Access Conditions Research Articles

Padrões espaciais de localização do Programa MCMV e os impactos na qualidade da habitação social

The work evaluates the quality of the production of the Minha Casa Minha Vida Program in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre, from residents’ perception. First, it was investigated whether there are different spatial patterns of location for income groups 1, 2 and 3, which could generate different levels of integration. From this, it was verified whether these spatial patterns generate impacts on the conditions of access and urban mobility, as well as on the levels of satisfaction of the residents. The methodological procedures adopted include multiple methods of data collection and analysis that enabled complementarity between the data obtained. The results confirm that the production of the MCMV Program has different spatial patterns of location between groups 1, 2 and 3 and suggest that the city model produced by the MCMV Program at RMPA did not show any progress in relation to BNH's housing production, spatial patterns of location of the projects and their impacts on the conditions of mobility, access to opportunities and performance of the groups. In conclusion, the importance of assessing the impacts of the location of housing estates on the conditions of access and urban mobility is emphasized, as well as on the satisfaction of residents, in the search for the production of more qualified residential spaces.

Legal protection of democracy in the Czech Republic: functions constitutional jurisprudence

The article is devoted to the study of the mechanism of lustration in the Czech Republic. To this end, the relevant legislation was analyzed, which imposed restrictions on access to positions for certain categories of persons due to their behavior during the totalitarian regime.
 Particular attention was paid to the analysis of the decision of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic, which resolved the issue of constitutionality of lustration laws. It was emphasized that the Constitutional Court recognized the nature of lustration as the exclusion of citizens from access to public office, which is carried out directly on the basis of formal, categorical criteria, and not by individual conviction of persons according to the criteria established by law. principles. Each state has the right to determine the conditions of access to participation in governance, and one such condition is loyalty to democracy. At the same time, no person is restricted in access to a political function (deputies, senators). Lustration laws do not establish guilt and punishment. Instead, the implementation of lustration procedures is subject to judicial review. The new generation of politicians and civil servants (with a relatively young middle age) did not know the experience of the previous system, were guided by other values and this could not but affect the intensity of the reform. The political elite has consolidated around public policy priorities based on European values. In addition, lustration legislation has solved another problem - the protection of the rights of those concerned.
 It is concluded that the application of lustration legislation in the Czech Republic has had an undeniable impact on the direction, sequence and pace of systemic reforms. In addition, lustration legislation has solved another problem - the protection of the rights of those concerned. These individuals were protected from the misuse of archival material against them.

The Emergency Remote Teaching during the COVID-19 Pandemic from the Perspective of Higher Education Students in Portugal

The COVID-19 pandemic led, in Portugal as well in other countries, to an abrupt transition to online classes in higher education, with no consideration for the specific students’ conditions. Therefore, this study aims to assess the students' perspective on online learning classes carried out during the lockdown in 2020. The analysis is based on 2,107 valid answers from students of seven Portuguese higher education institutions that took synchronous online classes. Principal component analysis and binary logistic regression were the main quantitative methods used. This study identified five factors that, in all cases, significantly explain the students’ perspective on the transition to online classes. These factors include not only pedagogical matters (teachers’ overall quality) but also elements related to personal or motivational students’ characteristics (performance and autonomy; constraints and obstacles to socialization; self-confidence while attending online classes) and technological issues (Internet access conditions). Notwithstanding, self-confidence is not a relevant factor for students that had technical limitations in what concerns infrastructural matters. Therefore, besides confirming the factors behind the success of online classes, this research is relevant for highlighting the need to assure that students have the proper conditions regarding technical infrastructures to improve the overall quality of online classes. Keywords: COVID-19, emergency remote teaching, higher education, technical infrastructures, students’ perspective.

Bundling Strategies for Ride-Hailing Platforms Based on Price and Service Level

The increasing popularity of ride-hailing applications has given rise to a new channel in which ride-hailing platforms are bundled into aggregation platforms to earn additional orders by charging commissions and slotting fees. Such bundled channels, unlike traditional reseller electronic ones, may flutter prices, service levels, market demands, and then further affect their profits. These divergent attitudes raise an interesting and key question about whether and under what conditions bundled channels should be introduced to ride-hailing platforms. In this paper, we provide an analytical framework for ride-hailing and aggregation platforms in unbundled and bundled scenarios, respectively. We build a Stackelberg game model in which ride-hailing and aggregation platforms as leaders obtain prices by constructing Nash equilibria, while drivers as followers determine service levels given to two platforms. Drivers’ best responses in terms of service levels for two platforms, as well as platforms’ optimal pricing strategies and profits are achieved. To capture access conditions of the ride-hailing platform and the profit contention between two platforms, we further conduct sensitivity analysis on cost coefficients of service levels, price and cross-price substitutions, service level and cross-service level substitutions, revenue-sharing ratio, cost, as well as commission and slotting fee. Based on numerical examples and analysis of the results, some interesting managerial insights about bundling strategies are gained for ride-hailing platforms.

Chilean Electric Transmission Regulation: From a Merchant Approach to Central Planning

From the 1980s onwards, many jurisdictions reformed their electricity sectors to create energy markets. To this end, they unbundled transmission from generation, raising the issue of whether and how to regulate transmission. This paper contributes to this literature by analyzing the 40-year Chilean experience. To do so, it describes the initial transmission regulation, the changes introduced, the causes that triggered them, and their results regarding grid access and expansion and their impact on the energy market. The Chilean Electricity Act, issued in 1982, established open access to transmission facilities but left access and expansion conditions unregulated. This situation caused generators’ grid access problems, harming energy market competition. In 2004, lawmakers amended the Act to require the regulator to develop annual expansion plans and regulate transmission remuneration and financing. Following these changes, transmission expanded adequately for about a decade. However, since 2016, renewable energy curtailments have been significant due to congestion on some transmission lines due to construction delays. The increasing empowerment of civil society in the decision-making processes of new investments is relevant in explaining the delays. The main lesson is that citizen consensus-building is crucial for grid expansion.

The importance of intangible assets in regional economic growth: a growth accounting approach.

Spain is one of the few countries in the world that has information on investment in intangible assets with a regional breakdown, so providing evidence of its importance as a factor in regional growth is the main value added of this paper. Series of capital stock in intangible assets are constructed by regions, which incorporate not only those the national accounts consider as investments and are therefore included in gross value added (GVA), but also the intangible assets not included in GVA, which the recent literature understand to be an important source of economic growth. Using the growth accounting approach, the results show that intangible assets explain 14.3% of Spain’s GVA growth, of which 9.4 pp correspond to the assets included in GVA (software, R&D and intellectual property rights) and 4.9 pp account for the rest (expenditure on design, advertising, market research, firm-provided worker training and improvements to companies’ organizational structure). Notable differences are also seen across the country, with investment in intangibles explaining up to 20% of economic growth in some regions. The importance of the contribution from these intangible assets highlights the need for economic policy measures (including regional policies) that boost investment in intangible assets and improve conditions of access to financing.

“With de word…, the children”: experience and access to sport and leisure in the west region of Paraná state - Brazil

The aim was to analyse and understand the universe of sport and leisure practices that were accessible for children from three cities of the western region of Paraná state – Brazil (Maripá, Marechal Cândido Rondon and Toledo). The research was exploratory, with a quantitative and qualitative approach. It was used a questionnaire with open and closed questions. The sample was composed by 472 children of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th grades from seven public council schools. The information was analysed considering two categories previous selected: a) Sport and leisure children’s experience; and b) Access to spaces and projects/activities of sport and leisure. The quantitative data was analysed by descriptive statistics using the software SPSS Statistics 22.0 and, the qualitative data was analysed by the content analysis using the software NVivo 11 Plus. The results showed that more than a half of the children (53,3%) participated in projects or activities of sport or leisure. When comparing the cities, it was observed that a minor number of children participated in projects or activities in Toledo (41,2%) than in Marechal Cândido Rondon (57,1%) and Maripá (60,2%). Team sport was more practiced by the children than individual sport and the football/futsal was highlighted as a modality they practice. Moreover, the children described being interested by swimming despite it is less practiced due to the poor offer. In general, the access to sport and leisure spaces and projects/activities had satisfactory results, showing that in the places investigated there were some favourable aspects to practice sport and leisure. Thus, a considerable amount of the children researched participated in sport and leisure activities and had some favourable conditions of access to them. Keywords: Sport, Leisure, Politics, Children.

INTERAKSI PRODUK DAN PELAKU AGRIBISNIS HORTIKULTURA UNGGULAN JERUK SIAM BANJAR (Citrus reticulata) PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN

The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that affect the level of production and horticultural income in South Kalimantan Province.. The condition of farmers' access to the largest is the affordable price of seeds, which is 65%, while the lowest is the ability of citrus farmers to adopt technology which is only 25%. the factors that influence the level of superior horticultural production are the number of seeds, the amount of fertilizer, the number of workers and the level of technology with the largest value being the number of workers at 4.336 and the lowest at the technology level being 2.259. the factors that influence the level of superior horticultural production are the number of seeds, the amount of fertilizer, the number of workers and the level of technology with the largest value being the number of workers at 4.336 and the lowest at the technology level being 2.259. The factors that influence the level of superior horticultural income in South Kalimantan Province, there are two factors that have a very significant influence, namely the transaction volume of 3,117 and the selling price of 3,648

Peak Shear Strength of Natural, Unfilled Rock Joints in the Field Based on Data from Drill Cores – A Conceptual Study Based on Large Laboratory Shear Tests

Significant uncertainties remain regarding the field assessment of the peak shear strength of rock joints. These uncertainties mainly originate from the lack of a verified methodology that would permit prediction of rock joints’ peak shear strength accounting for their surface area, while using information available from smaller samples. This paper investigates a methodology that uses objective observations of the 3D roughness and joint aperture from drill cores to predict the peak shear strength of large natural, unfilled rock joints in the field. The presented methodology has been tested in the laboratory on two natural, unfilled rock joint samples of granite. The joint surface area of the tested samples was of approximately 500 × 300 mm. In this study, the drill cores utilised to predict the peak shear strength of the rock joint samples are simulated based on a subdivision of their digitised surfaces obtained through high-resolution laser scanning. The peak shear strength of the tested samples based on the digitised surfaces of the simulated drill cores is predicted by applying a peak shear strength criterion that accounts for 3D roughness, matedness, and specimen size. The results of the performed analysis and laboratory experiments show that data from the simulated drill cores contain the necessary information to predict the peak shear strength of the tested rock joint samples. The main benefit of this approach is that it may enable the prediction of the peak shear strength in the field under conditions of difficult access.

Cloud Data Access Prevention Method in Face Recognition Technology Based on Computer Vision

With the development of cloud technology and the innovation of information network technology, people’s dependence on the network has gradually increased, and there are some loopholes in cloud data access. The traditional account permission model can no longer meet the conditions of cloud data access alone. If the visitor temporarily leaves the computer or goes out in an emergency, the data are likely to be leaked. Based on the importance and concern of this issue, some scholars have proposed an authentication system combined with biometric face recognition, but the traditional face recognition system has certain security risks. Such as using face pictures and videos to deceive the system, tampering with face templates, etc. Based on this, this paper proposes an encrypted face authentication system based on CNN neural network. Through the authentication of face data, the content transmission of each part is carried out in the form of ciphertext to ensure the security of information. The experimental results in this paper show that the authentication accuracy rate of DeepID is 94% when it is not encrypted, and the authentication accuracy rate decreases slightly after encryption, which is 93.3%. It is similar in other cases. When the network structure and data set remain unchanged, encryption reduces the authentication accuracy rate by 0.3%–2.4%. It can be seen that the scheme proposed in this chapter improves the system security at the cost of a smaller accuracy rate.

Exploring Breastfeeding Experiences During the Stay-at-Home Orders Due to COVID-19

ObjectivesThis study explored how the COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted mothers’ roles, plans for feeding their child, and breastfeeding practices in the United States.MethodsThis study is part of an online cross-sectional study that explored the impact of COVID-19 on food insecurity, childcare, work status, breastfeeding rates, and experiences in the U.S. (July-August 2020). Subjects were recruited via a national online survey panel. Mothers of a child ≤ 12 months of age reported if they thought their breastfeeding habits would have been different without the pandemic and answered one open-ended question at the end of the survey: “…please share more about how the COVID-19 pandemic has modified or impacted your plans to feed your baby.” The data went through two rounds of coding to determine themes, and any uncategorized quotes were discussed until reaching consensus.Results1,861 mothers of children under two months (n = 469), between 2 and < 6 months (n = 583), or between 6 and 12 months of age (n = 809) completed the survey. One-third of mothers (34–36%) thought the pandemic impacted their breastfeeding habits, and 39% answered the open-ended question. Nine main themes with 15 sub-themes emerged. Major themes arose, including the immunity benefits of breastfeeding, ease of breastfeeding from home, regret of breastfeeding cessation, limited access to resources and formula, and anxiety over finances and health. The stay-at-home orders provided some mothers with positive breastfeeding experiences, while others faced barriers due to the COVID-19 pandemic, including lack of breastfeeding support and hygienic challenges. Some mothers found that the time at home facilitated a bond between them and their baby, resulting in some mothers breastfeeding longer than planned. Many mothers reported the COVID-19 pandemic to be stressful for them, and in some cases, mothers reported low milk supply due to stress.ConclusionsBreastfeeding is an invaluable resource that provides many benefits thus it should be prioritized, especially in times of a global health pandemic. The pandemic exposed the need for universal maternity leave or flexible working from home conditions for breastfeeding mothers and access to lactation specialists via telehealth.Funding SourcesSaint Louis University Rapid Response COVID-19 Seed Fund.

Implementation of Scientific and Technical Approach to the Automotive Diesel Starting System Creation

Problem. This article indicates a way to solve the problem of complicated cold start and high smoky operation in preparation for accepting the load of a domestic diesel engine 4DTNA1 with direct fuel injection by optimizing the parameters of the components of the start-up system and automating the start-up and idling processes according to rational control algorithms. According to the necessity solving this problem, requirements have been formulated for organizing and conducting a multifactorial experimental study of the starting qualities of an automobile diesel engine. Goal. The main goal of the work is to form a scientific and technical approach to creating a system for starting a vehicle diesel engine, which will optimize its component’s properties and develop control algorithms. To achieve this goal it is necessary to create a plan of multifactorial research, develop and build a physical model for experimental research, perform research and evaluate the results. Methodology. The main provisions on the organization of a multifactorial experimental study of the starting qualities of an automobile diesel engine are highlighted. Design of experiments method used when creating a plan for experimental research. Results. The features and advantages of the created physical model in relation to traditional solutions for studying the starting qualities of automobile engines, including the control of an external load to reproduce the impact on engine oil of low temperature in conditions of difficult access to climatic chambers, are presented. The choice of a vortex-dimensional sample of a physical model for conducting start-up studies through a promising, reduced by 1-1.5 units, compression ratio and the possibility of a qualitative study of the effect of pre-start heating of the volume of the combustion chamber with a glow plug on starting parameters. Originality. The actual values of the selected 6 most influential linearly independent factors on the start-up process during the experimental study according to the accepted plan of 77 test cold starts are indicated. It is noted that the actual result of establishing certain controllable factors is random with a certain error in the vicinity of the exact value in accordance with the orthogonal plan of the experiment. Such a variation of real values requires the use of a special mathematical apparatus, implemented by the authors in the Approximation_LSM software product, when analyzing the results of a 6factor experimental study. Practical value. A rational mathematical plan of a six-factor experiment has been prepared as a clear example of recording the measured and calculated parameters of the next optimization.

Three dimensions of long‐term care provision in middle‐income countries—A view across Africa, Latin America and Asia

AbstractThis article identifies and assesses gaps and deficits in the provision of long‐term care (LTC) services in nine middle‐income countries (MIC) across Africa (Algeria, Nigeria, South Africa), Latin America (Brazil, Colombia, Mexico) and Asia (China, India, Turkey). Legislation and entitlement to, conditions for access to and availability of publicly financed or co‐financed LTC services for elderly persons are assessed.Across the nine selected MIC, it is revealed that hardly any legal entitlements to specific LTC services exist for elderly persons. The most common conditions for access to institutional care are a minimum age and little or no income. With respect to availability, it can be concluded that institutional care facilities are usually concentrated in urban or wealthy areas. In many cases they exist in the capital region only, but even their capacities are limited. Home‐based care is hardly available at all.

A Dual‐Mode Infrared Asymmetric Photonic Structure for All‐Season Passive Radiative Cooling and Heating

AbstractRadiative cooling is a revolutionary sustainable thermoregulating technology in favor to fight against global warming and urban heat island effects. However, the conventional designed high infrared emissive coolers do not function satisfactorily under atmospheric counter radiation (cloudy, humid, reduced sky access conditions) nor for all‐season thermal requirement (cooling and/or heating). Dual‐mode asymmetric photonic mirror (APM) consisted of silicon‐based diffractive gratings is presented, approaching an all‐season and all‐terrain optimized radiative thermal regulation. Based on the mechanism of asymmetric diffraction through high refractive index contrast mediums, the designed APM establishes an asymmetric radiative heat transfer channel for cooling and heating. An average infrared asymmetry of 20% for outgoing and incoming radiation is achieved by the fabricated APM. The remarkable cooling power of APM surpasses 80% over the standalone radiative cooler (RC) for counter radiation conditions. Under cloudy sky, the cooling‐APM achieves 8 °C lower than RC standalone, while the heating‐APM 5.7 °C higher, which presents prominent advantages over conventional coolers for different thermal management needs. The proposed dual‐mode infrared asymmetric photonic structure is promising to overcome shortcomings of conventional radiative cooling and offers breakthrough developments in future energy‐saving thermal management system.

Homi K. Bhabha's Third Space Theory and Cultural Identity Today: A Critical Review

Homi K. Bhabha proposes the interstitial space of cultural encounter in which the colonizer and the colonized negotiate, producing hybridity in culture. This type of culture subverts colonial domination by deconstructing essentialist identity and binary opposition of the colonizer and colonized or the East and the West. In this case, his in-between third space resists colonial oppression largely depending on the analysis of colonial discourse and cultural identity formation of the colonized people. However, lack of concern to the political and economic exploitation of the colonizers and the material condition of unequal access to resources and opportunities make his third space a cultural project that helps for mental and psychological liberation only. Today, the First World countries and the former colonizers manipulate a negotiation in the intercultural and international third space created by World Trade Organization (WTO) and Social Media Networks (SMNs) in their favour. Thus, the main objective of this article is to review his notion of third space in relation to its limitations in resisting colonial and neocolonial domination that is caused by the exclusion of the material condition and human relationship.

Impact of food insecurity on cardiovascular mortality in united states: county-level analysis from 2014 to 2019

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Food insecurity is a global public health challenge, that is defined as a social condition of limited or uncertain access to adequate food. Food insecurity is significantly linked to a myriad of negative health outcomes including high risk of cardiovascular (CV) morbidities and mortality. However, data on disparities of CV mortality attributable to food insecurity, is limited. Purpose We sought to investigate the independent association between food insecurity and cardiovascular mortality among age, gender, and race/ethnicity subgroups. Methods Age-adjusted CV mortality rates (ACVM) between 2014 to 2019, were obtained using Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research tool of Center for Disease Control (CDC). Food insecurity levels were obtained using the Core Food Insecurity Model. Census population estimates, CDC Diabetes Interactive Atlas, and the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System, were utilized to acquire county-level demographics, rates of obesity, diabetes, and smoking data. Poisson generalized linear mixed models were employed to assess incidence rate ratios (IRR) of CV mortality associated with food insecurity while adjusting for other potential confounders. The burden of additional yearly deaths (AYD) per 100,000 individuals was calculated by multiplying the baseline CV death rates by the percentage increase attributable to food insecurity in each subgroup. Results Of 317,203,618 residents (49.6% men, 12.1% black) lived at 2878 US counties in 2014, total 4,933,002 (1.6%) CV deaths occurred between 2014-2019. In fully adjusted model*, food insecurity significantly associated with high levels of ACVM (IRR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.04), that translated to 6.9 AYD per 100,000 individuals. Notably, food insecurity associated with a relatively higher ACVM among middle aged adults [45 to 64] (IRR: 1.04) as compared to elderly [≥65] (IRR: 1.02), and in non-Hispanic blacks (IRR: 1.05) versus non-Hispanic whites (IRR: 1.03). Interestingly, food insecurity had a relatively larger impact on middle aged adults among non-Hispanic whites (IRR: 1.07; 10.6 AYD), while among non-Hispanic blacks, elderly group were most impacted (IRR: 1.05; 76.5 AYD). Additionally, ACVM associated with food insecurity, was significantly similar among males (IRR: 1.03), and females (IRR: 1.03), with a greater impact among middle aged subgroup of each gender (IRR: 1.06; IRR: 1,04, respectively), (Figure). Conclusion Food insecurity is strongly associated with county-level age-adjusted CV mortality, independent of other well-established determinants of CV death, including CV risk factors, socioeconomic, environmental and health care access factors. Food insecurity has the greatest impact among those most vulnerable and disadvantaged, namely middle-aged adults and non-Hispanic black individuals. Accordingly, reducing levels of food insecurity, and addressing disparities in associated CV mortality rates, are an emergent public health priority.

A hybrid dynamic economic environmental dispatch model for balancing operating costs and pollutant emissions in renewable energy: A novel improved mayfly algorithm

This study proposes a hybrid dynamic economic environmental dispatch model combining thermal power units, wind turbines, photovoltaic and energy storage device to achieve the balance between operating costs and pollutant emissions under the premise of stabilizing the output of renewable energy. Most studies have addressed economic and environmental issues to optimize dispatch as more and more renewable energy is connected to the grid, while ignoring the stability of renewable energy output. Aiming to solve the problem of instability of renewable energy output, a wind-photovoltaic stable output strategy is proposed, and an energy storage device is used to control the dispatched power of renewable energy. The fitness function is improved and an improved mayfly (IMA) algorithm using chaotic initialization, inertia weight and mutation strategy is proposed to find the optimal solution, and the performance of the algorithm is verified on two systems with different configurations. In addition, constraints such as the power balance, output of each power generation device and energy storage device are considered. The results show that the operating costs of the IMA algorithm is 4.12%, 13.21% and 15.14% lower than those of the MA, MFO and PSO algorithms, and the proposed model using the IMA algorithm can effectively achieve the balance between economy and environment and obtain stable renewable energy output. This study provides a useful reference for the stable operation of power grid under a variety of renewable energy access conditions.

Strengthening US Food Policies and Programs to Promote Equity in Nutrition Security: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association.

Nutritionally inadequate dietary intake is a leading contributor to chronic cardiometabolic diseases. Differences in dietary quality contribute to socioeconomic and racial and ethnic health disparities. Food insecurity, a household-level social or economic condition of limited access to sufficient food, is a common cause of inadequate dietary intake. Although US food assistance policies and programs are designed to improve food security, there is growing consensus that they should have a broader focus on nutrition security. In this policy statement, we define nutrition security as an individual or household condition of having equitable and stable availability, access, affordability, and utilization of foods and beverages that promote well-being and prevent and treat disease. Despite existing policies and programs, significant gaps remain for achieving equity in nutrition security across the life span. We provide recommendations for expanding and improving current food assistance policies and programs to achieve nutrition security. These recommendations are guided by several overarching principles: emphasizing nutritional quality, improving reach, ensuring optimal utilization, improving coordination across programs, ensuring stability of access to programs across the life course, and ensuring equity and dignity for access and utilization. We suggest a critical next step will be to develop and implement national measures of nutrition security that can be added to the current US food security measures. Achieving equity in nutrition security will require coordinated and sustained efforts at the federal, state, and local levels. Future advocacy, innovation, and research will be needed to expand existing food assistance policies and programs and to develop and implement new policies and programs that will improve cardiovascular health and reduce disparities in chronic disease.

Anti-jamming channel access in 5G ultra-dense networks: a game-theoretic learning approach

This paper investigates the Quality of Experience (QoE) oriented channel access anti-jamming problem in 5th Generation Mobile Communication (5G) ultra-dense networks. Firstly, considering that the 5G base station adopts beamforming technology, an anti-jamming model under Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) conditions is proposed. Secondly, the confrontational relationship between users and the jammer is formulated as a Stackelberg game. Besides, to achieve global optimization, we design a local cooperation mechanism for users and formulate the cooperation and competition among users as a local altruistic game. By proving that the local altruistic game is an Exact Potential Game (EPG), we further prove the existence of pure strategy Nash Equilibrium (NE) among users and Stackelberg Equilibrium (SE) between users and jammer. Thirdly, to obtain the equilibrium solutions of the proposed games, we propose an anti-jamming channel selection algorithm and improve its convergence speed through heterogeneous learning parameters. The simulation results validate the convergence and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Compared with the throughput optimization scheme, our proposed scheme obtain a greater network satisfaction rate. Finally, we also analyze user fairness changes during the algorithm convergence process and get some interesting conclusions.

La rationalité scientifique comme travail de l’incertain : deuil et destins de la quête de certitude

Context:The article explores the place and role of uncertainty in scientific rationality. If the ability to tolerate uncertainty can be understood as a condition of access to the register of knowledge, the quest for certainty is anchored in the psychic and narcissistic construction of the subject. This need for certainty, and the difficulty of psychically tolerating uncertainty, can be seen in the ordinary tendency to perceive scientific results as certain and definitive, and to refer to the ideal of scientific progress capable of achieving complete knowledge of the phenomenon. ObjectivesRecalling that scientific practice and ethics are based on an elaboration and heuristic of uncertainty then leads to a questioning of the fates of this need for certainty, insofar as its exclusion from scientific functioning cannot in itself move subjects to renounce it. We can thus question the function of the ideal of unlimited progress in the sciences, characteristic of the emergence of modern science: this ideal could be understood as a sublimatory outcome of the quest for certainty, related to this horizon of progress. The crisis into which this ideal of progress would have entered nevertheless invites us to question other ways in which the certainty excluded from scientific rationality is likely to return. MethodIdentifying the place held by uncertainty in scientific practice leads to questioning different registers of uncertainty, and to distinguishing, in particular, epistemological uncertainty from metaphysical uncertainty, inherent in the progress of scientific knowledge. This irreducible uncertainty invites us to envisage scientific rationality not so much as a successful mourning of the need for certainty, but as an unfinished uprooting. The scientistic discourses can be seen as fantasy-like constructions, in which the quest for direct access to certainty returns in the form of conviction of the nature of science (and no longer in the form of an ideal). ResultsHighlighting the fundamental role of uncertainty in scientific practice and ethics thus leads to highlighting the gap between science and the image of science forged by scientistic discourses. The latter is based on the illusion of access to certainty, completeness, and the guarantee of knowledge: an image of an all-powerful science whose value is absolute. This inversion of the relationship to certainty invites us to point out the fantasmatic nature and function of scientistic constructions. ConclusionOne consequence of the exclusion of the regime of certainty by scientificity is that science can only find outside of itself the base of founding certainties serving as the foundation of its identity as an institution and social practice. This proximity between scientific rationality and certainty therefore leads to a position of heteronomy of science vis-à-vis the discourses that could legitimize it in the social bond. While implying a clear distinction between scientific practices and the ideology that provides certainties, this heteronomy therefore also points to the limits of this distinction: dependent on these discourses which, however, must remain outside these practices, the scientific institution would carry within it the inherent risk of contamination by ideological constructions that forge an idealized and distorted image of it.