Access Distance Research Articles

Barriers and facilitators to antenatal care services utilisation in Somaliland: a qualitative study.

To explore the barriers and facilitators of antenatal care (ANC) utilisation in Somaliland. An exploratory qualitative study design. Various settings were considered for study including maternal and child health clinics, hospitals and community. 74 study participants including 33 pregnant women, 22 healthcare providers, 10 community elders and ten religious leaders were purposively selected. Data was collected via focus group discussion and in-depth interviews in the local Somali language. The data was audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, translated into English and imported into NVivo V.12 software. Thematic framework analysis was used to assess barriers and facilitators of ANC utilisation. Six main themes were identified as barriers of ANC utilisation. These include lack of awareness, long distance and lack of transportation access, economic barriers, lack of social support, beliefs and thoughts and health facility-related factors such as caregivers approach, waiting time and inadequate skill of providers. Proper dissemination of ANC information, adequate spousal support and cheap pricing of services were found to be facilitators of ANC uptake. A strategy that focuses on raising awareness about ANC, making it accessible by reducing the cost-of-service charge, encouraging partner involvement, improving the quality of services and making it customer-friendly will help to overcome the barriers of antenatal utilisation.

Geographical Access to Point-of-care diagnostic tests for diabetes, anaemia, Hepatitis B, and human immunodeficiency virus in the Bono Region, Ghana

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and anaemia are major global public health issues according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Access to diagnostic testing is essential for their prompt detection and treatment. The WHO has recommended a list of essential in-vitro diagnostics for testing at all levels of care. However, a survey preceding this study showed limited availability of point-of-care (POC) tests for these conditions in the Bono Region (BR) of Ghana. This study assessed the geographical access to diabetes, anaemia, hepatitis B, and HIV POC testing in the BR, Ghana for targeted improvement.MethodsWe gathered the geolocated data of 137 facilities (CHPS, Clinics, healthcare centres, and hospitals) in the BR that were providing glucose, haemoglobin (Hb), Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (Hep B), and HIV POC testing services in July 2022. We used ArcGIS 10.1 to quantify the geographical access (distance and travel time) to the nearest available testing site for each test and show places with inadequate access, for targeted improvement. The journey time was calculated assuming a speed of 20 kilometres (km)/h. ArcMap 10.1 was employed to run spatial autocorrelation (Moran Index (MI)) to determine the spatial distribution of the facilities providing the tests investigated.ResultsOf the 137 facilities, the glucose test was available in 67 (49%), the Hb test in 55 (40%), the Hep B test in 44 (32%), and the HIV test in 73 (53%). The mean (standard deviation (SD)) for obtaining glucose tests in the region was 7.4 ± 3.7 km, Hb was 8.1 ± 4.06 km, Hep B was 8.2 ± 4.1 km, and HIV test was 7.3 ± 3.7 km by a motorised cycle. The mean SD travel time in the region to obtain the glucose test was 94.4 ± 47.2 min compared to 95.7 ± 47.8 min for Hb, 95.9 ± 47.93 min for Hep B, and 92.7 ± 46.3 min for the HIV test. Three districts (Berekum East, Dormaa East, and Jaman North) recorded shorter distances (< 10 km) and a shorter travel time to the glucose, Hb, Hep B, and HIV tests compared to the Banda district, which recorded more than 10 km for all tests investigated. Positive IM values were recorded for all the POC tests, suggesting that the health facilities providing the glucose, Hb, Hep B, and HIV tests in the BR were spatially distributed at random.ConclusionsThe findings revealed moderate access to all the tests in districts across the region. However, geographical access to glucose, Hb, Hep B, and HIV POC testing was poor (distance ≥ 10 km and travel time of ≥ 93 min), in the Banda district. This study showed the need to prioritise the Banda district for targeted improvement for all the tests. A further study is recommended to identify potential solutions to addressing the POC testing implementation in the BR, as demonstrated by this study.

Is greener always healthier? Examining the nonlinear relationships between urban green spaces and mental health in Wuhan, China

Though much evidence demonstrates the benefits of urban green spaces (UGS) for mental health, it remains uncertain if a greener living environment necessarily leads to better mental health. This study makes up this gap by exploring the potential non-linear effects of UGS provision (availability, accessibility, visibility, quality) and utilization (frequency, duration) on mental health, focusing on their nonlinear patterns and thresholds. Using geospatial and social survey data from Wuhan, China, and controlling for socioeconomic, built, and social environmental factors, we find that: (1) Both UGS provision and utilization have significant nonlinear effects on mental health. (2) Inverted-U-shaped relationships exist between mental health and both UGS availability (measured by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI) and accessibility (distance to nearest park), with peak benefits observed at an NDVI of 0.25 or a distance of 0.24 km. A similar L-shaped relationship is observed for UGS visibility, suggesting that higher visibility does not necessarily translate to improved mental health. The positive health effects of UGS quality exist, yet offer marginal benefits. (3) UGS utilization plays a crucial mediating role, explaining up to 47 % of the relationship between visibility and mental health. This highlights the importance of active engagement with UGS for realizing mental health benefits, supporting the ‘environmental provision→individual behavior→mental health’ pathway. These findings provide urban planners with valuable dosage references for UGS allocation, emphasizing the need to consider both provision and factors promoting utilization to maximize mental health benefits within urban environments.

Improving the catchment area identification for suburban railway stations by incorporating whole-journey-based mode choices and unevenly distributed population

Suburban railways have emerged as a predominant transport mode for suburbanization development in megacities. Enhancing transit-oriented development (TOD) in the catchment area of suburban railway stations is an essential strategy. To improve the catchment area identification, we proposed a method for delineating the catchment areas of suburban railway stations from the whole journey perspective and under a multi-mode access travel system. The grey distance delay (GDD) model was constructed to determine the catchment area. A case study was used to illustrate the applicability and advantages of our proposed method in metropolitan areas worldwide. The results indicated that the acceptable access distances vary greatly across access travel modes and are affected by the main travel in the suburban railway at the same time. The range of the catchment areas of bicycle and bus is larger than that of urban rail transit, and the strength of attraction of bicycle and bus shows a trend of increasing at first and then decreasing. Each access travel mode has its competitive advantage area, and these travel modes jointly serve the access trip within the suburban rail catchment area through a competition and cooperation relationship. These findings are able to enhance the identification of the catchment area and provide insights for suburban TOD and transport planning.

Spatial Analysis of Waste Management Facility Distribution Using GIS

Recently, waste has become an extraordinary phenomenon that has attracted the attention of all levels of society: authorities, local governments, environmentalists, and regional stakeholders at the village level. Based on DIY Regional Regulation No. 3 of 2013 concerning the Management of Household Waste and Waste Similar to Household Waste and Sleman Regency Regional Regulation No. 6 of 2023 concerning the Implementation of Waste Management, efforts to minimize the amount of waste are made by each waste bank collaborating with TPS3R in Sleman Regency. Based on temporary data from 178 waste banks, there are 97 active waste banks and 32 TPS3R in Sleman Regency. The objectives of this study are (1) To determine the distribution pattern of active waste banks in Sleman Regency and (2) To determine the accessibility of active waste banks to TPS3R locations. This study uses the nearest neighbour analysis method, and the accessibility of active waste bank locations to TPS3R locations is measured using the buffering method—data processing using a Geographic Information System (GIS). The results of this study indicate (1) the distribution pattern of active waste banks in Sleman Regency based on the nearest neighbour ratio value is 0.861485 (&lt;1), indicating a spatial pattern that tends to be clustered or spread in groups; (2) the accessibility of active waste banks to the TPS3R location has not shown an even pattern, from 32 TPS3R only 10 TPS3R have two waste banks, the rest 0 - 8 waste banks. The buffering distance shows that the closer the two locations are, the more effective and efficient waste management will be, with a maximum accessibility distance of 4.1 km.

FAKTOR – FAKTOR YANG BERPENGARUH TERHADAP PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN PEMILIHAN TEMPAT PERSALIN DI PUSKESMAS LIBAREK KABUPATEN JAYAWIJAYA

Inappropriate choice of birthing place and birth attendant will have a direct impact on the mother's health. The most ideal place for giving birth is a health facility with equipment and health workers who are ready to help at any time if birth complications occur or require emergency treatment. The aim of this research is to determine the factors that influence decision making in choosing a place to give birth at the Libarek Health Center, Jayawijaya Regency in 2023.This type of research is quantitative research with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study was all mothers giving birth normally during 2022, namely 51 respondents and domiciled in the work area of the Libarek Health Center, Jayawijaya Regency. The samples in this study were 34 samples taken using purposive sampling technique. The statistical test used is Chi-square.The research results obtained factors that influence the choice of delivery location. For the factors of knowledge, family support and access (distance to location of health facility), the p-values were respectively 0.003, 0.01 and 0.035, which means that the factors knowledge, family support and access (distance to location of health facility) influence the choice of delivery location.Conclusion: knowledge, family support and access (distance to health facilities) are factors that influence the choice of delivery place at the Libarek Health Center, Jayawijaya Regency. Keywords: Delivery place, knowledge, family support, access

Characteristics of childhood cancer survivors attending a specialized survivorship clinic in the Deep South.

Childhood cancer survivors carry a high burden of late-occurring treatment-related morbidity. Long-term risk-based anticipatory surveillance allows for early detection and management of complications. We sought to examine demographic, clinical, and social characteristics associated with survivorship clinic attendance at the Taking on Life after Cancer (TLC) Clinic at the Children's Hospital of Alabama. The cohort included 1122 TLC-eligible patients diagnosed with cancer between 2000 and 2016. The outcome of interest was ≥1 TLC visit. Univariable logistic regression modeling assessed cancer type, treatment era, age, sex, race/ethnicity, payer type, rural/urban residency, and distance from clinic. Significant variables (P<0.1) were retained in multivariable modeling. The median age at diagnosis was 7 years old (0-19); 47% were female, 69% non-Hispanic White, 25% African American; 45% leukemia or lymphoma, 53% solid or CNS tumor, 3% other. We found that among 1122 survivors eligible to attend a survivorship clinic in the Deep South, only 52% attended. Odds of attendance were lower among survivors diagnosed at an older age, those with cancers other than leukemia/lymphoma, those lacking private insurance, and those living farther from the clinic. Race/ethnicity and rurality were not associated with clinic attendance. Just over half of eligible survivors attended survivorship clinic. Factors associated with non-attendance can be used to guide development of intervention strategies to ensure that childhood cancer survivors receive optimal long-term follow-up care. Measures of healthcare access (insurance status and distance to care) were identified as potential intervention targets to improve uptake of survivorship care.

Optimal clustering analysis for airport parking

Air travelers are often hurried and at risk of missing their flights. Many of them are quite sensitive to service quality and overall travel times. In larger airports the demand for parking spaces forces many users to park quite far from passenger terminals. Thus, it is desirable to allocate available parking spaces at any given time in ways that minimize the users' access distances. Although the major layout and allocation decisions for airport parking are highly constrained by available land and physical parking infrastructure, a well-designed parking clustering scheme based on expected parking durations could assist airport operators in effectively allocating limited space, which minimizes the travelers' average access distances between parking facilities and an airport terminal by employing grouping concepts based on the expected parking time durations of vehicles. In subdividing the available parking facilities, the boundaries between different user groups (e.g., short, medium, and long term) are optimized based on the distributions of (1) expected vehicle dwell times and (2) available parking capacity at various access distances from airport terminals. Even with only two clusters (e.g., short-term and long-term parking), results show that average access distances from parking spaces to terminals can be reduced by 25–44%. Although additional subdivisions of the available parking areas can yield additional savings of travelers’ time and access distances, the marginal benefits decrease rapidly as the number of subdivisions grows.

Geographic Access to Eye Care in the United States

Using service area analysis, we demonstrate nearly all Americans live within an accessible distance (i.e., 60 minutes) of an ophthalmologist and optometrist; we also characterize the geographic areas that remain without facile access to care.

Relationship between geographic accessibility to emergency services and infant mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To evaluate the methodological quality of studies that analysed the relationship between accessibility to emergency services and infant mortality. A systematic review with meta-analysis, registered on the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) platform under code CRD42021279854. Medline/Pubmed, Embase, SciElo, Lilacs, Scopus and web of science electronic databases were searched between November 2021 and May 2024, without language or publication time restriction. We included observational studies that compared the infant mortality outcome with the different distances travelled or travel time to health services in a paediatric emergency. Thus, we excluded studies with primary outcomes present in the pre- and perinatal periods, as well as distances or travel time to obstetric emergency units. We used the grade to assess the methodological quality of the studies and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the risk of bias, in addition to performing a meta-analysis. The evidence quality on infant mortality was moderate for four studies and low for three studies. The meta-analysis showed that children who travelled more than 5 km to the emergency service had a 28% increase in the chance of dying (P = 0.002), as well as those travelling for more than 40 min increased by 45% (P < 0.001). There was a relationship between the increase in geographic accessibility distance and travel time with the increase in infant mortality. However, the studies still showed moderate to low methodological quality.

Modeling choice determinants for bicycle-bus integration in developing countries: Case study in Fortaleza, Brazil

In the context of first/last mile, the bicycle-transit intermodality could lessen accessibility problems of stations and stops, reducing the need for feeder services. Although extensively addressed in developed countries, bicycle-transit is less studied in Global South metropolises, where distinct usage patterns are observed. Thus, this research aimed to model the choice behavior of the low-income population for bicycle-transit integration in Fortaleza - Brazil, a large Latin American city with a deployed bike-sharing system focused mainly on bike-bus integration. A Stated Preference (SP) survey was conducted addressing socioeconomic and trip characteristics, as well as policy variables such as bicycle parking and cycleways/lanes. SP data allowed the estimation of nested and mixed logit models representing choice behavior, and sample segmentation was used to identify heterogeneity among different groups of individuals. The results show that investing in bicycle infrastructure could stimulate bike-bus integration in Fortaleza; however, their relative importance depends on the analyzed individual strata. Findings also indicate the influence of public and road safety issues, as well as gender, income, and trip characteristics such as purpose and access distance.

Digital Transformation of Synchronous and Asynchronous Knowledge Transfer and Learning with EdTech

Technology formally entered academia around 1450s AD when the printing press started being used for making books available to learners. Long after about seven centuries, gradual adoption of information, communication, and digital technologies brought overwhelming changes for speedier, more effective, and impactful teaching, learning, training, and evaluation. These rendered both synchronous and asynchronous modes much smarter and more exciting particularly for generations Y and Z. The advent and evolution of Web1 to Web3 has made globally accessible distance learning an indispensable part of contemporary education management development systems. Efforts have been made to narrate certain major dimensions and the collective effects of all these technologies culminating in EdTech. It has also deleneated the taxonomies behind and the impacts of AI and Generative AI on EdTech.

Distance learning as modern pedagogical technology

Relevance. This study examines the issues of distance learning as a modern pedagogical technology. The relevance is driven by the rise of distance learning during the coronavirus pandemic and the need to improve the quality of teaching without direct teacher-student contact. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to explore the prospects for developing distance learning and identify opportunities to enhance its quality within the current education system at various levels. Methodology. The study combines system analysis of key aspects of organising distance learning and logical structuring of results and conclusions based on the data obtained from this analysis. Results. The study defines the essence of distance learning methodology and its role in the modern educational process as a specific pedagogical technology. It highlights the importance of distance learning in the current education system and identifies optimal solutions for improving distance learning processes. Conclusions. The study concludes that distance learning is essential in modern education, particularly due to the coronavirus pandemic. Improving methodologies is critical to enhancing education quality. A systematic approach and effective use of technology are vital. Continuous adaptation and optimization are needed to meet evolving educational needs. Future research should focus on innovative strategies to further optimize and ensure effective and accessible distance learning. Keywords: online learning; pedagogical activity; Internet; learning technologies

Measuring access distance and geographic catchment areas for the bus rapid transit interchange from a longitudinal survey

Many developed countries have adopted the 400 m (0.25 mile) and 800 m (0.5 mile) distances, respectively, as planning goals (walking) for bus and rail transit stop catchment areas. Planners, transit agencies and researchers use these transit catchment area criteria to prescribe regulations or formulate policies. Even though these distances may vary depending on the location and study purpose, they are good starting points for developing transit-related policies. However, no standards exist for gauging high-frequency bus or rail interchange geographic catchment areas where many car ‘(‘park-and-ride) users and feeder bus users board the transit. A case study of the bus rapid transit interchange on the Adelaide O-Bahn BRT was used to define the geographic catchment areas. This study surveyed bus rapid transit interchange users over three years (2019, 2020 and 2021) and reported key findings relating to the catchment area and feeder bus proximity issues. Responses highlighted two intriguing findings. First, park-and-ride users and feeder bus users travel significant distances to reach bus rapid transit interchanges when compared with traditional transit stop users who access transit buses and rail on foot, i.e., longitudinal data analysis showed that ‘park-and-'ride’ users travelled as far as 3.7 km to reach the interchange and the feeder bus catchment area ranged from 3.8 to 4.0 km. Second, providing feeder bus route coverage alone cannot increase the patronage levels for connecting the interchange. Although the catchment area extent did not change over these years, the similarity location analysis demonstrated a 30 % difference in the ‘origin-'destination’ pattern change during the pandemic. This research is significant since no previous longitudinal studies have determined the ‘origin-destination’ pattern for accessing a PT interchange.

The inequity of urban green space availability between urban villages and residential quarters: An empirical study in Shenzhen, China

During the rapid urbanization process, the unequal distribution of green spaces (GS) has become a prominent topic in academic discussions due to its implications for social justice. Nonetheless, the equity of GS availability among different types of residential neighborhoods remains unclear, posing a challenge to achieving environmental justice in urban greening practices. This study, taking Shenzhen as a case study, examines the equity of GS availability between urban villages (UV) and residential quarters (RQ), two common residential neighborhood types in Chinese cities. We initially categorized both inner-GS and outer-GS based on their location inside or outside the boundary of residential neighborhoods and assessed GS availability at various accessible distances. Subsequently, the Theil index was applied to evaluate the inequity of GS availability, encompassing both the inequities within and between UV and RQ. Our findings reveal that UV exhibited higher GS inequity than RQ across all accessible distances. Furthermore, within UV, GS inequity decreased as the accessible distance increased, while the opposite trend was observed for RQ. Notably, although significant inequities existed in inner-GS availability between UV and RQ, outer-GS played a crucial role in mitigating this imbalance. These results provide valuable insights into GS equity across different residential neighborhood types and offer recommendations for enhancing/balancing the equity of GS availability in Shenzhen.

Exploring Spatial Accessibility to Urban Activities Based on the Transit-Oriented Development Concept in Pathum Thani, Thailand

Transit-oriented development (TOD) serves as a model for sustainable urban planning, integrating land use and transport planning. Successful implementation varies across specific geographic locations and has yet to be fully realized in the suburban areas of Thailand. This study empirically examined and searched for understanding of the enhanced accessibility to urban activities through the TOD concept by focusing on bus stops and rail mass transit. The study utilized a network buffer zone approach around transit areas as TOD measurement units, examining distances of 500 m, 1000 m, and 2000 m. Spatial analysis was applied to examine and understand the enhanced accessibility to urban activities through TOD by using network analysis, Getis-Ord Gi* hotspot analysis, and bivariate local Moran’s I. The results revealed that this area still has limited access to activities via public transport, particularly in the areas where activities are concentrated, especially in commercial, mixed-use, and residential zones. However, upon examining the relationship between access distance and the intensity of land use activities, it became apparent that within the network buffer zone encircling the transit areas, designated as transit-oriented development (TOD) measurement units, there exists a notable concentration and diversity of land use activities. Specifically, enhanced accessibility to the transportation system corresponded to increased activity density. Nonetheless, this correlation was predominantly observed at stations situated in more central areas, whereas stations located at greater distances exhibited a lower intensity and diversity of activities within the TOD zone.

Exploring spatial association between residential and commercial urban spaces: A machine learning approach using taxi trajectory data

Human mobility datasets, such as traffic flow data, reveal the connections between urban spaces. A novel framework is proposed to explore the spatial association between urban commercial and residential spaces via consumption travel flows in Shanghai. A social network analysis and a community detection method are employed using taxi trajectory data during the daytime to validate the framework. The machine learning-based approach, such as the community detection method, can overcome the limitation regarding spatial uncertainty and spatial effects. The empirical findings suggest that people's commercial activities are sensitive to the power of accessible commercial centers and travel distances. The high-level commercial centers would contribute to the monocentric structure in the outer urban region based on consumption flows. In the central urban region, increasing the number of high-level commercial centers and making the powers of commercial centers hierarchical can contribute to a polycentric mobility pattern of people's consumption. This research contributes to the literature by providing a novel framework to model, analyze and visualize people's mobility based on the trajectory big data, which is promising in future urban research.

Spatial Accessibility to Primary Care in Metropolitan France: Results Using the SCALE Spatial Accessibility Index for All Regions.

Accessibility to care is a major public health issue. Various tools to assess it are available, but they do not solve the problem of scale. Moreover, accessibility is a multidimensional concept that is not taken into account with current tools. The SCALE index aims to overcome these two limitations by proposing a synthetic measure on a more precise scale than the administrative unit or the sub-municipal scale. Under the assumption of access to care facilities for all and access to the nearest facilities, the potential accessibility distance was calculated for each couple (residential area, accessible facilities). This was defined as the average distance by road that the population has to travel to access care. To take the availability of resources into account, these distances were weighted by the theoretical pressure on the facilities. The SCALE index was then calculated using a linear combination of the distances of potential accessibility to care facilities It highlights differences in accessibility at the national and regional scale. Using this index, it was possible to provide maps for all French regions and the major cities in a story-map. The major conurbation around Paris and the main urban centers has high accessibility. Low accessibility forms a "Y" shape. In conclusion, the SCALE index measures accessibility at the scale of a small geographic unit taking the proximity and the availability of health professionals into account. It is also possible to take into account the diversity of accessibility in a given territory.

Spatial accessibility and travel to pharmacy by type in the Detroit region

BackgroundCommunity pharmacies are a critical part of the health care provision system. Yet less is understood about the spatial accessibility to pharmacies and how people travel to reach these services. ObjectivesThis study compared spatial accessibility and actual travel to different types of pharmacies among selected neighborhoods in the Detroit region. MethodsThree types of neighborhoods were selected and compared, including two lower income Black urban neighborhoods of high-density and four upper income White suburbs (two of low density and two of high density). Spatial accessibility was computed by pharmacy type and compared among neighborhoods using ANOVA. Pharmacy trips reported in a travel survey were geocoded and linked with community pharmacies in a list generated from ReferenceUSA business data. Destination choices were mapped and the relationship between spatial accessibility and actual distance traveled was examined using ordinary least squares regressions. ResultsOn average, urban residents in Detroit had higher access to local independent pharmacies (0.74 miles to the nearest one) but relatively lower access to national chains (1.35 miles to the nearest one), which most residents relied on. Urban residents also tended to shop around more for services even among national chains. In fact, they bypassed nearby local independent pharmacies and traveled long distances to use farther pharmacies, primarily national chains. The average trip distance to pharmacy was 2.1 miles for urban residents, but only 1.1 miles and 1.5 miles for residents in high-density suburbs and low-density suburbs, respectively. ConclusionSupposedly good spatial access considering all pharmacies together may mask excessive burden in reaching the pharmacy services needed in low-income minority urban communities, as shown in the case of Detroit. Thus, when mapping pharmacy deserts, it is important to distinguish spatial accessibility among different pharmacy types.

Extending the Range of Distances Accessible by 19F Electron-Nuclear Double Resonance in Proteins Using High-Spin Gd(III) Labels.

Fluorine electron-nuclear double resonance (19F ENDOR) has recently emerged as a valuable tool in structural biology for distance determination between F atoms and a paramagnetic center, either intrinsic or conjugated to a biomolecule via spin labeling. Such measurements allow access to distances too short to be measured by double electron-electron resonance (DEER). To further extend the accessible distance range, we exploit the high-spin properties of Gd(III) and focus on transitions other than the central transition (|-1/2⟩ ↔ |+1/2⟩), that become more populated at high magnetic fields and low temperatures. This increases the spectral resolution up to ca. 7 times, thus raising the long-distance limit of 19F ENDOR almost 2-fold. We first demonstrate this on a model fluorine-containing Gd(III) complex with a well-resolved 19F spectrum in conventional central transition measurements and show quantitative agreement between the experimental spectra and theoretical predictions. We then validate our approach on two proteins labeled with 19F and Gd(III), in which the Gd-F distance is too long to produce a well-resolved 19F ENDOR doublet when measured at the central transition. By focusing on the |-5/2⟩ ↔ |-3/2⟩ and |-7/2⟩ ↔ |-5/2⟩ EPR transitions, a resolution enhancement of 4.5- and 7-fold was obtained, respectively. We also present data analysis strategies to handle contributions of different electron spin manifolds to the ENDOR spectrum. Our new extended 19F ENDOR approach may be applicable to Gd-F distances as large as 20 Å, widening the current ENDOR distance window.