Acceptable Construct Validity Research Articles

Exploring construct validity of clinical staging in schizophrenia spectrum disorders in an acute psychiatric ward.

clinical staging and profiling of schizophrenia spectrum disorders has been proposed to describe and define the heterogenous course of disease. We examined the construct validity of clinical staging in schizophrenia spectrum disorders by measuring differences in distribution and severity of relevant clinical profilers and therapeutic improvement (HoNOS) across clinical stages. we performed a prospective cross-sectional study with 258 inpatiënts who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, recruited in an acute ward of a psychiatric hospital from 1-1-2015 until 31-12-2016. All patients (N=258) were assigned to a clinical stage, according to the criteria described by McGorry and clinical profilers were determined. Therapeutic improvement was assessed by measuring change in differences in HoNOS score during admission. significant higher severity scores of clinical profilers were found in more advanced stages compared to earlier stages. This pattern was apparent in the clinical profilers negative symptoms (F=4.56, P<0.01), number of psychotic episodes last year (F=13.65, P<0.01), compliance (F=2.76, P<0.05), work and daily activities (F=9.85, P<0.001), living situation (F=3.71, P<0.05), support of close relatives (F=9.38, P<0.001) and pre-morbid functioning (F=7.33, P<0.001). Judicial background was less prevalent in earlier stages compared to more advanced disease stages. No differences in therapeutic improvement (HoNOS) were found between clinical stages. this study demonstrates that clinical staging in schizophrenia spectrum disorders has an acceptable construct validity between earlier and more chronic stages of disease. Several clinical profilers increase in more advanced stages compared to earlier clinical stages, which supports construct validity.

Confiabilidad y validez de una escala de conciencia sobre salud sexual en migrantes de México en tránsito hacia Estados Unidos

Los contagios por VIH siguen en aumento. Las poblaciones migrantes que cruzan la frontera hacia Estados Unidos se consideran en riesgo. La conciencia sobre salud sexual es una variable importante para prevenir Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual (ITS)-Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH)/Sida, pero actualmente no existe un instrumento en español para medirla. El propósito fue evaluar las características psicométricas de la traducción y adaptación cultural de la Scale of Health Consciousness en 160 migrantes de la frontera norte de México en tránsito a EE. UU. El muestreo fue aleatorio sistemático, se utilizó la metodología del Human Services Research Institute para su adaptación. Los participantes fueron de origen mexicano, 90% hombres, edad promedio de 39.75 y una media de 7.69 años de estudio, la escala presentó consistencia interna de 0.86 y buen ajuste factorial (X2/gl = 2.397, p &lt; 0.001) - (CFI = 0.92 – GFI = 0.92). El instrumento final se considera fiable y con validez de constructo aceptable por lo que se recomienda continuar utilizándolo.

Development and psychometric testing of the nursing student mentors' competence instrument (MCI): A cross-sectional study

BackgroundMentors require competence at a diverse array of skills to mentor students during clinical practice. According to the latest evidence, competence at mentoring includes: knowledge, skills and attributes of individual students' learning objectives, core elements of nursing, learning processes, a reciprocal and trustful relationship, feedback, evaluation, cooperation with stakeholders, and the mentor's personal qualities. ObjectiveThe purpose of the study was to test psychometric properties of a mentor's competence instrument developed to self-evaluate mentors' competence at mentoring nursing students in clinical practice. DesignA cross-sectional, descriptive, explorative study design was used. SettingsData were collected from mentors at five university hospitals in Finland in 2016. ParticipantsA total of 576 mentors participated in this study. MethodsThe instrument was developed through systematic review, experts' evaluations, and pilot versions of the instrument tested in previous studies. The construct validity and reliability of the instrument were tested using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with promax rotation and Cronbach's alpha. ResultsA 10-factor model showed that the instrument has acceptable construct validity. Cronbach's alpha values for the subscales observed ranged from 0.76 to 0.90. ConclusionsThe instrument exhibited acceptable psychometric properties, thereby proving itself a valuable tool for evaluating mentors' competence at mentoring students. Further assessments of its reliability, validity and generality for measuring mentor's competence for mentoring students in different contexts and cultures are recommended.

Development and Validation of a Fertility Intention Scale in Breast Cancer Survivors.

Evidence indicates that breast cancer survivors with reproductive concerns have a poorer quality of life than survivors without fertility concerns. There is a lack of reliable and valid assessments of fertility intention among breast cancer survivors. The aim of this study was to develop and validate the Fertility Intention Scale (FIS) that is sensitive to the fertility intention of women with breast cancer. A literature review and a qualitative study were conducted to generate the items in the scale. Content validity was evaluated by 15 experts, and face validity was assessed by 10 patients with cancer. Factor analysis was used to assess construct validity, and criterion validity was evaluated using two percentile items of fertility willingness. We developed and examined the validity and reliability of the FIS using a sample of 178 patients with breast cancer who had completed chemotherapy. The Cronbach's alpha calculated for the FIS (15 items) was .88. The factor analysis performed for the construct validity of the scale identified four factors that accounted for approximately 68.72% of the total variance. These four factors were pregnancy risk, disease control, social support, and happiness. There was a significant correlation between the total FIS and the level of desiring fertility preservation or pregnancy. The FIS has acceptable reliability, content validity, and construct validity. This scale is appropriate for use in research and clinical practice settings to evaluate the risk-benefit perceptions of pregnancy in patients with breast cancer.

Development and validation of a revised instrument to measure burden of long-term medicines use: the Living with Medicines Questionnaire version 3.

ObjectivesTo revise the Living with Medicines Questionnaire version 2 (LMQ-2), which measures the burden of using prescribed medicines, to include cost and expand side effects and social issues.MethodsNew statements were developed and validated through cognitive interviews with medicine users, and these and a global visual analog scale (VAS) were added to the 42-item LMQ-2. Construct validity was assessed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses using an online public survey. Criterion-related validity was measured against the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire with Medication (TSQM-II) and the EuroQoL 5-level quality of life measure (EQ-5D-5L), in patients using community pharmacies, general practices, and outpatient clinics. Reliability was assessed by test–retest using online public distribution.ResultsThe 58-item interim instrument (n=729) was reduced to 41 items after factor analysis, which confirmed an eight-domain structure: relationships with health professionals, practicalities, interferences, effectiveness, side effects, concerns, cost, and autonomy, constructed as medicine burden. All subscales, except autonomy, were loaded onto this construct and showed acceptable internal consistency. LMQ-VAS correlated with total LMQ scores (r=0.571). Criterion validation (n=422) demonstrated total LMQ scores negatively correlated with TSQM scores for global satisfaction (r=–0.616); domain scores showed similar correlations: effectiveness (r=–0.628), side effects (r=–0.597), and practicalities (r=–0.529). Total LMQ score was negatively correlated with EQ VAS (r=–0.383) and showed weak/moderate relationships with individual EQ-5D-5L dimensions. Test–retest (n=30) reliability showed intra-class correlation coefficients of 0.954 (total LMQ score), 0.733–0.929 (domain scores), and 0.789 (global item).ConclusionThe LMQ version 3 (LMQ-3) instrument has acceptable construct, criterion-related and known-groups validity, and is internally consistent as a measure of medicine burden, although reliability requires further confirmation. It could be used to measure the outcome of interventions designed to reduce the burden of polypharmacy.

Psychometric Properties of the Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ) in the General Population and a Clinical Population.

The Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ) has been validated in student samples and small clinical samples, but not in the general population; thus, representative general-population norms are lacking. We examined the factor structure of the BVAQ in Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences panel data from the Dutch general population (N = 974). Factor analyses revealed a first-order five-factor model and a second-order two-factor model. However, in the second-order model, the factor interpreted as analyzing ability loaded on both the affective factor and the cognitive factor. Further analyses showed that the first-order test scores are more reliable than the second-order test scores. External and construct validity were addressed by comparing BVAQ scores with a clinical sample of patients suffering from somatic symptom and related disorder (SSRD) (N = 235). BVAQ scores differed significantly between the general population and patients suffering from SSRD, suggesting acceptable construct validity. Age was positively associated with alexithymia. Males showed higher levels of alexithymia. The BVAQ is a reliable alternative measure for measuring alexithymia.

A psychometric evaluation of the Concise Health Risk Tracking Self-Report (CHRT-SR)- a measure of suicidality-in patients with stimulant use disorder

Stimulant use disorders are both common and associated with suicidal ideation and attempts. The psychometric properties of the 12-item Concise Health Risk Tracking Scale Self-Report (CHRT-SR), a measure that was created to assess suicidal thinking and several factors associated with a propensity to act, has been established in persons with mood disorders. This is a secondary analysis to assess the CHRT-SR in 302 stimulant abusing patients that had participated in a clinical trial.A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to assess the factor validity of the 12-item CHRT-SR model with a second-order Propensity factor. The CHRT-SR total score and 2 factor scores (Propensity and Suicidal Thoughts) demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities. These two subscales and the total score were modestly but significantly associated with measures of depression and life satisfaction, demonstrating construct validity. Two additional items assessing Impulsivity were also analyzed, and demonstrated acceptable internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity. The CHRT-SR appears to be a reliable and valid tool to assess suicidality in persons with stimulant use disorder.

Korean translation and validation of the Community Commitment Scale for preventing social isolation in older adults.

The Community Commitment Scale was developed in Japan to measure communities' ability to prevent older adults' social isolation, including socializing and belonging in the community. We translated the scale into Korean (the Community Commitment Scale-Korean version [CCS-K]), and determined its internal consistency, concurrent validity and construct validity. Self-report questionnaires were administered to 326 local volunteers (82.8% women, 65.3% aged ≥60 years) in Korea. Internal consistency was analyzed with Cronbach's alpha. To evaluate the concurrent validity of the CCS-K, we used the Brief Sense of Community Index, the revised Generative Concern Scale and ratings of two questions that addressed helping elderly neighbors. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the CCS-K was 0.68. The correlation coefficients between the CCS-K and Brief Sense of Community Index or Generative Concern Scale, were 0.40 and 0.33 (P < 0.001), respectively. ANOVAs comparing the CCS-K between confidence levels for the two questions that addressed helping elderly neighbors showed large or medium-sized relationships (η2 = 0.14 and η2 = 0.08). A confirmatory factor analysis showed the CCS-K had adequate fit to the data (goodness of fit index = 0.965, adjusted goodness of fit index = 0.934, comparative fit index = 0.956 and root mean square error of approximation = 0.067). The CCS-K has acceptable internal consistency, concurrent validity and construct validity among Korean local volunteers. Thus, we can conclude that the CCS-K can be effectively applied. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 806-812.

The amyotrophic lateral sclerosis supportive care needs assessment instrument: Development and psychometric evaluation.

The aim of the study is to develop an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis supportive care needs (ALSSCN) instrument based on Fitch's Supportive Care Needs Framework and to test its psychometric properties. This study consists of three parts: (1) item generation from the literature review and qualitative interview; (2) content validation; and (3) psychometric evaluation of the instrument. Participants who were diagnosed with ALS (n = 139) were recruited from two ALS clinics in Seoul, Korea, and Busan, Korea for the psychometric testing.ResultThe ALSSCN consisted of 37 items with seven domains: physical, psychological, emotional, spiritual, social, informational, and practical needs. The Cronbach's alpha of each domain ranged from 0.61 (social needs) to 0.90 (emotional needs). The intra-class correlation coefficient for test-retest was 0.89, indicating good test-retest reliability. The overall ALSSCN was significantly negatively correlated with the quality of life, which supported convergent validity. Confirmatory factor analysis of the ALSSCN supported a seven-factor model.Significance of resultsThe ALSSCN has acceptable internal consistency, stability, and content and construct validity in a Korean ALS population. ALSSCN is a psychometrically sound measure and can be adopted by healthcare professionals, researchers, and administrators to comprehensively assess the perceived supportive care needs of patients with ALS.

Does service locus of control affect customer loyalty A study of Indian hotels

The importance of customer loyalty is paramount in hospitality and tourism. The current study is based upon same notion and caters to dual objectives. First objective of paper is to test the validity of SLOC scale proposed by Bradley and Sparks (2002) in Indian hospitality sector. The validation of the scale was done through confirmatory factor analysis and discriminant as well as convergent validity was observed. The scale was administered to a sample of 304 business travellers (males = 173, females = 131). Results showed that the scale had high reliability and acceptable construct validity. The findings also suggest usefulness of SLOC in predicting customer loyalty. The study offers implications for hotel managers to effectively customise the service offering by understanding the importance of locus of control in service settings to eventually achieve capture loyalty. This is the first study to validate SLOC scale among Indian hotels and predict customer loyalty from SLOC constructs.

Criterion scores, construct validity and reliability of a web-based instrument to assess physiotherapists' clinical reasoning focused on behaviour change: 'Reasoning 4 Change'.

Background and aim: ‘Reasoning 4 Change’ (R4C) is a newly developed instrument, including four domains (D1–D4), to assess clinical practitioners' and students' clinical reasoning with a focus on clients' behaviour change in a physiotherapy context. To establish its use in education and research, its psychometric properties needed to be evaluated. The aim of the study was to generate criterion scores and evaluate the reliability and construct validity of a web-based version of the R4C instrument. Methods: Fourteen physiotherapy experts and 39 final-year physiotherapy students completed the R4C instrument and the Pain Attitudes and Beliefs Scale for Physiotherapists (PABS-PT). Twelve experts and 17 students completed the R4C instrument on a second occasion. The R4C instrument was evaluated with regard to: internal consistency (five subscales of D1); test-retest reliability (D1–D4); inter-rater reliability (D2–D4); and construct validity in terms of convergent validity (D1.4, D2, D4). Criterion scores were generated based on the experts' responses to identify the scores of qualified practitioners' clinical reasoning abilities. Results: For the expert and student samples, the analyses demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (α range: 0.67–0.91), satisfactory test-retest reliability (ICC range: 0.46–0.94) except for D3 for the experts and D4 for the students. The inter-rater reliability demonstrated excellent agreement within the expert group (ICC range: 0.94–1.0). The correlations between the R4C instrument and PABS-PT (r range: 0.06–0.76) supported acceptable construct validity. Conclusions: The web-based R4C instrument shows satisfactory psychometric properties and could be useful in education and research. The use of the instrument may contribute to a deeper understanding of physiotherapists' and students' clinical reasoning, valuable for curriculum development and improvements of competencies in clinical reasoning related to clients' behavioural change.

Validity of the Turkish Occupational Self Assessment for Elderly Individuals.

Occupational therapy practices in Turkey are increasing each year, but rehabilitation practitioners working in the occupational therapy field have limited instruments. The aim of this study was to analyze the validity of the Turkish version of the Occupational Self Assessment (OSA), which is based on the Model of Human Occupation. The data were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to determine construct validity. The Turkish OSA was administered with the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Old (WHOQOL-OLD) and the Functional Autonomy Measurement System (SMAF) to 117 elderly individuals to determine convergent validity. The Turkish OSA has acceptable construct validity scores (exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses). SMAF and WHOQOL-OLD Scales showed a moderately significant relationship with OSA competence total scores ( p < .01). The results indicate that the OSA is a valid instrument for determining occupational competence and values in elderly Turkish individuals.

A Modified Foot and Ankle Score for Assessing Patient Outcomes After First Metatarsophalangeal Arthrodesis

First metatarsophalangeal (MTP) arthrodesis is commonly used to treat many end-stage first MTP diseases. The most widely used scale for measuring the clinical outcomes after this procedure, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Hallux Metatarsophalangeal–Interphalangeal scale, has not been adequately validated and does not measure specific foot functions. Another outcome measure, the patient-reported Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) has acceptable construct validity but poor content validity. The FAOS scale has 42 questions, many of which are unrelated to the hallux. We designed a short-form FAOS (sf-FAOS) consisting of 11 questions that are more relevant to first MTP arthrodesis. The sf-FAOS includes a pain subscale and a function subscale, and the score of each subscale ranges from 0 (worst outcome) to 100 (best outcome). Our study has shown that the sf-FAOS scale has acceptable validity, reliability, and responsiveness. In 21 feet (16 patients) with hallux valgus after >1 year of follow-up, the mean sf-FAOS pain score had improved by 44.9 points after surgery (from 51.2 to 96.0; p < .001), and the mean sf-FAOS function score had improved by 22.5 points (from 47.3 to 69.8; p < .001). The improvement in the function score for running and jumping was limited.

Psychometric evaluation of the SARI stigma assessment scale and an understanding of stigma amongst people affected by leprosy in Iran

Background: The SARI (Stigma Assessment and Reduction of Impact) project was designed to measure and then reduce the burden of the stigma of leprosy. Since there is no valid and reliable Persian version of this tool in Iran, this research aimed to translate this tool and study its psychometry. Methods and materials: After determining the face and content validity, construct validity was determined using the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) method. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used in order to assess the reliability (internal consistency) of the tool, and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used in order to verify the reliability of SARI over time. Results: The results of this study show that the SARI tool has an acceptable content and construct validity. In terms of reliability, the value Cronbach’s alpha overall was 0.897. The inter-class correlation coefficient was calculated based on the test-retest results. According to the obtained coefficients, the reliability of SARI tool was considered acceptable. Conclusion: The results of the present study show that the reliability and validity of this tool are acceptable for use in related research in Iran.

Assessment of Body-Related Avoidance Behaviour: Validation of the German Version of the Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire (BIAQ) in Adolescents with Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa and Healthy Controls

Body image avoidance is conceptualised as a behavioural manifestation of body image disturbance, and describes efforts to avoid confrontation with one's own body. While studies have provided hints that body image avoidance in adulthood contributes to the development and maintenance of eating disorders, so far, there are no corresponding findings for adolescence. The Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire (BIAQ) is the most widely used international questionnaire for measuring body-related avoidance behaviour. As its German version has only been validated in an adult sample, the aim of the present study is to statistically test the questionnaire in adolescents with eating disorders. In total, N=127 female adolescents, including n=57 with Anorexia Nervosa, n=24 with Bulimia Nervosa, and n=46 healthy controls, answered the BIAQ as well as various other instruments for assessing body image disturbance and eating disorder symptoms. The factor structure assumed for the original English version, comprising the higher-order factor "body-related avoidance behaviour" and the 4 subfactors "clothing", "social activities", "eating restraint" and "grooming and weighing", was confirmed by a confirmatory factor analysis. With the exception of the scale "grooming and weighing", all scales showed mostly acceptable internal consistencies, test-retest reliability, differential validity and construct validity. Due to their satisfying psychometric properties, the use of the BIAQ scales "clothing", "social activities" and "eating restraint" can be recommended in research and practice for adolescence.

Validating Service Locus of Control Scale for Hotels in Sample of Indian Business Travelers

The purpose of this study was to validate the service locus of control (SLOC) scale in the hospitality sector in India. This article validated the SLOC scale (Bradley &amp; Sparks, 2002) with a sample of Indian business travelers. The study aimed at examining reliability and validity of the scale. The validation of the scale was done through confirmatory factor analysis and discriminant as well as convergent validity was observed. The scale was administered to a sample of 304 business travelers (males = 173, females = 131). Results showed that the scale had high reliability and acceptable construct validity among Indian business travelers. The study offers implications for marketers to effectively customize the service offering by understanding the importance of locus of control in service settings. This is the first study to validate the SLOC scale among Indian business travelers. Besides, this is the first study to implement this scale in the hospitality sector.

Validating a Mobile Learning Readiness Survey: Assessing Teachers' Dispositions Toward Adoption

Appraisal of the readiness of teachers to accept and use mobile devices for classroom instruction is a critical step whenever an expectation exists that the devices will be used to enhance student learning. Designing professional development requires assessment of teachers' readiness and willingness to embrace mobile learning for their students. This article features a validation study of a survey instrument for assessing the level of readiness of classroom teachers for teaching and learning with mobile devices. Through exploratory factor analysis of the Mobile Learning Readiness Survey (MLRS), four dimensions of readiness to teach with mobile devices were identified. These four factors are possibilities, benefits, preference, and external influences. Multidimensional scaling was then applied to the scales produced from items associated with the factors, in order to examine the associations among the constructs. Findings demonstrate that the constructs measured by the MLRS align with other established measures that would be expected to have significant associations with the newly developed MLRS scales. The instrument is demonstrated to possess desirable psychometric properties of respectable reliability, plus acceptable content, construct, and criterion-related validity, making it worthy of use in technology integration research and professional development contexts.

Development and examination of a functional reactive agility test for older adults.

Reactive agility tests have become popular in sport for talent identification; however, the ability of these tests to evaluate physical function and falls risk in clinical populations warrants future study. To examine the reliability and construct validity of a novel functional reactive agility test (FRAT) across the lifespan. Forty-three young (24 ± 2years), 32 middle-aged (50 ± 2years), and 19 old (66 ± 4years) men performed a FRAT that included a rapid lateral movement (1.5m) in response to a randomly delayed visual stimulus. Test-retest reliability and minimum difference (MD) scores were determined from a subset of participants. There was no systematic error (P > 0.087) between testing days, and the intraclass correlation coefficients, standard error of measurement (% of the mean), and MD values for decision time, movement time, and total time ranged from 0.876 to 0.949, 4.16-9.24%, and 0.128-0.138s, respectively. The young men had faster decision times (P = 0.027) when compared to the older men and faster total times when compared to the middle-aged and older men (P < 0.001). The FRAT demonstrated acceptable reliability and construct validity between different age groups. Due to its limited space requirements, the FRAT may serve as a useful tool in future studies examining clinical populations.

Validation of the Mandarin Chinese Version of the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire.

The Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire (PSQ), a self-reported scale, has been used to assess the pain sensitivity level in a Caucasian population. However, a validated Mandarin Chinese version of the PSQ is not available. This study was aimed to translate the PSQ into Mandarin Chinese (PSQ-C) and validate it to measure pain sensitivity among Chinese people. The English version of the PSQ has been translated into Mandarin Chinese (PSQ-C), according to the standard steps of cross-cultural adaptation of self-reported scales. Three of the 17 items were revised owing to cultural adaptation. The final version was validated on a population of 182 Chinese people in Changsha City, China, during October to December 2015. The participants underwent electrical experimental pain testing. The psychometric properties of the PSQ-C and its subscales were examined. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the PSQ-C-total, PSQ-C-moderate, and PSQ-C-minor were 0.90, 0.86, and 0.81, respectively. Acceptable test-retest reliability, content validity, and construct validity were demonstrated. Concurrent validity was shown via significant positive correlations between PSQ-C scores and perceived pain intensity at pain threshold and during pain stimulation with a fixed intensity. Convergent validity was shown via significant positive correlations between Pain Catastrophizing Scale scores and PSQ-C scores. Known group validity was demonstrated via higher PSQ-C-total and PSQ-C-moderate scores among those with high neuroticism scores. These results indicate that the PSQ-C has reasonably good psychometric properties, similar to the original English and German versions. The PSQ-C is a reliable and useful tool to assess pain sensitivity levels in a Chinese population.

Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition

With recent revisions, the evaluation of the reliability and validity of the Test of Gross Motor Development—3rd edition (TGMD-3) is necessary. The TGMD-3 was administered to 807 children (M age = 6.33 ± 2.09 years; 52.5% male). Reliability assessments found that correlations with age were moderate to large; ball skills had a higher correlation (r = .47) compared with locomotor skills (r = .39). Internal consistency was very high in each age group and remained excellent for all racial/ethnic groups and both sexes. Test-retest reliability had high ICC agreements for the locomotor (ICC = 0.97), ball skills (ICC = 0.95), and total TGMD-3 (ICC = 0.97). For validity measures, the TGMD-3 had above acceptable item difficulty (range = 0.43–0.91) and item discrimination values (range = 0.34–0.67). EFA supported a one-factor structure of gross motor skill competence for the TGMD-3 with 73.82% variance explained. CFA supported the one-factor model (χ2(65) = 327.61, p &lt; .001, CFI = .95, TLI = .94, RMSEA = .10), showing acceptable construct validity for the TGMD-3. Preliminary results show the TGMD-3 exhibits high levels of validity and reliability, providing confidence for the usage and collection of new norms.