Acceptance Angle Research Articles

Photovoltaic-Thermal Side-Absorption Concentrated Module with Micro-Structures as Spectrum-Division Component for a Hybrid-Collecting Reflection Solar System

A photovoltaic-thermal side-absorption concentrated module (PT-SACM) based on spectrum division for photovoltaic-thermal hybrid applications is carried out. In order to reduce the absorption by materials and the axial-chromatic aberration caused by the transmissive optical system and to improve the performance of the entire system, a reflective system, the parabolic mirror array, fabricated by the ultra-precision diamond turning technology, is proposed herein. For the purposes of spectrum division, thinner volume, lightweight, and wide acceptance angle, the proposed module is designed with a diffraction optical element (DOE), a light-guide plate with a micro-structure array and a parabolic mirror array. Among them, the DOE can separate the solar spectrum into the visible band, which is converted to electrical energy via photovoltaics, and the infrared band, whose thermal energy is collected. Experimental measurements show that the overall optical efficiency of the entire system reached 38.32%, while a deviation percentage of 3.5% is calculated based on the simulation. The system has successfully demonstrated the separation of visible and infrared bands of the solar spectrum. Meanwhile, the lateral displacement between the micro-structures of the light-guide plate and the focus of the parabolic mirror array can be used to compensate for the angular deviation of the sun incidence, thereby achieving wide-angle acceptance via the proposed solar concentration system.

Surface slope measurement of steep silicon V-grooves using high NA Linnik interferometry

Abstract Optical topography measurements are of high interest in a lot of industrial
and academic fields. One of the most common associated measurement methods
is coherence scanning interferometry, but even though it provides sub-nanometer
axial resolution, its lateral resolution is diffraction limited. Not only the feature
size is a limiting factor for optical measurements, but also steep surface slopes
may lead to problems, since the acceptance angle of the objective lens limits the
maximum surface slope angles that can be measured. Here we use a Linnik-type
interferometer with objective lenses of numerical apertures of 0.95 in order to
maximize the measurable surface slope angle. We demonstrate that silicon V-groove structures with a slope angle of 54.74° can be measured. We compare the directly measured surface slope angle with an angle calculated from light that is reflected two times by the V-grooves. To verify our measurement we compare the measurement results to rigorous FEM simulations.

Research on the quantitative relationship between laser beam offset displacement and the maximum acceptable tilt angle of point autofocus microscopy

Research on the quantitative relationship between laser beam offset displacement and the maximum acceptable tilt angle of point autofocus microscopy

Choosing a standard CPC by analyzing thermal performance in regions with climatic and geographical disparities

This is a computational simulation study that employs an analytical method implemented in MATLAB® to investigate various configuretions of Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) with fully illuminated inverted V absorber and determine a universal solar device, optimized, applicable and used for process heat, enabling service in regions with significant latitude differences, without substantial performance losses regardless of specific local geometric parameters. The input data consist only of the Average Daily Global Solar Radiation, choosing two Brazilian cities with distinct irradiation characteristics: Caruaru, PE and Porto Alegre, RS. A comparative study and optimization analysis in relation to the acceptance angle (qa) was conducted with different CPC configuretions, to determine which of these (65°; 56.40°; 50°; 45.60°; 38.70°; 33.75°, 30°) would present the best performance and carry out an exchange study. Concluding that the difference of energy generation, under these conditions, not discrepant, allowing for the use of a single type of CPC (qa=56.40° and a truncation angle qt =45.60°), generated the highest annual energy of 34,918.28 Wh/m² and had the lower Sum Generated Energy Ratios (Energy Caruaru/Energy Porto Alegre) equal to 9.86, without any structure modifications to serve both regions - this is the standard CPC.

Highly Regular Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures on Titanium Thin Films for Photonics and Fiber Optics.

Modern photonic devices demand low-cost, scalable methods for creating periodic patterns over diverse surfaces including nonplanar and tipped ones, the examples of which can be readily found in fiber optics. Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) offer an attractive route for fabricating such patterns in a single-step straightforward procedure, where the temporal and spatial locality of the self-interference effects ensure robustness against variations of the laser processing parameters. In this work, we show the LIPSS-assisted oxidation of thin titanium films by near-IR femtosecond laser pulses as a promising technology for the production of regular gratings consisting of rutile ridges. The self-terminating nature of the oxidation process allows the predefinition of the grating relief by the initial thickness of the titanium film, rendering the fabrication process with reproducibility and stability to variations of the laser parameters. LIPSS were found to act as gratings providing a diffraction efficiency above 7%. Such gratings were recorded over sidewalls of the optical fibers as well as their endfaces, allowing free space light coupling into the guided mode at the incidence angles up to 65° exceeding fiber acceptance angles. Additionally, gratings recorded over the polished side of the D-shaped fiber were found to act as a Bragg grating manifesting itself through a narrow resonance (<1 nm) in the reflection spectrum of fiber-guided light and suggesting possible applications in sensing and light management. Finally, by exploiting the high regularity of the formed gratings, we also demonstrated resonant coupling of the incident to the surface plasmon waves on the silver-coated LIPSS. With the large resonance amplitude and the Q-factor as large as 150, LIPSS were justified as an easy-to-fabricate template for plasmonic grating production with high potential for plasmonic biosensing and nonlinear optics.

High-resolution electron energy analyzer with wide acceptance angle for hard X-ray photoelectron holography: integrating PESCATORA and retarding field analyzer

Abstract Photoelectron holography requires measuring the photoelectron angular distribution across a wide acceptance angle, typically exceeding ±45°. This necessitates an electron analyzer that offers both a large acceptance angle and high energy resolution for kinetic energies ranging from several hundred to several thousand eV. Our previously developed high-resolution retarding field analyzer (RFA) achieves excellent energy resolution. However, its close electrode spacing limits operation at high voltages (several thousand eV). To address this limitation, we propose a novel electron analyzer that combines a parallelizing electron lens (PESCATORA) with an RFA. The PESCATORA lens parallelizes the trajectories of photoelectrons. Subsequently, the RFA decelerates and analyzes their energy. This two-stage approach allows for a sufficient distance between the RFA electrodes, enabling high-voltage operation. The resulting analyzer functions as a high-pass filter with a sharp energy cut-off. By incorporating lock-in detection, this system can be further worked as a bandpass electron analyzer. Our simulation also suggests that a specially designed mesh electrode within the RFA allows bandpass operation without the need for lock-in detection.

Proton rings from late-forming ballistic sheath fields

Many laser-driven ion experiments have seen ring-like patterns in the proton angular distribution across a wide array of laser and target parameters. These rings can impede measurement due to the small acceptance angle of detectors and often inhibit potential applications. A myriad of explanations for their formation have been proposed, yet most studies attribute them to some aspect of the laser–plasma interaction. Using 3D particle-in-cell simulations, we show that late-forming strong radial electric fields can arise due to charge separation while the beam is in flight, long after the laser–plasma interaction. These fields can accelerate ions to significant divergences (≈10°) as they propagate away from the target. We compare our results to a recent experiment where a high intensity, short pulse laser (I0≈1021 W/cm2, τ≈30 fs) was incident upon thin (≈1 μm) liquid crystal targets. Our simulations capture all the main features of the experimental results—namely, robust ring formation and larger rings for higher energy protons. In addition, we show that rings do not form for sufficiently short preplasma scale lengths. Finally, we develop a phenomenological model to describe the spatiotemporal structure of the radial electric field and use this to explain the proton rings' energy and preplasma dependencies.

Forward-Scattering and Multiple-Scattering Sources of Errors in UV-Visible Spectroscopy of Microspheres.

Conventional UV-visible spectroscopy instruments measure the extinction spectrum of solutions in a transmission configuration. Because of the finite (nonzero) acceptance angle in detection, errors due to forward scattering and multiple scattering can be introduced when measuring scattering samples. We here experimentally quantify these errors using polystyrene spheres of different sizes for two representative analytical/research UV-visible instruments, one based on a single-beam diode array and the other on a double-beam scanning configuration. The measured spectra for particles larger than 1 μm are shown to differ between the two instruments, even at low concentrations, and also vary with concentration (in contradiction with the Beer-Lambert law). We show that systematic errors in the range of 10-40% are common in such measurements. We propose a model accounting for both forward- and multiple-scattering errors and demonstrate its agreement with our experimental results. This model could reduce systematic errors in measurements of scattering samples by up to 40%.

Two-step nested optical-electrical Monte-Carlo approach to analyze the influence of tolerances on Micro-CPV module performance

In manufacturing and product optimization, understanding the influence of tolerances, which are inevitable variations in production processes, is crucial for enhancing performance while managing costs. However, previous analytical approaches lacked the capability to quantitatively assess the cumulative effect of multiple tolerances due to their random combination and statistical independence. In this work, we introduce a novel method that overcomes these limitations by effectively modeling complex dependencies among tolerances through a two-step nested Monte-Carlo approach. We apply this model to a micro-CPV module developed at Fraunhofer ISE. First, we randomly select and combine tolerances in a cell-lens unit using ray tracing. Then, we randomly select and combine these units in a full 690-cell module using an electrical network model considering different angles of incidence. The considered tolerances include deviations in component geometries and displacements and are based on measurements. The model predicts the acceptance angle and allows to identify the optimal interconnection schemes. Further, it is capable to determine the maximum tolerances permissible for maintaining a certain module power. While tolerances lead to a distribution in current generation among the cell-lens units, we find that parallel interconnections can compensate for such variations. Further, we identify that the positions of secondary lens and micro solar cell are the most sensitive parameters for achieving high module power. These findings are crucial for refining module design cost-effectively. Moreover, the model facilitates a quantitative assessment of optimization potentials, guiding decision-making in product development and manufacturing, and a techno-economic optimization.

Effect of manufacturing tolerances on Micro-CPV assemblies: A quantitative approach based on statistical modeling

In micro-concentrator photovoltaics (micro-CPV) minimized components as cells (<1 × 1 mm2) and lenses are used, promising significant cost reductions through parallel manufacturing and reduced material volumes. However, tolerances, such as deviations from nominal size, geometry or position, impact module performance, especially for non-ideal alignment towards the sun. To study the interplay of different, independent tolerances and their effects on current generation, a comprehensive parameter study is practically not feasible, because of the vast number of possible combinations. In this work, we introduce a novel method for assessing tolerances by employing a Monte-Carlo approach to randomly select and combine tolerances in a cell-lens unit. It allows to identify relevant tolerances and quantitatively assess their influence on module performance, namely optical efficiency, and photocurrent as function of angle of incidence and, thus, acceptance angle. We apply the model to a micro-CPV module developed at Fraunhofer ISE and use tolerance distributions based on measurements. We find that the most crucial parameter is the position of the secondary optical element. Given the measured tolerance distributions, the acceptance angles for 90 % of the cases are above 0.5° for 10 % current loss. The developed approach is a crucial tool for identifying and assessing critical tolerances within a manufacturing line, facilitating techno-economic optimization of design and manufacturing processes.

Long-axial field-of-view PET/CT improves radiomics feature reliability.

To assess the influence of long-axial field-of-view (LAFOV) PET/CT systems on radiomics feature reliability, to assess the suitability for short-duration or low-activity acquisitions for textural feature analysis and to investigate the influence of acceptance angle. 34 patients were analysed: twelve patients underwent oncological 2-[18F]-FDG PET/CT, fourteen [18F]PSMA-1007 and eight [68Ga]Ga-DOTATOC. Data were obtained using a 106cm LAFOV system for 10min. Sinograms were generated from list-mode data corresponding to scan durations of 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360 and 600s using both standard (minimum ring difference MRD 85 crystals) and maximum acceptance angles (MRD 322). Target lesions were segmented and radiomics features were calculated. To assess feature correlation, Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) was calculated with respect to the full duration acquisition for MRD 85 and 322 respectively. The number of features with excellent (r > 0.9), moderate (r > 0.7 and < 0.9) and poor (r ≤ 0.7) correlation was compared as a measure of feature stability. Intra-class heterogeneity was assessed by means of the quartile coefficient of dispersion. As expected, PPMCC improved with acquisition time for all features. By 240s almost all features showed at least moderate agreement with the full count (C100%) data, and by 360s almost all showed excellent agreement. Compared to standard-axial field of view (SAFOV) equivalent scans, fewer features showed moderate or poor agreement, and this was most pronounced for [68Ga]Ga-DOTATOC. Data obtained at C100% at MRD 322 were better able to capture between-patient heterogeneities. The improved feature reliability at longer acquisition times and higher MRD demonstrate the advantages of high sensitivity LAFOV systems for reproducible and low-noise data. High fidelity between MRD 85 and MRD 322 was seen at all scan durations > 2s. When contrasted with data comparable to a simulated SAFOV acquisition, full-count and full-MRD data were better able to capture underlying feature heterogeneities.

Development and Characterization of Fast-Dissolving Tablets to Enhance Bioavailability of BCS Class II Drugs by Solid Dispersion Method

Background: Rapid tablet or capsule dissolution requires the tablet to disintegrate and dissolve at a higher rate, enhancing drug dissolution and bioavailability. Suitable disintegrants have shown an appreciable rate of disintegration or dissolution. Using factorial design for formulation to improve bioavailability is a key focus in pharmaceutical research to enhance dissolution Methods: Azelnidipine (Azp) tablets were formulated with Hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HβCD), β-cyclodextrin (βCD), and Kolliphor HS15 (HS15) to enhance solubility. A 23 factorial design optimized the formulation, focusing on disintegration time (DT) and time for 90% dissolution (T90). Eight formulations (F1-F8) were prepared using the kneading method. Tablets were evaluated for physical properties, drug content, friability, dissolution, and drugexcipient interactions (FTIR and DSC). The optimal formulation (F9) was determined via desirability analysis. Results: Tablets showed acceptable Carr's index (CI), Hausner ratio (HR), and Angle of Repose (AR). Increasing βCD concentration decreased DT, enhancing water absorption and faster dissolution. βCD tablets had the lowest DT among the formulations, with F4 showing the best disintegration. Higher HS15 concentration also reduced DT, with F8 achieving the highest drug release (T90%) within 60 minutes. R² values ranged from 0.922 to 0.994, indicating high predictability. The optimal formulation had a desirability of 1.0, consisting of 3.523 mg HS15, 28.4 mg βCD, and 1.49 mg βCD, with a DT of 102 ± 1.13 seconds and 98% dissolution. FTIR and DSC confirmed no drug–excipient interactions. Conclusion: Optimized super disintegrant concentrations and wet granulation techniques resulted in tablets with strong mechanical properties, rapid disintegration, and consistent drug content. Future research and in vivo studies should explore additional excipient combinations.

Influence of the acceptance angle on the evaluation of reflectance data of randomly rough surfaces using scalar diffraction theory

Apart from coherent reflectance, which corresponds to specular reflection, the values obtained by real spectrophotometers also include contribution from incoherent reflectance, which represents light scattered by the samples and registered by the detector due to its finite acceptance angle. This work aims to investigate the influence of this second part on reflectance spectra measured for samples with randomly rough surfaces. Three silicon samples with roughened surfaces are investigated. The reflectance is measured using a commercial spectrophotometer with acceptance angles restricted by apertures placed in the incident and reflected beam. The proposed method is based on the simultaneous processing of spectral dependencies of reflectance measured with differently-sized apertures. The utilized theoretical approach is based on the scalar diffraction theory. Because the dependencies on both wavelength and acceptance angle are considered, a model providing correct predictions for these dependencies should also correctly describe how is the total reflectance separated into its coherent and incoherent parts. It is shown that the theoretical predictions for incoherent reflectance are consistent with the changes in the diameter of the apertures. It was possible to determine the RMS value of the heights as well as the estimate for the autocorrelation length and additional parameter controlling the course of the autocorrelation function. A short discussion comparing our results with those achieved using methods employed in earlier works is also provided.

PCL/soy peptide nanofibers incorporated with riboflavin/HP-β-CD assemblies for improving fruit storage quality

In this study, we first successfully developed functionalized electrospun nanofibers (PCL/SP/ICs) loaded with Riboflavin (RF) for fruit preservation with inclusion complexes (RF/HP-β-CD, IC) formed by encapsulating RF with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) as a core material and soy peptide-assisted polycaprolactones (PCL/SP) as an overwrap material. Compared to 1 wt% and 5 wt% IC, nanofibers implanted with 3 wt% IC had an acceptable water contact angle (87.40°), good thermal stability, and superior mechanical properties. Also, RF/HP-β-CD integration conferred antimicrobial and antioxidant capabilities to PCL/SP fiber membranes. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) studies revealed that produced films of PCL/SP/ICs could continuously and controllably release RF (within 200 h), hence retarding grape degradation and decreasing mass loss rate and titratable acid content throughout an 8-day storage period. Based on these findings, electrospun nanofiber films may be useful for vitamin loading in active food packaging.

Minimum solar tracking system for a Fresnel lens-based LCPV

The aim of the work is to study a low concentration photovoltaic (LCPV) system based on a Fresnel lens with a plano-concave lens and reflective surfaces. The proposed system is aimed at working with single-junction polycrystalline silicon solar cells with a wider reception angle which reduces the energy consumption of the solar tracking system. A software for multiphysics simulations COMSOL was used to simulate the proposed LCPV system with a maximum concentration ratio (6.5), and calculations were carried out to determine the relative position of the lenses from the solar cell. The proposed LCPV system achieves higher acceptance angle (±9.1°) and concentration acceptance angle product (0.447) compared to the conventional LCPV system (±3.1°, 0.153). Calculations of the power consumption of a dual-axis solar tracker using the proposed optical system show a reduction in power consumption of 21 % in azimuth, 37 % in altitude, and 27 % overall when using the proposed optical system.

Study on the transient performance of textured water-lubricated bearings considering different acceleration conditions

This study analyses the transient friction dynamics behavior of water-lubricated bearings (WLBs) with a textured structure, which explains the mechanism of texture structure influencing the hydrodynamic effect of WLB in the physical aspect. A comparison of experimental and numerical data is carried out to validate the proposed mixed lubrication model with a textured structure for WLBs. The effects of texture type, texture angle, acceleration mode, and acceleration time on the nonlinear friction dynamics properties of WLBs are investigated. The result shows that various texture structures exhibit distinct pumping effects and that the optimal friction dynamics performance of WLBs can be achieved by adopting the right herringbone texture and an acceptable texture angle. It is advisable to utilize the reverse S-shaped acceleration mode, as it may efficiently mitigate hydrodynamic shock, minimize frictional contact at the initial startup stage, and control the rotor's vibration in later stages. The brief acceleration time may result in a transient shock that hampers proper lubrication, consequently affecting the stable operation of WLBs. The study's findings offer helpful suggestions for the enhanced design of WLB structures and the mitigation of wear and vibration.

Modelling П-Shaped Concentrating Optics for Lcpv Solar Cells Using Fresnel Lens

Abstract Most concentrating optics do not show good performance at higher incidence angles and have low acceptance angles and, therefore, they require a high-accuracy solar tracking system, which is costly. In this study, by detailed investigation of optics of the proposed П-shaped concentrating optics, it was found that system remained high in terms of optical efficiency and its concentration ratio at certain higher incidence angles. During the work, ray path through the concentrating optics, width of the light spot at different incidence angles were calculated. Optical efficiency, geometrical concentration ratio, concentration ratio at different incidence angles were found by the results of COMSOL Multiphysics calculations. It was found that the system had a high optical efficiency of approximately 95% and its concentration ratio of 3x-5x was at the range of ±0-20 degrees of incidence angle, and it could reduce the work of a solar tracking system. As well, an increase in the optical efficiency could be seen from 0 to 5 degrees of the incidence angle and an increase in the concentration ratio could be seen from 0 to 12 degrees of the incidence angle in terms of the reflective mirrors which helped redirect the rays to the solar cells. Optical systems with such a high incidence angle could reduce the performance of the solar tracker system, and it reduced the overall cost and energy consumption of the LCPV.

Design of a Novel Hybrid Concentrated Photovoltaic–Thermal System Equipped with Energy Storages, Optimized for Use in Residential Contexts

Concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) technology is based on the principle of concentrating direct sunlight onto small but very efficient photovoltaic (PV) cells. This approach allows the realization of PV modules with conversion efficiencies exceeding 30%, which is significantly higher than that of the flat panels. However, to achieve optimal performance, these modules must always be perpendicular to solar radiation; hence, they are mounted on high-precision solar trackers. This requirement has led to the predominant use of CPV technology in the construction of solar power plants in open and large fields for utility scale applications. In this paper, the authors present a novel approach allowing the use of this technology for residential installations, mounting the system both on flat and sloped roofs. Therefore, the main components of cell and primary lens have been chosen to contain the dimensions and, in particular, the thickness of the module. This paper describes the main design steps: thermal analysis allowed the housing construction material to be defined to contain cell working temperature, while with deep optical studies, experimentally validated main geometrical and functional characteristics of the CPV have been identified. The design of a whole CPV system includes thermal storage for domestic hot water and a 1 kWh electrical battery. The main design results indicate an estimated electrical conversion efficiency of 30%, based on a cell efficiency of approximately 42% under operational conditions and a measured optical efficiency of 74%. The CPV system has a nominal electric output of 550 Wp and can simultaneously generate 630 W of thermal power, resulting in an overall system efficiency of 65.5%. The system also boasts high optical acceptance angles (±0.6°) and broad assembly tolerances (±1 mm). Cost analysis reveals higher unit costs compared to conventional PV and CPV systems, but these become competitive when considering the benefit of excess thermal energy recovery and use by the end user.

A novel approach for posterior bite collapse in an adult with crossbite anterior using a 3D-printed bite riser

Background: Managing an adult patient presenting with an anterior crossbite in conjunction with posterior bite collapse (PBC) is a difficult challenge. Purpose: The purpose of this case study is to highlight the accuracy that can be attained with the utilization of a three-dimensional (3D) printed bite riser in the correction of PBC accompanied by an anterior crossbite in an adult patient with Class III malocclusion. Case: A 64-year-old male complained of being unable to chew properly. Extraoral examination revealed a concave profile with a protrusive mandible. The patient exhibits a 5 mm anterior crossbite and has missing lower posterior molars, resulting in bilateral PBC. The cephalometric analysis revealed skeletal Class III patterns (SNA: 82.19o; SNB: 86.34o; ANB: -4.15°), with protrusion and counterclockwise rotation of the mandible (SN-OP: 3.84o). Case Management: By utilizing a 3D-printed bite riser in conjunction with temporary anchoring devices (TADs), it is possible to resolve the issue of an anterior crossbite accompanied by PBC. This is achieved by repositioning the elongated posterior segments on both sides of the maxilla to generate vertical space for mandibular tooth rehabilitation, retracting the anterior segment, and narrowing the lower arch. Simultaneously, the crossbite on both sides was corrected, a Class I and ideal overbite and overjet were achieved, the occlusal vertical dimension increased, the occlusal plane angle was corrected (7.51o), and an acceptable ANB angle (-1.36°) was accomplished. The treatment lasted 18 months and yielded sustained results after a one-year retention period. Conclusion: Integrating 3D printing technology in orthodontic treatment offers numerous options for managing challenging cases such as PBC while also reducing the treatment length. The patient was satisfied with the results achieved.

Optimizing Mucoadhesive Film-Forming Spray for Efficient Oral Delivery of Fluconazole in Candidiasis Treatment.

Buccal candidiasis has become increasingly prevalent in recent years, with Candida albicans being the primary causative organism. While systemic fluconazole is an effective treatment, its use is associated with adverse effects such as gastric upset, hepatic failure, and potential drug interactions. Therefore, the development oflocal fluconazole treatment presents a promising solution to these challenges. This study aimed to formulate an efficient local mucoadhesive film-forming spray for the targeted delivery of fluconazole in the treatment of oral candidiasis. The investigation involved the use of three polymers (hyaluronic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, and xanthan gum) both individually and in combination to identify the most effective formulation. Various tests were conducted to characterize 13 formulations prepared using these polymers, including UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), content assay, drying timeand film formation, viscosity determination, determination of the mucoadhesion strength by turbidimetric methods, drug release study, in-vitro anticandida activity, histological irritation analysis, and stability study. The optimum formula F11, comprised polyvinyl alcohol for its superior mechanical properties and film-forming capabilities, hyaluronic acid, and xanthan gum in combination, exhibiting synergistic mucoadhesive strength. This optimal formulation demonstrated maximum mucoadhesion, rapid film formation, an acceptable spray angle, and controlled release. Furthermore, the optimum formula underwent additional evaluations for in vitro anti-Candida activity, in vivo irritancy assessments, and stability studies, all of which yielded satisfactory results. These findings support the potential of the optimum formula as a straightforward and efficient spray formulation for the treatment of oral candidiasis.