral access. The rates of MALE were higher after pedal access but AFS was similar, indicating a tradeoff between limb salvage and repeat interventions.

Sustainable electricity generation fuel mix analysis using an integration of multicriteria decision‐making and system dynamic approach

To achieve a national energy access target of 90% urban and 51% rural by 2035, combat climate change, and diversify the energy sector in the country, the Zambian government is planning to integrate other renewable energy resources (RESs) such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal into the existing hydro generation–based power system. However, to achieve such targets, it is essential for the government to identify suitable combination of the RESs (electricity generation fuel mix) that can provide the greatest sustainability benefit to the country. In this paper, a multicriteria decision-making framework based on analytic hierarchy process and system dynamics techniques is proposed to evaluate and identify the best electricity generation fuel mix for Zambia. The renewable energy generation technologies considered include wind, solar photovoltaic, biomass, and hydropower. The criteria used are categorized as technical, economic, environmental, social, and political. The proposed approach was applied to rank the electricity generation fuel mix based on nine sustainability aspects: land use, CO2 emissions, job creation, policy promotion affordability, subsidy cost, air pollution reduction, RES electricity production, RES cumulative capacity, and RES initial capital cost. The results indicate that based on availability of RESs and sustainability aspects, in overall, the best future electricity generation mix option for Zambia is scenario with higher hydropower (40%) penetration, wind (30%), solar (20%), and lower biomass (10%) penetration in the overall electricity generation fuel mix, which is mainly due to environmental issues and availability of primary energy resources. The results further indicate that solar ranks first in most of the scenarios even after the penetration weights of RES are adjusted in the sensitivity analysis. The wind was ranked second in most of the scenarios followed by hydropower and last was biomass. These developed electricity generation fuel mix pathways would enable the country meeting the future electricity generation needs target at minimized environmental and social impacts by 2035. Therefore, this study is essential to assist in policy and decision making including planning at strategic level for sustainable energy diversification.

Peri/Epicellular Thiol Oxidoreductases as Mediators of Extracellular Redox Signaling.

Significance: Supracellular redox networks regulating cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) and organ system architecture merge with structural and functional (catalytic or allosteric) properties of disulfide bonds. This review addresses emerging evidence that exported thiol oxidoreductases (TORs), such as thioredoxin, protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), quiescin sulfhydryl oxidases (QSOX)1, and peroxiredoxins, composing a peri/epicellular (pec)TOR pool, mediate relevant signaling. pecTOR functions depend mainly on kinetic and spatial regulation of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions governed by redox potentials, which are modulated by exported intracellular low-molecular-weight thiols, together conferring signal specificity. Recent Advances: pecTOR redox-modulates several targets including integrins, ECM proteins, surface molecules, and plasma components, although clear-cut documentation of direct effects is lacking in many cases. TOR catalytic pathways, displaying common patterns, culminate in substrate thiol reduction, oxidation, or isomerization. Peroxiredoxins act as redox/peroxide sensors, contrary to PDIs, which are likely substrate-targeted redox modulators. Emerging evidence suggests important pecTOR roles in patho(physio)logical processes, including blood coagulation, vascular remodeling, mechanosensing, endothelial function, immune responses, and inflammation. Critical Issues: Effects of pecPDIs supporting thrombosis/platelet activation have been well documented and reached the clinical arena. Roles of pecPDIA1 in vascular remodeling/mechanosensing are also emerging. Extracellular thioredoxin and pecPDIs redox-regulate immunoinflammation. Routes of TOR externalization remain elusive and appear to involve Golgi-independent routes. pecTORs are particularly accessible drug targets. Future Directions: Further understanding mechanisms of thiol redox reactions and developing assays for assessing pecTOR redox activities remain important research avenues. Also, addressing pecTORs as disease markers and achieving more efficient/specific drugs for pecTOR modulation are major perspectives for diagnostic/therapeutic improvements.

The use of access thresholds to widen participation at Scottish universities

The Scottish Government has set ambitious targets for widening access to full-time undergraduate degree programmes. Meeting these targets will be a real challenge, not least because young people from socioeconomically disadvantaged contexts continue to lag substantially behind their more advantaged peers when it comes to achievement at Higher level. Following the recommendations of the Commission on Widening Access, the Scottish Government has mandated Scottish universities to set separate entry requirements for contextually disadvantaged applicants, known as ‘access thresholds’. In this article, we draw on the findings of a research project commissioned by the Scottish Funding Council to develop an empirical evidence base for the use of access thresholds to widen participation in higher education. We show that access thresholds are mathematically necessary if wider access is to be achieved, and we present evidence demonstrating that applicants admitted with Higher grades lower than the market rate have a high probability of success at degree level. We welcome the widespread use of access thresholds but highlight the scope to be much bolder than is currently the case. We also show that the use of the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) to identify contextually disadvantaged learners runs a high risk of failure to reach the intended beneficiaries. We argue strongly in favour of the use of administratively verified individual level measures of contextual disadvantage instead, specifically receipt of free school meals and low household income.

Can a system dynamics model of the emergency department show which levers reduce bottlenecks and delays to improve access to care?

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to demonstrate through practical application how a system dynamics (SD) patient flow model of an emergency department (ED) can show which levers effectively reduce backlogs to improve access to care. Overcrowded EDs are struggling to meet demand and access targets. In 2016 and 2017, in the UK and Australia, respectively, 15% and 28% of arrivals waited longer than the targeted 4‐hr treatment time. Historically, simulation models that have informed access to emergency care have ignored the wider systems impacts. There is a growing awareness of the value of systems analysis tools for informing interventions and policy. In this study, we constructed a pilot system dynamics patient flow model, where the scope was the ambulatory and ambulance patient arrivals, the ED processes for acute and fast‐track pathways, pathology and radiology services, the ED short‐stay unit, and the Medical Assessment Planning Inpatient Unit. Patients queued to access constrained ED resources (doctors and beds) and diagnostic services (pathology and X‐ray). The model was tested on actual data from five separate historical periods spanning 3 years. The resultant daily pattern of peaks and troughs in patient flow and system delays accurately replicated patterns in actual patient flows, resource use, and the location of delays. “What if” scenario analysis (b) simulated how access would have looked in the sample weeks with different intervention strategies, (b) simulated system limits on the basis of current resources, (c) accurately identified levers that historically have been most effective at minimizing ambulance ramping, and (d) identified when additional staffing would fail to improve flow.

Technical considerations for approaches to the ultrasound-guided maxillary nerve block via the pterygopalatine fossa: a literature review

Background and objectivesBlockade of the trigeminal nerve and its branches is an effective diagnostic tool and potential treatment of facial pain. Ultrasound-guided injections in the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) to block...

Fluorescent bioorthogonal labeling of class B GPCRs in live cells.

In this method paper, we describe the protocols for selective labeling of GCGR, a member of the class B GPCR family regulating glucose homeostasis, in live cells. A two-step procedure is presented in which a strained alkene chemical reporter is inserted into any desired location within the GPCR in the first step, followed by a robust bioorthogonal ligation reaction with a fluorophore-conjugated tetrazine or tetrazole reagent in the second step. The amber codon suppression strategy was adopted for site-specific incorporation of the strained alkene reporter, either spirohexene or trans-cyclooctene, in HEK293T cells. Subsequently, the inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction with an AF647-conjugated 3,6-di (2-pyridyl)-S-tetrazine (DpTz) was performed with the alkene-encoded GCGR on live-cell surface. Alternatively, a photo-induced cycloaddition with a Cy5-conjugated, sterically shielded tetrazole was carried out, giving rise to faster fluorescent labeling along with excellent selectivity. Owing to their robust reaction kinetics and excellent chemoselectivity, the bioorthogonal labeling protocols described here could be readily adapted to labeling any accessible protein targets, e.g., membrane proteins, in live cells.

Coordinated and Priority-based Surgical Care: An Integrated Distributionally Robust Stochastic Optimization Approach

We study a Coordinated clinic and surgery Appointment Scheduling (CAS) problem for advance scheduling of surgical patients. Our models seek to provide timely access to care by coordinating clinic and surgery appointments to ensure that patients can see a surgeon in the clinic and (if needed) schedule their surgery within a maximum wait time target based on patient classes. There are different types of uncertainty including the number of appointment requests, whether a patient requires surgery, and surgery durations. We develop an Integrated Multi-stage Stochastic and Distributionally Robust Optimization (IMSDRO) approach to determine the optimal clinic and surgery dates for patients such that the access target constraints are satisfied, and the clinical and surgical overtimes are minimized. The IMSDRO approach synergizes multi-stage stochastic optimization with distributionally robust optimization to simultaneously incorporate multiple types of uncertainties by including stochastic scenarios for appointment request arrivals and ambiguity sets for surgery durations. Several new transformations are introduced to turn the nonlinear model derived from the IMSDRO approach to a tractable one, and a constraint generation algorithm is developed to solve it efficiently. We propose a data-driven Rolling Horizon Procedure (RHP) to facilitate implementation. We use case data to assess the performance of our policies. The results suggest our policy can significantly improve surgical access delay times compared to the current practice. Our methodology is not limited to a particular setting and can be applied to other service industries where access delay matters.

The effects of gene polymorphisms on susceptibility to acute GVHD and survival of allogeneic HSCT recipients: IL-10 gene polymorphisms as a more accessible target to predict prognosis

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a therapeutic modality commonly used to treat hematological and immunological disorders. Among the main complications of allo-HSCT is the acute graft-versus-host disease (a-GVHD), a condition which accounts for a high incidence of mortality. Several genes encoding inflammatory mediators may present polymorphisms, which have been implicated in the risk of developing a-GVHD. In our study, we investigated the association between genotypes of cytokine-encoding genes and the incidence and severity of a-GVHD and survival of HSCT recipients. No statistically significant association was found between IL and 6-174 G/C, INF-γ + 874 T/A, TNF-α -238 A/G, -308 A/G and IL-10-819C/T, -592 A/C polymorphisms and the presence or severity of a-GVHD. A higher risk of a-GVHD was associated with the IL-10-1082 GG genotype compared to the AA + AG genotypes of recipients and donors. The IL-10-1082 genotype can be used as a prognostic determinant to predict which HSCT recipient will be more responsive to the transplant. Thus, cytokine gene assays may be useful in the individualization of prophylactic regimens and for an appropriate selection of immunosuppressants based on the HSCT recipient’s responsiveness.

Mission architecture analysis for manned NEA exploration using MAM method

Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs) have become a hot topic these years for their scientific interests and technological accessibility. Manned NEA mission is a good choice for asteroid on-site exploration as well as a stepping stone for future manned deep space missions. Focusing on manned NEAs mission architecture analyzing, this paper uses the mission architecture matrix (MAM) method to reduce mission mass scale, for available studies show that simple mission architectures achieving NEAs all require LEO launching mass exceeding available space carrying capacity. By developing a series of mission architectures based on manned spacecraft system design method, the mass scale is estimated according to mission data of 63 most accessible NEA targets. It is discovered that with advanced mission architectures, maximum LEO launching mass can be significantly reduced by separate launching, rendezvous, and docking. The original on-orbit mass about 300–400 metric tons (mT) is reduced to 200–250 mTs, and the maximum launching mass is reduced to only about 70–100 mTs in several cases. This provides us a high possibility to launch manned NEA missions in the near future. In addition, this method can be used in mission mass scale analysis to other deep space targets. Advanced mission architecture also brings challenges on reliability, which plays another key role in mission design. The balance between mass scale and reliability needs to be kept in future works.

FUNCTIONAL LIMITATION IN LATER LIFE: THE IMPACT OF SIPS, SOCIALIZATION, AND SADNESS

Recent studies posit discrepant impacts of alcohol use on health outcomes. Potential reasons for contrasting results include: (1) selection bias involved in classifying individuals as “abstainers” or “drinkers,” (2) unexamined demographic variables associated with alcohol use, and (3) unaddressed mechanisms of action. Given new studies identifying socialization as a mediator between alcohol use and health outcomes, this study examines social interaction and depressive symptoms, respectively, as serial mediators in the relationship between moderate alcohol use and functional limitation, while employing methods to reduce selection bias. HRS data from 2012 and 2014 were utilized (n=1,902); heavy drinkers, adults younger than 65, and respondents with inconsistent alcohol use from 2008 to 2014 were excluded. Hypotheses were evaluated using a longitudinal serial mediation model with bias-corrected bootstrapping. Results indicated that, in the context of demographic variables, medical burden, and previous functional limitation, the beneficial relationship between moderate alcohol use and future functional limitation is only present when considering social interaction and depressive symptoms as mediators, both individually and serially (variance accounted for=39.4%). There was no direct effect of moderate alcohol use on functional limitation outside the context of these mediators. Data indicate that previously suggested relationships between moderate drinking and reduced functional limitation are better explained through increased social interaction and subsequent reduced depressive symptoms. Results identify social interaction as an accessible treatment target to prevent/reduce depressive symptoms and functional limitation in later-life, and support increased assessment of IADLs in adults experiencing depressive symptoms to facilitate early treatment/prevention of functional limitation.

Brief communication: Subglacial lake drainage beneath Isunguata Sermia, West Greenland: geomorphic and ice dynamic effects

Abstract. We report three active subglacial lakes within 2 km of the lateral margin of Isunguata Sermia, West Greenland, identified by differencing time-stamped ArcticDEM strips. Each lake underwent one drainage–refill event between 2009 and 2017, with two lakes draining in < 1 month in August 2014 and August 2015. The 2015 drainage caused a ∼ 1-month down-glacier slowdown in ice flow and flooded the foreland, aggrading the proglacial channel by 8 m. The proglacial flooding confirms the ice-surface elevation anomalies as subglacial water bodies and demonstrates how their drainage can significantly modify proglacial environments. These subglacial lakes offer accessible targets for geophysical investigations and exploration.

Digital transformation of the emergency department-inpatient interface (EDii): integration for future innovation.

As the focus of clinicians and government shifts from speciality-based care to system-based key performance indicators such as the National Emergency Access Target (NEAT) or the 4-h rule, integration between emergency department (ED) and inpatient clinical workflows and information systems is becoming increasingly necessary. Such system measures drive the implementation of integrated electronic medical records (ieMR) to digitally integrate these workflows. The objective of this case study was to describe the impact of digital transformation of the ED-in-patient interface (EDii) of a large tertiary hospital on process measures and clinical outcomes for patients requiring emergency admission to hospital. Data were collected from routine clinical and administrative information systems to measure process and clinical outcome measures, including ED length of stay, compliance with the 4-h rule and in-patient mortality between 28 November 2014 and 28 February 2017. The 4-h rule compliance for all patients, as well as for the EDii group (admitted to hospital excluding short stay ward), declined after digitisation. There were 55 fewer deaths in the postintervention group (15% relative reduction; P = 0.02) and a 10% relative reduction in adjusted mortality as measured by the Hospital Standardised Mortality Ratio for emergency patients (eHSMR), which did not reach statistical significance. Digital deceleration in ED performance did occur with an ieMR rollout, but worsening of key patient outcomes was not observed.

Using contextual data to widen access to higher education

ABSTRACT This paper reports on the findings of an ESRC funded project that contributes to the evidence base underpinning contextualised approaches to undergraduate admissions in England. We show that the bolder use of reduced entry requirements for disadvantaged learners is necessary if ambitious new widening access targets set by the Office for Students (OfS) are to be achieved. We demonstrate empirically that academic entry requirements for disadvantaged learners can be reduced substantially without setting these students up to fail at university. We also show that the use of area level measures to identify contextually disadvantaged learners – including the OfS's preferred measure, POLAR – runs a high risk of failure to reach the intended beneficiaries of contextualised admissions policies. We argue strongly in favour of the use of administratively verified individual level metrics to identify contextually disadvantaged learners, most notably receipt of free school meals and low household income.

When a health policy cuts both ways: Impact of the National Emergency Access Target policy on staff and emergency department performance.

To explore the impact of the Four-Hour Rule/National Emergency Access Target (4HR/NEAT) on staff and ED performance. A mixed-methods study design was used to link performance data from 16 participating hospitals with the experiences reported by 119 ED staff during policy implementation. Quantitative and qualitative measures were triangulated to identify the staff and organisational effects on hospital performance. An overall score was developed to categorise hospitals into: high, moderate and low performers, then compared with four qualitative themes: social factors, ED management, ED outcomes and 4HR/NEAT compliance. Key factors identified were stress and morale; intergroup dynamics; interaction with patients; resource management; education and training; financial incentives; impact on quality and safety; perceived improvements on access block and overcrowding. High performing hospitals reported increased stress and decreased morale, decreased staff-patient communication and staff shortages; significant changes in ED management and effective use of the whole-of-hospital approach. Moderate performing hospitals reported similar characteristics to a lesser degree, and the perception that 4HR/NEAT did not impact ED practice. Low performing hospitals also reported increased stress and low morale and a less effective whole-of-hospital approach. ED staff also reported a reduction in communication with patients. There was strong evidence of an association between high stress and low morale and the implementation of the 4HR/NEAT across all levels of performance. These adverse consequences of the 4HR/NEAT implementation indicate that a more nuanced approach to efficiency improvements is required. This would balance processes measured by 4HR/NEAT against a range of other clinical and organisational performance measures.

Copper catalyzed synthesis of aryl/alkyl mixed phosphates from diphenylphosphoryl azides and aliphatic alcohols under mild conditions

An efficient and convenient one-pot protocol is developed to prepare aryl/alkyl mixed phosphates in the presence of copper catalyst under exceptionally mild conditions. A series of versatile, ubiquitous, and inexpensive phosphoryl azides and aliphatic alcohols are combined for the first time ever. Diphenylphosphoryl azide is employed as novel phosphors reagent through an unexpected cleavage of PN bond. The transformation is advantageous with respect to a broad of functional group compatibility and different esterification products are isolated in good to excellent results. This new catalytic system represents a superior platform towards a mild, operationally simple, practical, and scalability alternative to access target molecules. Furthermore, a plausible mechanism is proposed based on insightful mechanistic studies.

Kenya’s Responses to Terrorism

This research is a study of how a particular state reacts to terrorism and how this impacts on the escalation or de-escalation of the threat. Kenya has had a forty-year relationship with transnational terrorism. Over the years, different strategies have been adopted based on how the threat has been viewed. For instance, prior to Kenya’s incursion into Somalia, transnational terrorism was viewed as a threat targeting Western interests with Kenya being an easy accessible target. Hence, the strategies adopted were largely driven by the targeted Western state. However, following the incursion, Kenya became a target by its own right as Al Shabaab terror group issued a fatwa against Kenya. Consequently, the strategies adopted were driven by Kenya’s agenda to safeguard itself from further attacks. However, the threat continues.

Multi‐source research designs on ethical leadership: A literature review

AbstractThe aim of this article is to undertake a systematic literature review (SLR) of empirical research that uses multi‐source methods for collecting data about Ethical Leadership (EL). Research on this sensitive subject benefits from the inclusion of data from more than one source, in order to be better supported, and thus contribute to a deeper understanding of leadership and business ethics issues. The search strategy retrieved a total of 50 multi‐source empirical studies on the topic of EL, published until December 2017. This SLR shows that (a) research on EL has focused mostly on the perceptions of followers, possibly because they are the most accessible target of its outcomes, thus restricting the scope of this body of research; (b) EL is studied mainly through consideration of its consequences, a restriction that hinders explanation of the causal processes involved in ethical leadership, which remains a research arena in need of development. The systematic inclusion of other stakeholders in multi‐source methods is advanced as a way to further develop the field.