Acceptance Of Cosmetic Surgery Research Articles

Cosmetic surgery advertising exposure, attitudes toward the surgery and surgeons, and perceptions of the advertisement features

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Empirical research on cosmetic surgery advertisements is scarce, in spite of their increasing visibility and ensuing ethical controversies. In the current study, the effects of cosmetic surgery advertising on perceived benefits, risks, acceptance of cosmetic surgery and attitudes toward cosmetic surgeons were examined. Additionally, audience perceptions about the information utility of 27 common elements of cosmetic surgery advertisements were inquired.Method: A web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted with a convenience sample of 343 college students.Results: Exposure to cosmetic surgery advertisements was positively related to perceived benefits and surgery intention, but not related to perceived risk. Compared with doctors in general, cosmetic surgeons were trusted less, though exposure to cosmetic surgery advertisements improved some perceptions about cosmetic surgeons. Among the 27 elements examined, surgeon's education and training, price, financing options, before-and-after photos of patients, patient testimonials, surgeries/procedures available, risks of surgeries/procedures, hygiene-related practices, medical emergency preparedness, and consultation information were rated as helpful. Rated as not helpful were surgeon's portrait photos, office staff photos, highly attractive model photos, after-only photos of actual patients, and celebrity cosmetic surgery information. There were also differences in the evaluation of the 27 elements based on the level of cosmetic surgery advertising exposure and perceived risk.Conclusions: The findings justify marketing efforts of cosmetic surgeons. At the same time, the evaluation of cosmetic surgery advertising elements revealed many areas of confusion among consumers and thus warrants further research and education.

대학생의 미용성형수술 수용성 영향요인

대학생의 미용성형수술 수용성 영향요인

Does Gender Matter? Testing the Influence of Presumed Media Influence on Young People’s Attitudes toward Cosmetic Surgery

The present study examined gender differences in young people’s attitudes toward cosmetic surgery as well as the joint effects of media and peers on their attitudes toward cosmetic surgery. A survey of 555 university students in Singapore showed that young people of both sexes generally held positive attitudes toward cosmetic surgery. We observed no significant gender disparities in their acceptance of cosmetic surgery or intention to undergo cosmetic surgery. We tested the influence of the presumed media influence model, and our findings supported direct and indirect models of media influence on young people’s attitudes toward cosmetic surgery. The indirect model was mediated by perceived influence of cosmetic surgery-related media on peers. We also found that men were more susceptible to the influence of presumed media influence than women were. Practice implications of our study for educators include open discussions regarding cosmetic surgery and the influence of media and peers among young people, as well as differentiating intervention programs for emerging adult women and men.

Celebrating the Fiftieth Baker Gordon Symposium on Cosmetic Surgery: The Legacy of Thomas J. Baker, M.D.

The Baker Gordon Symposium on Cosmetic Surgery celebrates its fiftieth year. A review of its history mirrors the evolution of aesthetic surgery in terms of advancements in techniques, and the acceptance of cosmetic surgery as a credible subspecialty of plastic surgery. Beginning in 1967, the Baker Gordon Symposium was the first live surgery symposium that focused on aesthetic surgery, and set a precedent for aesthetic surgery education over the ensuing decades. Historically, the pioneers in aesthetic techniques first presented their innovations at the Baker Gordon Symposium, helping to educate and train their peers to perform cosmetic procedures. The legacy of Thomas Baker is intertwined with the history of the Baker Gordon Symposium, both in terms of his contributions to plastic surgery education, and to the acceptance of the subspecialty of aesthetic surgery.

Acceptance of cosmetic surgery, body appreciation, body ideal internalization, and fashion blog reading among late adolescents in Sweden

This study examined adolescents’ attitudes of cosmetic surgery, as well as the relationships between these attitudes, body appreciation, body ideal internalization, and fashion blog reading. The sample comprised 110 (60 boys, 50 girls) late adolescents (mean age 16.9 years) from a Swedish high school. The results indicated that younger adolescents seem somewhat more accepting of cosmetic surgery. This was especially the case for boys’ acceptance of social motives for obtaining cosmetic surgery (boys’ M=2.3±1.55 vs. girls’ M=1.7±0.89). Girls’, and to a limited extent boys’, internalization of the thin ideal was related to more favorable cosmetic surgery attitudes. Athletic ideal internalization and body appreciation were unrelated to these attitudes. Finally, girls who frequently read fashion blogs reported higher thin ideal internalization, and also demonstrated a slight tendency of more cosmetic surgery consideration.

여대생의 미용성형 경험 유무에 따라 미용성형욕구에 영향을 미치는 요인

본 연구는 여대생을 대상으로 미용성형 비경험군과 미용성형 경험군 각각의 미용성형욕구에 영향을 미치는 주요변수를 검증하기 위한 서술적 조사연구이다. 연구 목적은 미용성형 비경험군과 경험군의 미용성형욕구에 영향을 주는 변수를 검증하여 영향을 미치는 요인에 대한 올바른 이해를 증진시키고, 미용성형을 추구하는 여대생을 상담하고 지도하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 시행되었다. 연구대상자는 254명으로 K도에 소재하고 있는 일개 대학의 여대생으로 편의표출에 의하여 선정되었다. 254명의 여학생 중 성형경험이 없는 비경험군 여학생이 142명(55.9%), 성형경험이 있는 경험군 여학생은 112명(44.1%)이었다. 미용성형 비경험군과 미용성형 경험군의 자아존중감, 신체상(외모지향, 외모평가, 신체만족도), 성형수술태도(성형을 받아들이는 정도, 사회적 동기, 개인내적인 동기) 및 미용성형욕구를 비교한 결과 미용성형 경험군이 비경험군보다 성형을 받아들이는 정도가 높았고, 사회적동기도 더 높았으나, 미용성형욕구는 미용성형 비경험군이 경험군보다 더 높았다. 미용성형 비경험군과 미용성형 경험군 각각의 미용성형욕구에 영향을 미치는 변수를 확인하기 위하여 단계적 회귀분석을 하였다. 미용성형 비경험군을 분석한 결과 성형태도 중 성형을 받아들이는 정도(<TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>=.46, p<.001)와 신체이미지 중 신체만족도(<TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>=-.23, p<.05)가 영향을 주는 변수이었으며, 미용성형욕구를 23.0% 설명하였다. 미용성형 경험군에서 영향을 미치는 변수는 성형태도 중 성형을 받아들이는 정도(<TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>=.47, p<.001)로서 미용성형욕구를 20.0% 설명하였다. 이와 같이 성형 경험 유무에 따라 미용성형 욕구에 영향을 미치는 요인이 다르므로 미용성형을 추구하는 여대생을 상담 시 성형 경험 유무에 따라 다른 접근 방법을 사용하는 것이 효과적일 것임을 시사하고 있다. This study was to investigate which predictors influenced the wish to undergo cosmetic surgery according to experience of cosmetic surgery in female college students. A cross-sectional descriptive design was used with self-report questionnaires, which were completed by 254 subjects. Data was analyzed with t-test and regression. There were statistically significant differences in acceptance and social motivation of cosmetic surgery and the wish to undergo cosmetic surgery in the future between the two groups. Body area satisfaction and acceptance of cosmetic surgery were significant predictors to the wish to undergo cosmetic surgery in the non-experienced group. The significant predictor of the wish to undergo cosmetic surgery for the experienced group was acceptance of cosmetic surgery. The findings from this study suggest that there is need to different approaches to discuss or council for wish to undergo cosmetic surgery according to individual cosmetic surgery experience.

Competitive Orientations and Women’s Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery

Women are presumed to compete intrasexually primarily on the basis of physical attractiveness. As such, in efforts to enhance their appearance, women may strive to achieve unrealistic cultural ideals of attractiveness promulgated in the media with potentially negative implications (e.g., body dysmorphic disorder, eating disorders, and cosmetic surgery). The present study considered the implications of two forms of competitive orientation on women’s acceptance of cosmetic surgery. Findings indicated that a hypercompetitive orientation (psychologically unhealthy) was a better predictor of acceptance of cosmetic surgery than body dysmorphia. Personal development competitiveness (psychologically healthy) was not related to either body dysmorphia or cosmetic surgery acceptance. Implication of these results and direction for further research are considered.

Psychological Characteristics and Outcomes of Elective Cosmetic Surgery Patients

The early cosmetic surgery literature suggested that individuals re-presenting for aesthetic surgical procedures (referred to as "insatiable patients") display poorer psychological functioning and satisfaction with surgical outcomes than those who request one procedure. The aim of the study was to compare 284 patients with and without a history of cosmetic procedures on demographic characteristics, appearance concerns, expectations of surgery, psychosocial dysfunction, and postoperative dissatisfaction. There were few differences between the groups, suggesting that the group of patients with a history of aesthetic surgeries did not represent the population that has been described as "surgery insatiable." Post hoc analyses of subgroups of patients with a history of surgeries also revealed few differences except for lower self-esteem and postoperative satisfaction. Further research is required to fully explore the applicability of the "insatiable patient" label in the context of increasing societal acceptance of cosmetic surgery.

Objectification Theory Predicts College Women’s Attitudes Toward Cosmetic Surgery

This study investigated cosmetic surgery attitudes within the framework of objectification theory. One hundred predominantly White, British undergraduate women completed self-report measures of impression management, global self-esteem, interpersonal sexual objectification, self-surveillance, body shame, and three components of cosmetic surgery attitudes. As expected, each of the objectification theory variables predicted greater consideration of having cosmetic surgery in the future. Also, as expected, sexual objectification and body shame uniquely predicted social motives for cosmetic surgery, whereas self-surveillance uniquely predicted intrapersonal motives for cosmetic surgery. These findings suggest that women’s acceptance of cosmetic surgery as a way to manipulate physical appearance can be partially explained by the degree to which they view themselves through the lenses of sexual and self-objectification.

Acceptance of cosmetic surgery and celebrity worship: Evidence of associations among female undergraduates

The present study examined the association between acceptance of cosmetic surgery and celebrity worship in a sample of British female undergraduates. A total of 401 women completed the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale (ACSS; Henderson-King & Henderson-King, 2005), the Celebrity Attitude Scale ( McCutcheon, Lange, & Houran, 2002), and provided their demographic details. Results showed that there were highly significant correlations between all subscales of the ACSS and CAS, as well as with participant age, and body mass index (BMI). A series of multiple regressions showed that celebrity worship and participant demographics explained about half of the variance in acceptance of cosmetic surgery, with Intense-personal celebrity worship emerging as the strongest predictor. Limitations of the current study are discussed in conclusion.

Acceptance of cosmetic surgery: Scale development and validation

We conducted a set of four studies with a total of 1288 adult and undergraduate women and men to develop the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale. These studies provide evidence of this scale's reliability, as well as convergent and discriminant validity. Initial explorations using this 15-item scale indicate that acceptance of cosmetic surgery is negatively related to satisfaction with physical appearance and positively related to attitudes about make-up use. The acceptance of cosmetic surgery may be more related to fears about becoming unattractive than to hopes of becoming more attractive. Cosmetic surgery attitudes were positively related to age for women but not for men. The study's limitations and implications are discussed.

Cosmetic Alterations of the Aging Neck Rhytidectomy

The neck and facial features are evaluated on an everyday basis for balance and harmony. This analysis is frequently expanded to include the general facial features, body contours, and personality to formulate an overall impression. Depending on the opinions of the observer about beauty and balance, individuals will be subconsciously remembered by the summation of such evaluations. Beauty itself is a relative measure of balance, symmetry, proportion, and harmony. Attempts to quantitate or standardize beauty have characteristically fallen short because of the complexity and differences of opinion regarding what is correct or acceptable. As surgeons involved in modification of skeletal and soft tissue conformation, it is important that we make a concerted effort to avoid dictating our ideal conception. Patients needing or desiring alterations of form and function should be listened to. A significant contribution to this aspect of patient care lies within evolution of computer-enhanced imaging, which represents a significant advance in communication capabilities between the surgeon and patient relative to clarification and visualization of the agreed-upon goals of skeletal and soft tissue correction. Acceptance of cosmetic surgery by our society is a rapidly growing fact. In this atmosphere of changing attitudes, the procedures are com-monly perceived as a social and economic necessity. As the public increases its level of sophistication, education and appreciation of the capabilities of specialists within the maxillofacial surgical field will certainly grow. The evolution of care by surgeons who manage the complex variety of craniofacial skeletal abnormalities to encompass the ability to modify the effects of soft tissue aging seems to be a natural progression.