Access Conditions Research Articles

Social networks and economic transformation: Evidence from a resettled village in Brazil

We study the role of social learning in the diffusion of cash crops in a resettled village economy in Brazil. We combine detailed geo-coded data on farming plots with dyadic data on social ties among settlers, and we leverage the variation in network formation induced by the landless workers' movement land occupation. By using longitudinal data on farming decisions over 15 years, we find evidence of significant peer effects in the decision to farm new cash fruits (pineapple and passion fruit). Our results suggest that social diffusion is heterogeneous along observed plot and crop characteristics, i.e. farmers growing water-sensitive crop are more likely to respond to the actions of peers with similar water access conditions.

BARRIER-FREE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT: THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUALIZATION OF LEARNING AND HEALTH PROMOTION IN PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICE

Individualization of learning and health promotion play a key role in the implementation of the concept of barrier-free pedagogical practice. The aim of the study was to characterize the features of a barrier-free educational environment, to find out the role of individualization of learning and health protection in pedagogical practice. The article discusses the issues of individualization of learning and health protection in the formation of a barrier-free educational environment, provides examples of pedagogical practices aimed at their implementation, and highlights methods of individualization and health protection to create a favorable environment for the learning and development of each student. It is emphasized that in the modern educational context, creating a barrier-free environment requires taking into account the individual needs and potential of each student. The individualization of learning is aimed at adapting the educational process to the needs of each student, providing them with the opportunity to study in comfortable conditions and develop their potential. Health promotion ensures the physical and mental well-being of students, contributing to their successful learning and development. The strategies and methods of individualization of learning, such as differentiation of tasks, group and individual work, use of various educational materials and technologies are considered. The role of health promotion in pedagogical practice, including the organization of physical activity, psychological support and promotion of a positive psychosocial environment, is highlighted. The mechanisms for ensuring the functioning of a barrier-free educational environment are proposed, its components and factors of individualization of learning are considered. The article provides specific examples of innovative pedagogical practices that promote individualization of learning and contribute to health protection. In particular, the article considers methods of working with different types of tasks, the use of interactive technologies and tools that allow personalizing the learning process (stretching, flipped classroom, project method). It is found that innovative teaching methods are a mechanism for including different categories of students in the educational process. It is concluded that a barrier-free educational environment is a system that provides equal access and equal learning conditions for all students, regardless of their individual characteristics and needs; health protection involves systematic work with the physical and mental health of students, providing them with optimal conditions for learning and development; individualization of learning helps to prevent barriers to learning and promotes the inclusion of different categories of students in the educational process..

Transition to Polycentrism and the Transformation of Regional Trade Agreements

Regional trade agreements (RTAs) are important instruments of the world trade system, which have been increasingly developed in recent decades, since they complement the existing World Trade Organization (WTO) and WTO+ agreements and allow taking into account the specificities of regions. The principle of ensuring non-discriminatory trade is the main principle of multilateral trade of the WTO, or in other words, observes the rule of not favoring one trading partner over another. RTAs are, in fact, an exception to this approach, as it is the signatories that enjoy more favorable market access conditions. At the same time, the WTO recognizes the legitimate role of RTAs in facilitating trade between their parties, but requires that they not create barriers to trade with third parties. RTAs cover more than half of world trade, and new transcontinental agreements have been concluded in recent years: the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, the Comprehensive Regional Economic Partnership, and the African Continental Free Trade Area. There are different types of RTAs in international cooperation, ranging from free trade agreements to common markets, including between countries of a territorially contiguous or transcontinental nature, based on WTO and WTO+ agreements or protectionist in nature. The article reflects the consequences for the national economies of developing countries, it is revealed that the European Union in the RTAs is actively promoting its values as the absolute truth for all peoples and nations, and their non-acceptance is considered as a factor causing possible restrictions. Other developed economies have also imposed obligations on signatories in terms of ensuring the transformation of the national economies of developing countries, but in recent years this trend has weakened somewhat. China, initiating the RTA, pursues the realization of its national interests, without imposing any political, mental or social aspects, and at the same time is ready to develop mutually acceptable compromises. The transformation of RTАs in modern conditions is carried out in three basic directions: preference for the preservation of full sovereignty by the signatory countries; the inclusion of articles that condition the promotion of sustainable development; control and monitoring to ensure compliance with labor safety regulations, non-damage to the ecological environment, as well as the use of tools of responsible corporate business conduct.

Gendered conditions of higher education access: advancing a gender prism analytic through the case of Haryana, India

ABSTRACT This article argues that a holistic, nuanced analytical framework for analysing gender and access to higher education (HE) would be of great benefit to the field, especially in an era where many country contexts are declaring that gender inequalities in HE access are solved due to the use of the gender parity index (GPI) as a measure of success. As such, this article proposes a framework to analyse gendered conditions of access to HE, referring to the various ways in which young people of different genders arrive in HE but with different gendered backgrounds behind them and different gendered expectations of their futures ahead of them, even when they were born into the same families and communities. Drawing on feminist sociological and poststructuralist thinking, the proposed framework promotes a refractive perspective to unpack the varied gendered influences that shape young people’s educational trajectories. The article illustrates the framework with the case of the north-Indian state of Haryana, based on an in-depth mixed-methods empirical study of gendered HE access in government colleges. The analysis reveals enduring gendered disparities that are otherwise masked by the use of GPI, including gendered differences in the perceived purpose of HE for young people, which results in differentiated prioritisation of e.g. quality of institution or subject choice. The article aims to provide future studies in this area with a framework that can be applied in and beyond the Indian context.

Thermographic Profiles in Livestock Systems under Full Sun and Shaded Pastures during an Extreme Climate Event in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil: El Niño of 2023.

The El Niño represents a substantial threat to pastures, affecting the availability of water, forage and compromising the sustainability of grazing areas, especially in the northern region of Brazil. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the thermographic profile of three production systems in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil. The study was conducted on a rural cattle farm in Mojuí dos Campos, Pará, Brazil, between August and November 2023. The experiment involved livestock production systems, including traditional, silvopastoral and integrated, with different conditions of shade and access to the bathing area. An infrared thermographic (IRT) camera was used, recording temperatures in different zones, such as areas with trees, pastures with forage and exposed pastures. The highest mean temperatures (p = 0.02) were observed in pastures with full sun from August to November. On the other hand, the lowest average temperatures were recorded in areas shaded by chestnut trees (Bertholletia excelsa). The highest temperature ranges were found in sunny areas and the lowest were recorded in shaded areas. The highest temperatures were observed in the pasture in full sun, while the lowest were recorded in areas shaded by chestnut trees (p < 0.0001). The interaction between the systems and treatments revealed significant temperature differences (p < 0.0001), with the native trees showing an average temperature of 35.9 °C, lower than the grasses and soil, which reached 61.2 °C. This research concludes that, under El Niño in the Eastern Amazon, areas shaded by Brazil nut trees had lower temperatures, demonstrating the effectiveness of shade. Native trees, compared to grasses and soil, showed the ability to create cooler environments, highlighting the positive influence on different species such as sheep, goats and cattle.

Camera traps reveal seasonal variation in activity and occupancy of the Alpine mountain hare Lepus timidus varronis

Mountain hare is a cold‐adapted species threatened by climate change, but despite its emblematic nature, our understanding of the causes of population decline remains limited. Camera traps are increasingly used in ecology as a tool for monitoring animal populations at large spatial and temporal scales. In mountain environments where field work is constrained by difficult access and harsh conditions, camera traps constitute a promising tool for surveying rare and elusive species such as the mountain hare. Our study explored the use of camera traps as a tool for studying seasonal habitat occupancy and daily activity patterns of the mountain hare, in order to carry out long‐term monitoring of populations. We installed 46 camera traps along elevation gradients in the Mont‐Blanc massif (France) from January 2018 to June 2022. We measured habitat variables at each camera trap site in order to define vegetation composition and habitat structure. We performed multi‐season and single‐season occupancy models to respectively describe habitat occupancy of the mountain hare throughout the year and identify the environmental variables influencing mountain hare presence during the breeding season. Mountain hares occupy coniferous forest in winter, and then switch to mixed areas of shrubland and grassland above treeline in spring and the beginning of summer. In spring, occupancy probability of the mountain hare increases with relative cover of mixed low shrub and herbaceous layer (i.e. the 10–40 cm vegetation layer), suggesting a link to food resources and protection from predation. Our results also confirm the nocturnal and crepuscular activity of the mountain hare during the breeding season, and strictly nocturnal activity in winter. Our results demonstrate the efficiency of camera traps as tools for monitoring mountain hare habitat occupancy in mountain environments and underline the importance of diverse habitat mosaics for the preservation of the species.

Research on the use of sensor networks in underwater technologies

This study focuses on the application of sensor networks in the field of underwater technologies, opening new possibilities for monitoring and researching the marine environment. Main attention is given to the development and implementation of sensor systems capable of withstanding high pressure and corrosion in the underwater environment, as well as providing accurate and reliable data.&#x0D; The work covers the theoretical aspects of sensor networks, including their design, functional capabilities, and challenges associated with their use in the underwater environment. Particular attention is paid to data transmission methods and energy conservation in conditions of limited access to energy.&#x0D; The next component of the work is the analysis of the practical aspects of implementing sensor networks, particularly considering their application for monitoring water resources, studying marine fauna and flora, and in underwater archaeological research. The work emphasizes the importance of these technologies for collecting data about the seabed, its relief, and ecosystem.&#x0D; This scientific work considers the prospects for the development of sensor networks in underwater research, including integration with other technologies, such as autonomous underwater vehicles, and the development of new materials and technologies to enhance the efficiency and durability of sensor systems.

Technology of protection of authentication data of computer network users

The article is devoted to the problem of perfect protection of authentication data of users of computer systems, especially in the case of a large number of different rights and powers that are personally granted to users. The importance of this problem increases especially when the number of such users in the system is hundreds or thousands. At the same time, each of them must create conditions for access only to their data and ensure protection against any outside interference, both by other users and by staff. A typical example of such conditions are secret electronic voting systems. The software and technical solutions described in this work have passed many years of testing and continue to be practically used in the electronic voting system of the Kyiv National University of Civil Engineering and Architecture. This system is regularly used for conducting elections to student self-government bodies and for surveys among students regarding the quality of teaching subjects. With the help of this system, elections of leaders of the Red Cross Society of Ukraine were held during the pandemic, which was associated with the Covid-19 virus. The mathematical basis of the described authentication data protection technology is the theory of algebraic groups, namely, the problem of discrete logarithmization over large Galois fields. Thanks to the use of cryptographic transformations over these fields, instead of known hash functions, it was possible to get rid of the possibility of collisions and neutralize the disclosure of passwords by attackers who were able to do it with the help of specialized Internet resources. It was also possible to increase resistance to brute-force password cracking, since conversions to Galois fields take ten times more time than hash function calculations.

Improving the technology of oxidative stabilization of rapeseed oil

The object of the research is the oxidation process of rapeseed oil. Rapeseed oil is used for technical purposes, in the chemical and food industries, in particular, in the production of ecological fuel. Vegetable oils are subjected to oxidative deterioration processes, which are intensified under the conditions of access to oxygen, elevated temperatures, etc. Oxidation products worsen the technological properties and complicate the use of oils in chemical reactions. An important task is to improve the technology of oxidative stabilization of rapeseed oil, which is of great industrial importance. The oxidation process of refined deodorized rapeseed oil according to DSTU 8175 (CAS Number 120962-03-0) at a temperature of 110 °C was studied by the method of differential scanning calorimetry. The influence of different ratios of antioxidants (tocopherol, butylhydroxyanisole and butylhydroxytoluene) in the mixture on the oil induction period was determined. The total concentration of the antioxidant mixture in each experiment was 0.02 %. The induction period of the initial oil is 408.48 min. The rational ratios of the components of the antioxidant mixture were determined: tocopherol: butylhydroxyanisole (75:25) %; tocopherol: butylhydroxyanisole: butylhydroxytoluene (66.67:16.67:16.67) %. The corresponding oil induction periods were 579.75 min. and 561.55 min. The physico-chemical indicators of rapeseed oil after 12 months of storage at a temperature of (20±2) °C in its original form and with the addition of the developed antioxidant mixtures were determined. The peroxide value of the oil was 12.5, 4.59, 6.45 ½ O mmol/kg, respectively. The research results allow improving the technology of oxidative stabilization of rapeseed oil at elevated and standard temperatures. This will help to extend the oil shelf life, more efficiently and rationally use the oil in various areas

Salud Menstrual: un análisis interseccional de los discursos producidos durante la pandemia de covid-19 en Brasil

Given the complex context of period poverty, people who menstruate throughout Brazil's territory find themselves without the minimum conditions of access and care for menstrual health. Since the field of sexual rights and reproductive rights is surrounded by tensions in the political scenario, we ask ourselves about the discourses that are produced in Brazil on menstrual health, how this reverberates in public policies and impacts the experiences of people who menstruate in the country during the period of the Covid-19 pandemic. The methodological path begins with the search for official documents published by the Diário Oficial da União in Brazil (DOU) on the subject of menstrual health, with a date range between 02/26/2020 and 06/15/2021; systematization in tables of excluded and included documents; search for publications on the Scielo portal, based on the selected descriptors; survey of mobilizations around the theme based on news from online newspapers, in the defined period. As a result, we found that despite national and international considerations dealing with the importance of combating period poverty, the Brazilian government affirms a position of neglect in relation to menstrual health, following an agenda of violation of sexual and reproductive rights that becomes more evident in the pandemic period in the country. On the other hand, we analyzed the productions of feminist theorists about menstruation, in addition to the social mobilizations that were consolidated in the struggle to guarantee the right to menstrual health in this period. This concludes the importance of an intersectional analysis in the construction of public policies in a country that is historically structured in coloniality, reproducing gender, race, class and territory inequalities to non-normative bodies. The plurality of voices of people who face menstrual experiences is essential in the fight against period poverty, as well as the role of the opposition in the political scenario for the realization of rights.

A note on the Hendrickson-Lattman phase probability distribution and its equivalence to the generalized von Mises distribution.

Hendrickson & Lattman [Acta Cryst. (1970), B26, 136-143] introduced a method for representing crystallographic phase probabilities defined on the unit circle. Their approach could model the bimodal phase probability distributions that can result from experimental phase determination procedures. It also provided simple and highly effective means to combine independent sources of phase information. The present work discusses the equivalence of the Hendrickson-Lattman distribution and the generalized von Mises distribution of order two, which has been studied in the statistical literature. Recognizing this connection allows the Hendrickson-Lattman distribution to be expressed in an alternative form which is easier to interpret, as it involves the location and concentration parameters of the component von Mises distributions. It also allows clarification of the conditions for bimodality and access to a simplified analytical method for evaluating the trigonometric moments of the distribution, the first of which is required for computing the best Fourier synthesis in the presence of phase, but not amplitude, uncertainty.

A new approach to assessing and forecasting the stock of sprat in the Baltic Sea in modern conditions

The aim of this article: analysis of information and software for forecasting of the Baltic Sea sprat stock Sprattus sprattus balticus at 22–32 ICES subdivisions in the context of the suspension of Russia’s activities in the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES).Methods used: The data of estimates of sprat abundance and biomass by hydroacoustic methods, commercial and biostatistical characteristics of the species were used to assess the stock and predict its catch in the Baltic Sea. Estimation of the sprat stock was carried out using the traditional method of virtual population analysis (VPA) adjusted according to the method of extended survival analysis (XSA) using the internationally approved VPA module software within the framework of ICES and the R software environment. The recruitment calibration program RCT3 (Recruitment calibration) was used for the abundance of recruitment (age 1 year) according to XSA and forecast. A multivariate short-term forecast was carried out at different levels of development of the total allowable catch (TAC) under the MFDP program (Multi Fleet Deterministic Projection). As an alternative, the domestic software «KAFKA» was tested.Novelty: for the first time, estimates of the sprat stock were made in the conditions of limited access of Russian specialists to primary data in ICES in full.Result: modern methodological and informational support of scientific research in the Baltic Sea in the conditions of the suspension of the activities of Russian experts in ICES makes it possible to obtain information in the minimum necessary amount for assessing the stock of sprat and predicting its catch. Modeling with the «KAFKA» software showed satisfactory results.Practical significance: The current level of information support for forecasting the state of the stock and catch of sprat in the Baltic Sea will allow solving a complex of problems of managing this resource in modern conditions.

Why bother? Local bureaucrats’ motivations for providing social assistance for refugees

ABSTRACT What motivates bureaucrats to integrate refugees into welfare services even when they do not have any legal obligation to do so? How do they decide which services to include refugees and which not? Based on 61 semi-structured interviews with local municipal bureaucrats in Istanbul, and representatives of humanitarian agencies that collaborate with local municipalities I find that bureaucrats choose to cater different types of services to refugees depending on their motivation for extending services. Most municipal bureaucrats initiate cash, food, and in-kind goods transfers to refugees with extrinsic motivations – with the aspiration of appeasing the voters in their locality and protecting the mayor from a possible electoral backlash. Contrastingly, bureaucrats with professional motivations conduct needs assessments and initiate service and program development efforts in response to the specific needs of refugees in their municipalities. These findings are significant as they illustrate that local bureaucrats’ motivations for service extension play a great role in explaining the variation in types of services that refugees can access and terms and conditions of access. They also demonstrate that inclusive distributive behavior toward refugees does not always emanate from bureaucrats’ motivations of helping and benefiting refugee populations but can be instigated by extrinsic motivations.

Collaboration between Private and Public Genebanks in Conserving and Using Plant Genetic Resources.

Among the most important users of plant genetic resources, conserved predominantly in public genebanks around the world, are public and private plant breeders. Through their breeding efforts, they contribute significantly to global, regional, and local food and nutrition security. Plant breeders need genetic diversity to be able to develop competitive new varieties that are adapted to the changing environmental conditions and suit the needs of consumers. To ensure continued and timely access to the genetic resources that contain the required characteristics and traits, plant breeders established working collections with breeding materials and germplasm for the crops they were breeding. However, with the changing and increasingly more restrictive access conditions, triggered by new global legal instruments like the Convention on Biological Diversity/Nagoya Protocol and the International Treaty, plant breeders started to establish their own genebanks at the turn of the 21st century. This paper analyses the conditions that contributed to this situation as well as the historical ways that plant breeders used to acquire the germplasm they needed. Public genebanks played and continue to play a conducive role in providing genetic resources to users, including private-sector plant breeders. However, also the practices of the germplasm curators to collect and distribute germplasm were affected by the new legal framework that had been developed in global fora. It is against this background that the complementarity and collaboration between public and private sector genebanks have been assessed. Whenever possible, vegetable genetic resources and vegetable private breeding companies have been used to analyze and illustrate such collaboration. The authors look at reported successful examples of collaborative efforts and consider opportunities and approaches under which such collaboration can be established and strengthened to ensure the continued availability of the building blocks for food and nutrition security.

The development and productivity of Hereford cattle based on the results of scoring assessments

The aim of this study was a comprehensive assessment of the dynamics and compliance of the Hereford cattle herd with high standards applied to breeding herds. The primary objective was to evaluate the herd based on livestock scoring, considering key selection and genetic parameters, to analyze the current status and prospective trends, encompassing production activity, and the efficacy of maintaining and restoring the herd size in conditions of limited access to breeding resources. A comprehensive evaluation of the Hereford cattle herd based on primary selection parameters over the period from 2020 to 2022 was conducted. The research took place in the context of year-round pasture management in the southern region of Western Siberia within a large breeding enterprise. Throughout the assessed period, the study revealed that the characteristics of the meat cattle remained consistently high. This reflects a gradual and consistent improvement in productive indicators without sharp declines or significant fluctuations, demonstrating a systematic and methodical approach to breeding practices. Presently, the herd demonstrates a relatively consolidated state. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the herd has maintained its productivity at the current level in accordance with the high standards expected of breeding establishments.

Analysis of social media compliance with cannabis advertising regulations: evidence from recreational dispensaries in Illinois 1-year post-legalization

BackgroundIn the USA, an increasing number of states have legalized commercial recreational cannabis markets, allowing a private industry to sell cannabis to those 21 and older at retail locations known as dispensaries. Research on tobacco and alcohol suggests this new industry will use aggressive marketing tactics to attract new users and promote greater intensity of use. Of concern is that cannabis company advertising campaigns may be appealing to youth, promote false or misleading health claims, and disproportionately target low-income and minority communities. In this study, we evaluated recreational cannabis dispensary compliance with advertising regulations on social media in the state of Illinois.MethodsPrimary data were collected from a census of recreational dispensary Facebook and Twitter business pages during the first year of recreational sales in 2020. A quantitative content analysis was conducted to systematically analyze the data; a codebook that detailed a protocol for classifying posts was developed prior to the analysis using advertising regulations outlined in the Illinois Cannabis Regulation and Tax Act. Violations of advertising regulations were organized into three categories: advertisements that may be appealing to youth (< 21 years old), advertisements that make health claims, and other advertising violations. The data were analyzed cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Additionally, differences in compliance were assessed by dispensary and neighborhood characteristics.ResultsThe results of the analysis revealed substantial and persistent non-compliance throughout the entire study period. Overall, nearly one third of posts had at least one violation and approximately one in ten posts met the criteria for appealing to youth or contained health claims. The majority of posts with health claims included health claims that were not qualifying conditions for medical cannabis access in the state of Illinois. No differences in compliance by neighborhood and dispensary characteristics were found.ConclusionsThe findings from this study suggest that systematic monitoring and enforcement is needed to ensure compliance with advertising regulations.

Developing a 15-minute city: A comparative study of four Italian Cities-Cagliari, Perugia, Pisa, and Trieste

The pandemic and the environmental crisis raise the question of a radical transformation of cities to foster inclusion, sustainability, participation, and quality of life. The 15-minute city concept prefigures a reorganization of urban spaces, structures, and functions aimed at increasing residents’ access to essential services, favoring sustainable modes of transportation, and transforming public urban spaces into multifunctional places. The proposed study develops a set of indicators derived from the spatial and configurational analysis to evaluate the compliance of urban systems with the 15-minute city concept. The selected areas of study are the cities of Cagliari, Perugia, Pisa, and Trieste, in Italy. The study investigates four issues: i) defining a set of relevant, reproducible, and comparable indicators for measuring density, proximity, and diversity; ii) investigating the influence of distinct urban planning concepts, manifested by distinct spatial configurations, on density, proximity, and diversity; iii) defining urban scale metrics to measure levels of spatial injustice in terms of unequal conditions of access to essential services and iv) measuring the correlation between configurational factors and access to services. The analysis underlines the gap in access to essential services among central compact districts and dispersed outer areas, thus enabling the identification of inequalities in the distribution of spatial capital. Moreover, the study underlines the relationship between the urban environment structure and the location of functions. As a result, the study emphasizes that the proposed set of indicators is instrumental to understanding the urban environment's potential to meet urban populations' needs and facilitating informed decisions in urban planning.

Analyzing urban sprawl and urbanisation dynamics: A case study of Bejaia, Oued-Ghir, and Tala-Hamza

Understanding urban sprawl is crucial as it provides a dynamic perspective on urban areas, revealing the driving forces and explanatory factors behind their expansion. This study specifically examines the factors contributing to urban sprawl in Bejaia city and its neighbouring communes, Oued-Ghir and Tala-Hamza. The aim is to analyse the intricate urban systems within these areas, unveiling the diverse forms of peri-urbanisation affecting agricultural land. The results underscore the impact of various factors on urban sprawl in Bejaia City. These factors include demography, spatial population distribution, housing, transportation, access conditions, administrative urban status, economic and social development, as well as employment opportunities. These determinants collectively underpin the ongoing urban sprawl in the region, emphasising the necessity for sustainable urban planning and development strategies.

СУЧАСНІ ПІДХОДИ ОЦІНКИ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ МАРКЕТИНГУ НА ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ МАЛОГО БІЗНЕСУ

Modern approaches to assessing the effectiveness of marketing at small businesses are key to ensure their sustainable development and competitiveness. In the context of globalization and the rapid development of digital technologies, small businesses face the need to adapt their marketing strategies in order to compete effectively in the market. This article highlights modern methods and tools for evaluating marketing performance that allow small businesses to measure the impact of their marketing efforts. The relevance of the topic is high, especially in the context of military conflicts that significantly affect economic stability and market conditions. War forces small businesses to rethink their marketing strategies, adapting them to rapidly changing conditions and unpredictable challenges. This includes exploring new distribution channels, refocusing on local needs and finding innovative ways to attract customers in conditions of limited access to resources and communication. It is also important to develop flexible marketing plans that can quickly adapt to changes in society and the economy caused by war. In this context, assessing the effectiveness of marketing becomes key to the survival and development of small businesses, which allows them not only to survive in difficult conditions, but also to find opportunities for growth and development even in the most difficult times. The main elements of modern marketing performance assessment are the use of key performance indicators (KPIs), big data analysis, social media monitoring, and the use of marketing analytics. These tools allow you to collect detailed information about consumer behavior, the effectiveness of advertising campaigns, as well as the impact of marketing efforts on sales and customer loyalty. Also, an important aspect is the integration of digital marketing. Particular attention should be paid to website optimization for search engines (SEO), content marketing, e-commerce, as well as the use of digital communication channels such as social media, email, mobile marketing. Taking into account the specifics of small businesses, such as limited resources and the need to quickly adapt to changes, is key in choosing methods for evaluating efficiency. Effective use of analytical tools and approaches helps small businesses to develop flexible and targeted marketing strategies that promote their development and growth in a competitive market environment. Effective marketing helps to attract new customers, maintain existing ones, and increase overall competitiveness in the market. Measuring and analyzing the results of marketing campaigns allows small businesses to better understand their audience and adapt strategies to changing market conditions.

The secret of production: Commercial value under the condition of obstacle access (legal aspect)

The new economic system requires new legal solutions to ensure legal protection, which is in demand in modern realities of an intellectual property object, the legal regime of which in both international and domestic legislation has not been properly disclosed. In the scientific literature, there are many conceptions of definitions, but the unity in their understanding has not been achieved. The concept of “secret of production” is contained in many laws around the world, but there is no clear definition. Taking into account the multifaceted nature of the definition of “trade secret”, it is quite possible and expedient from a scientific point of view to analyze individual provisions of this phenomenon, taking into account the legal regulation of the protection and protection of exclusive rights to trade secrets. In the study of the essence of the secret of production, the dialectical method was used, which made it possible to comprehensively study the essence of the subject. Generalization of the existing definitions, and the legal framework made it possible to highlight the characteristic features of the studied category: information relates to the scientific and technical sphere, and is also focused on ways of carrying out professional activities; actual or potential commercial value; unknown information to third parties; lack of free access to information; taking reasonable steps to maintain confidentiality; subjects — an individual, an individual entrepreneur, and a legal entity with the exclusive right to use the secret of production; the period of validity of the exclusive right is not limited by law, it is valid as long as the confidentiality of information is ensured. Methods of disposing of exclusive rights to production secrets have been systematized. The necessity of changing the legislation governing the protection of the production secret (know-how) has been substantiated.