Acceptance Of Cosmetic Surgery Research Articles

Girls Tolerate Girls, men condemn men: Gender differences in the impact of beautification strategies on trustworthiness and morality evaluation

It's not just women who aspire to enhance their appearance; it's a universal human desire. An increasing number of men are gradually embracing beautification strategies as well. The impact of gender on perceptions of strategies users remains uncertain. This study focuses on the role of gender in beautification strategies and their influence on trustworthiness and morality evaluations. It aims to analyze the role played by both the gender of evaluators and the gender of targets, while also comparing the differences between the two most popular beautification strategies, makeup and cosmetic surgery, in shaping trustworthiness and morality evaluations. The results revealed male participants demonstrated a stronger negative bias towards these users, particularly male users. On the other hand, the research revealed that females exhibited greater tolerance when evaluating same-sex makeup users. Conversely, males gave more negative evaluations to same-sex strategies users. Furthermore, the results showed morality and trustworthiness evaluation for beautification targets was predicted by evaluators' acceptance of cosmetic surgery. This study not only contributes to the existing literature on gender differences in beautification strategies but also offers a gender-based perspective to help reduce the stigma associated with these strategies.

The Influence of Social Appearance Anxiety on Impulsive Consumption and Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery: Evidence from the Multiple Mediation Model

This paper aims to explore the influence of social appearance anxiety on social media use, impulsive consumption, and acceptance of cosmetic surgery. One hundred and forty-seven men and 212 women in China, with an age range of 18-28 (mean age 20.91 years, standard deviation 1.59 years) were recruited in this study. Two hundred and seventy-five effective questionnaires were collected with a recovery rate of 76.60%. By using correlation analysis, regression analysis, and mediation analysis, this study found that social appearance anxiety is highly positively correlated with social media use, impulsive consumption, and acceptance of cosmetic surgery. Importantly, selfie-related behaviors and selfie editing mediate the relationship between social appearance anxiety and acceptance of cosmetic surgery. Moreover, the relationship between social appearance anxiety and impulsive consumption was mediated by consumption intention and selfie editing.

The dark side of #bodypositivity: The relationships between sexualized body-positive selfies on Instagram and acceptance of cosmetic surgery among women

One growing social media trend consists in posting body-positive content to subvert dominant feminine beauty ideals and help individuals to develop confidence and appreciation for their bodies. In spite of these goals, such posts, when sexualized, may promote an objectified representation of women's bodies resulting in a risk factor for body-related concerns. The present study aimed to investigate the links between viewing sexualized body-positive Instagram pictures and body image concerns among 493 young Italian women. They completed a self-reported questionnaire measuring the frequency of viewing sexually objectified body-positive selfies on Instagram, body surveillance, body satisfaction, and acceptance of cosmetic surgery. Results indicated that the frequency of viewing sexualized body-positive selfies was positively associated with body surveillance, which was negatively related to body satisfaction. In turn, body satisfaction was negatively associated with considering modifying one's body surgically and acceptance of cosmetic surgery for social reasons. Moreover, a serial mediation analysis showed that the frequency of viewing sexualized selfies was indirectly associated with higher acceptance of cosmetic surgery (considering having cosmetic surgery and social motivation for undergoing cosmetic surgery) via body surveillance and subsequent body satisfaction. Finally, study limitations and implications for future research on body-positive content on Instagram are discussed.

The Effect of Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery, Body Appreciation, and Nasal Obstruction on Patient Satisfaction After Rhinoplasty.

Background: It is difficult to predict functional and aesthetic results and provide patient satisfaction after rhinoplasty. Objective: To investigate the effect of nasal obstruction, body appreciation, and acceptance of cosmetic surgery (ACS) in predicting patient satisfaction postrhinoplasty. Methods: We prospectively included 97 consecutive participants who underwent rhinoplasty. We recorded age, gender, marital status, education, and body mass index (BMI), and nasal obstruction symptom evaluation (NOSE) scale, body appreciation scale-2 (BAS-2), acceptance of cosmetic surgery scale (ACSS), and rhinoplasty outcome evaluation (ROE) scale were determined preoperatively and at the 3-month postoperative follow-up. Results: The preoperative and postoperative NOSE, BAS-2, ACSS, and ROE scores differed significantly. The mean ROE score improved from 36.8 preoperatively to 82.1 postoperatively. The ROEpostop score was not correlated significantly with age, BMI, ACSSpreop, BAS-2postop, or ACCSpostop. The BAS-2preop scores were correlated significantly with ACCSpreop and ACSSpostop scores. The NOSEpreop and BAS-2preop scores were significant predictors of the ROEpostop scores in the regression analysis. Conclusion: Preoperative nasal obstruction and body appreciation, but not ACS, are factors that might affect patient satisfaction after rhinoplasty.

Appearance-related effects of selfies at the personal and societal level among Asian women: acceptance of cosmetic surgery and lookism

Appearance-related effects of selfies at the personal and societal level among Asian women: acceptance of cosmetic surgery and lookism

Filters and fillers: Belgian adolescents’ filter use on social media and the acceptance of cosmetic surgery

ABSTRACT This study examined whether adolescents’ use of (a) body and (b) face filters was related to acceptance of cosmetic surgery (ACS) (i.e. intrapersonal and social acceptance, and intention). Attention was paid to possible differences according to adolescents’ (1) sex, (2) self-esteem, and (3) pubertal timing. A cross-sectional online survey among 333 Flemish adolescents (Mage = 16.06, SD = 1.45) with 71.2% girls was used to test the hypothesized model via structural equation modeling. The use of face filters was positively linked to social motivations of ACS and consideration of cosmetic surgery. Body filter use was only linked to social motivations of ACS. Only girls showed a link between body filter use and social ACS. The findings underline the role of filter use in adolescents’ ACS.

Predictors of Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery in South Korean Women.

Examining the characteristics of the growing cosmetic surgery (CS) consumer population could help promote safer cosmetic procedure practices. We identified the predictors of acceptance of cosmetic surgery (ACS) among South Korean women aged 20-69 years. An online survey was administered to 291 randomly sampled participants during August 30-September 6, 2021. An equal number of participants from each age group was selected. They completed a questionnaire concerning the general and CS-related characteristics, acceptance of cosmetic surgery scale, appearance satisfaction, self-esteem, and depression. The mean participants' age and body mass index were 44.12 (± 13.79) years and 22.15 (± 3.39) kg/m2, respectively. Approximately 90.0% of the participants had been exposed to a CS advertisement, with 96.2% having acquired information regarding the CS side effects and 52.6% considering CS in future. Eighty-eight (30.2%) participants had undergone CS. The most common surgical and non-surgical categories were eyelid surgery and botulinum toxin injection, respectively. The ACS increased with decreasing age (β = - 0.12, p < .05), exposure to a CS advertisement (β = 0.10, p < .05), consideration of undergoing CS in future (β = 0.59, p < .001), and increasing depression scores (β = 0.29, p < .001); collectively, these factors explained 43.0% of the variance (F = 25.21, p < .001). "Consideration of undergoing CS" was the strongest ACS predictor in the multiple regression analysis for the entire study population and according to CS history. Future studies should conduct an in-depth analysis based on the current CS trends, intention to undergo CS in future, and past CS experiences of South Korean women aged 20-69 years. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Acceptance of cosmetic surgery in adolescents: The effects of caregiver eating messages and objectified body consciousness

Cosmetic procedures are aimed at enhancing clients’ attractiveness by modifying their physical appearance. Women prefer cosmetic surgery more than men do, due to the ideal of leanness advertised by the media. Female adolescents, undergoing an emotionally unstable developmental stage, are particularly responsive to unrealistic beauty standards. The more they internalize cultural norms, the more they objectify their bodies. Young people’s views on their bodies are essentially influenced by the feedback received from their parents and other adults. The present study explored the impact of caregiver eating messages and objectified body consciousness on the acceptance of cosmetic surgery among Hungarian female students aged 14 to 19 years (M = 16.79, SD = 1.245). Self-report scales used to collect data in four secondary schools. The expected associations were tested with path analysis. Caregiver eating messages generally had an indirect positive impact on the acceptance of cosmetic surgery that was mediated by the shame component of objectified body consciousness. A direct impact was only shown by critical/restrictive caregiver messages and by the shame component of objectified body consciousness. The other two components of objectified body consciousness were unrelated to the acceptance of cosmetic surgery. In sum, caregiver messages on female adolescents’ appearance and eating habits have a formative role on their attitudes towards cosmetic surgery. Such messages predict their proneness to view their bodies as objects serving to meet certain beauty standards. The more they endorse such views, the more they are willing to consider cosmetic surgery to enhance their appearance.

Body image and acceptance of cosmetic surgery in China and the Netherlands: A qualitative study on cultural differences and similarities

There is an established relationship between acceptance of cosmetic surgery and psychological factors, including body image. However, qualitative research among diverse cultural groups is needed to provide a more fine-grained understanding of the influences on women’s attitudes towards cosmetic surgery. In this study, 20 Chinese and 20 Dutch women aged 18-50 years (MChinese = 34.20; MDutch = 34.70) participated in one-on-one semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. We identified three themes that captured the factors that women perceived to foster favorable attitudes towards cosmetic surgery: (a) sociocultural pressures (e.g., normalization of cosmetic surgery, appearance-focused peers); (b) intrapersonal characteristics (e.g., beauty-ideal internalization, social comparison); and (c) benefits of beauty (e.g., attracting men, socioeconomic benefits). Conversely, two themes captured the factors perceived to reduce favorable attitudes towards cosmetic surgery: (a) intrapersonal characteristics (e.g., unconditional body acceptance, self-confidence); and (b) external considerations (e.g., health risks, financial costs). Overall, Chinese and Dutch participants shared many similarities in their opinions about what might affect cosmetic surgery consideration. The most striking cross-cultural differences concerned perceived socioeconomic benefits of beauty (mainly Chinese women) and women’s conceptualization of body appreciation. This study may enable a more comprehensive understanding about the factors influencing Chinese and Dutch women’s attitudes towards cosmetic surgery, and the nuances in these relationships across these cultures.

Impact of Self-Esteem and Self-Perceived Body Image on the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery.

BackboardCosmetic surgery is the preservation, rebuilding, or improvement of the physical appearance of an individual through surgical and non-surgical methods. In the last few years, an increase in the number of cosmetic procedures was noticed worldwide. This increase suggests due to multifactorial changes in people’s attitudes towards cosmetic surgery and concern about their physical appearance. This study aims to assess the impact of self-esteem and self-perceived body image on the acceptance of cosmetic surgery and other related factors in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia.Material and methodsThis was a cross-sectional study carried out in the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia. The study was conducted between May and August 2021. A self-administrated questionnaire was distributed to all the participants who are attending plastic surgery clinics and online through social media. Three valid and reliable scales were used [Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale (ACSS), Body Appreciation Scale (BAS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE)] to assess the relationship between these variables and other factors. The data were analyzed by using two-tailed tests. P-value less than 0.05 was statistically significant. Correlation analysis was done by using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r).ResultsA total of 1008 participants were included in the study with a response rate of 67%. Participant's ages ranged from 18 to 54 years with a mean age of 34.7 ± 11.2 years old. The study participants showed an average level of acceptance with a mean score % of 55.4% comparing to body appreciation; it was 74.2% higher with a more than average level of self-esteem, 24.7 out of 40 points for self-esteem with a mean score of 61.8%. Participants with a history of cosmetic surgery had significantly higher acceptance score than who did not (mean score of 72.6 compared to 57.1; P=0.001). Male participants had better body appreciation than females (mean score of 50.2 vs. 47.6, respectively; P=0.013). A weak positive correlation with no significance was found between participants’ self-esteem and their acceptance of cosmetic surgery.ConclusionA better understanding of the acceptance of cosmetic surgery from a different cultural perspective and other related factors including social, psychological, and self-esteem are crucial for the plastic surgeon to ensure patient satisfaction.

Predictors of Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery: Instagram Images-Based Activities, Appearance Comparison and Body Dissatisfaction Among Women

BackgroundThis study aimed to test a model in which Instagram images-based activities related to self, friends, and celebrities were associated with acceptance of cosmetic surgery via Instagram appearance comparison and body dissatisfaction. We predicted that Instagram use for images-related activities involving celebrities and self (but not friends) was associated with acceptance of cosmetic surgery both directly and indirectly.MethodsThe study participants were 305 Italian women (mean age, 23 years). They completed a questionnaire containing the Instagram Image Activity Scale, the Instagram Appearance Comparison Scale, the Body Shape Questionnaire-14, the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale. A path analysis was performed in which the Instagram images-based activities were posited as predictors of the Instagram appearance comparison, body dissatisfaction and acceptance of cosmetic surgery, respectively.ResultsWe found that only image-based activities related to celebrities and self were significantly related to acceptance of cosmetic surgery, whereas friends’ Instagram-related activities were not significantly related to this criterion variable. Moreover, the indirect effect of both Instagram self- and celebrities-images activities on acceptance of cosmetic surgery through Instagram appearance comparison and body dissatisfaction was significant. Friends’ Instagram images-related activities were not associated with acceptance of cosmetic surgery.ConclusionsOverall, these findings provide information about the role that activities carried out on Instagram, appearance comparison and body dissatisfaction, play on the acceptance of surgery for aesthetic reasons among women. The study highlighted the importance for surgeons to consider some psychological aspects and the influence of sociocultural factors on the interest for cosmetic surgery.Level of Evidence IVThis journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Effect of Appearance Instrumentality on the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery: Moderated Mediation Effects of Ambivalent Emotions toward Attractive Friends and Appearance Appreciation

This study examined the moderated mediation effect of appearance appreciation on the mediated relationship among appearance instrumentality, ambivalent emotions toward attractive friends, and the acceptance of cosmetic surgery. The research model included four hypotheses to examine this moderated mediation effect. Data were collected through an online survey, and a final sample of 651 Korean women in their 20s to 40s was analyzed. The data were analyzed using Baron and Kenny

The role of beauty as currency belief in acceptance of cosmetic surgery and career aspirations among Chinese young women

ABSTRACT The current study tested the “beauty as currency” hypothesis in the framework of Objectification theory with a sample of Chinese young women. Four hundred and four college women completed a pencil-and-paper questionnaire. We hypothesized that beauty as currency would be associated with acceptance of cosmetic surgery and career aspirations through the serial meditation of self-objectification and body surveillance. The results indicated that self-objectification and body surveillance mediated the relation between women’s belief in beauty as currency and acceptance of cosmetic surgery. Body surveillance mediated the relationship between beauty as currency and career aspirations. These findings provide further evidence for the “beauty as currency” hypothesis, suggesting the feminine beauty ideology may lead to women’s higher acceptance of cosmetic surgery and lower career aspirations via the self-objectifying process. Our study provides some implications for understanding the effect of women’s ideologies on gender system change.

Factors Affecting Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery in Adults in Their 20s-30s.

This descriptive study investigates cosmetic surgery experience, awareness of side effects, self-esteem, and acceptance of cosmetic surgery (ACS) and aims to identify factors that affect ACS. Data on 398 randomly selected participants from a panel of sex-stratified adults in their 20s and 30s registered online with a Korean survey company were collected in September 2019. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, crosstabs, Chi-square test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and multiple linear regression. Among the subjects, 47.2% were male and 52.8% were female. The average age of the subjects was 29.98years. While 91.7% of the subjects previously acquired information on side effects related to cosmetic surgery, the most frequent source was from "bus stops and subway stops," reported by 83.6% of them. Blepharoplasty was the most frequently performed procedure reported by 50 of the 89 subjects (22.4%) who underwent 1 or more cosmetic surgery procedures. Among 187 subjects (47.0%) considering cosmetic surgery in the future, "botulinum toxin" was the most frequently considered procedure. ACS of the subjects was higher with employment (β = .15, p < .001), previous experience with cosmetic surgery (β = .22, p < .001), consideration for future cosmetic surgery (β = .49, p < .001), and lower appearance satisfaction (AS) (β = -.10, p = .008), and the explanatory power of these variables was 41.7% (F = 72.08, p < .001). Most of the subjects in this study were aware of the side effects of cosmetic surgery, and about half were considering cosmetic surgery in the future. Employment status, previous experience with cosmetic surgery, consideration for future cosmetic surgery, and AS were found to be factors affecting ACS. Correlations between age, BMI, ACS, AS, depression, and self-esteem were identified. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the table of contents or the online instructions to authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Female Self-Sexualization Covaries with Mate Value but Not Mate Availability

An array of literature spanning economics, sociology, biology, and psychology suggests that the availability of romantic partners has profound consequences for individuals and the societies in which they live. Here we build on this growing body of research to understand how variation in mate availability—operationalized via experimental imbalances in the ratio of men to women (the sex ratio)—affect women’s willingness to enhance their physical and sexual attractiveness to men. Using a series of three treatments, with four replicate stimuli nested within each treatment conditions, we experimentally manipulated the sex ratio of the dating environment for 334 women, giving them the impression that romantic partners were either abundant, scarce, or balanced relative to competitors. We measured women’s satisfaction with their body image, their interest in enhancing their sexual attractiveness to men, their acceptance of cosmetic surgery, and their overall belief that they were a high-quality romantic partner (their mate value; a potential moderator of the sex ratio effect). Contrary to expectations, we found no evidence that sex ratios affected women’s enhancement of their physical and sexual attractiveness, but we did find that individual differences in mate value robustly covaried with all three outcome variables. Results raise the possibility that female self-sexualization does not covary with the relative availability of mates, but that it is reliably associated with individual differences in mate value.

College students and cosmetic procedures: A survey on attitude and body image

Cosmetic procedures are related to age, gender, relationship status, body weight (body mass index- BMI) & body image satisfaction. There has been an increasing focus on the body as a vehicle for identity and self expression, with greater recognition of the role of appearance and the desire for self improvement. Psychosocial factors are important motivators in cosmetic surgery. Body dysmorphic disorder like symptoms, personality, interpersonal attachment, insecurity, low self esteem, social acceptance of cosmetic surgery and low level of physical activity would relate to an interest in cosmetic procedures. This study was conducted on volunteers for 2 months from May to August 2014. Participants aged 18 to 30 years of both genders who were willing to give informed consent were included in this study. People not complying with the protocol and not willing to give informed consent were excluded out. A total of 1000 people were included in the study after signing the informed consent. The results show that females have more anxiety/ depression regarding their looks. So they prefer more to cosmetic procedures as compared to males as more females think that cosmetic procedure can improve their looks. BDSS is more in females as compared to the males. Rest of the results were statistically insignificant. Keywords: Dysmorphic disorder, Psychosocial.

Predictors of disordered eating and acceptance of cosmetic surgery among drag queen performers

In this study, we examined the relations between drag queens’ gendered performance styles and body change attitudes and behaviors. We also examined potential mediating and moderating variables in these links via two moderated mediation models. Participants consisted of 192 drag queen performers who completed a web-based survey. Hyper-feminine but not gender fluid drag was positively related to disordered eating, acceptance of cosmetic surgery, internalization of cultural standards of beauty, and upward appearance comparison. Both internalization of cultural standards of beauty and upward appearance comparison mediated the hyper-feminine drag and disordered eating link. Beauty internalization also mediated the hyper-feminine drag and acceptance of cosmetic surgery link but upward appearance comparison did not. We discovered two significant conditional indirect effects, in which the indirect effect of the hyper-feminine drag on both disordered eating and acceptance of cosmetic surgery via internalization of cultural standards of beauty were stronger for those with high levels of drag identity salience. Finally, we found a conditional direct effect, where hyper-feminine drag predicted acceptance of cosmetic surgery among drag queens with high and average levels of drag identity salience but not low levels.

Effects of Taijin Kyofusho, Appearance-based Rejection Sensitivity, and Body Dysmorphic Concerns on the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery

Effects of Taijin Kyofusho, Appearance-based Rejection Sensitivity, and Body Dysmorphic Concerns on the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery

Experience and Acceptance of Cosmetic Procedures Among South Korean Women in Their 20s

PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between acceptance of cosmetic surgery (ACS) and cosmetic procedure experience in women in their 20s.MethodsWe collected 330 randomly sampled women in their 20s in November 2017. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t test, crosstabs, Chi-square test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and binary logistic regression.ResultsAlmost all (97.9%) of the subjects had heard about the side effects of cosmetic surgery, and “Internet” was the most common source of information (57.3%). The number of subjects who had already undergone more than 1 cosmetic procedure was 124 women (37.6%), and the first age of cosmetic procedure was 21.81 (± 2.83) years old. ACS had a negative correlation with appearance satisfaction (r = − 0.18, p = 0.001). There was positive correlation between appearance satisfaction and self-esteem (r = 0.62, p < 0.001) and negative correlation between appearance satisfaction and body mass index (BMI) (r = − 0.28, p < 0.001). The higher the age of 1 year, the greater the probability of experience of cosmetic procedure (1.17 times) (OR 1.17, p = 0.002), and the higher the ACS score, the greater the probability of cosmetic procedure being 1.06 times (OR 1.06, p < 0.001). The higher the BMI score, the lower the probability of experiencing cosmetic procedure by 0.84 times (OR 0.84, p < 0.001).ConclusionAge, ACS and BMI were the factors influencing the cosmetic procedure experience, and the cosmetic procedure experience led to more cosmetic procedures.Level of Evidence VOpinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees.This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Cosmetic surgery advertising exposure, attitudes toward the surgery and surgeons, and perceptions of the advertisement features

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Empirical research on cosmetic surgery advertisements is scarce, in spite of their increasing visibility and ensuing ethical controversies. In the current study, the effects of cosmetic surgery advertising on perceived benefits, risks, acceptance of cosmetic surgery and attitudes toward cosmetic surgeons were examined. Additionally, audience perceptions about the information utility of 27 common elements of cosmetic surgery advertisements were inquired.Method: A web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted with a convenience sample of 343 college students.Results: Exposure to cosmetic surgery advertisements was positively related to perceived benefits and surgery intention, but not related to perceived risk. Compared with doctors in general, cosmetic surgeons were trusted less, though exposure to cosmetic surgery advertisements improved some perceptions about cosmetic surgeons. Among the 27 elements examined, surgeon's education and training, price, financing options, before-and-after photos of patients, patient testimonials, surgeries/procedures available, risks of surgeries/procedures, hygiene-related practices, medical emergency preparedness, and consultation information were rated as helpful. Rated as not helpful were surgeon's portrait photos, office staff photos, highly attractive model photos, after-only photos of actual patients, and celebrity cosmetic surgery information. There were also differences in the evaluation of the 27 elements based on the level of cosmetic surgery advertising exposure and perceived risk.Conclusions: The findings justify marketing efforts of cosmetic surgeons. At the same time, the evaluation of cosmetic surgery advertising elements revealed many areas of confusion among consumers and thus warrants further research and education.