Accelerometer-measured Activity Research Articles

Recent Cannabis Use and Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Among Young-to-Midlife Adults: An Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2011 to 2014.

Introduction: Cannabis use has been associated with reduced physical activity and increased sedentary behavior in adolescents. In adults, however, there is no conclusive evidence of such an association, and existing studies have primarily relied on self-reported activity measures. As cannabis use increases globally, a deeper understanding of its relationship with activity levels may inform clinical counseling and guidelines. This study investigated the association between recent cannabis use and accelerometer-measured activity. Methods: Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2014. We included adults in the United States who responded to a cannabis questionnaire and had at least 4 days of activity data from an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer, which comprised participants from 18 to 59 years. The primary exposure was any self-reported cannabis use in the past 30 days. The primary outcome was daily sedentary time and secondary outcomes were daily light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Analyses were performed with multivariable quasi-Poisson regression models. Results: Of 4666 included adults, 658 (14.1%) reported recent cannabis use. After covariate adjustment, recent cannabis use was not associated with daily sedentary time (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.98-1.01) or daily MVPA time (aIRR 1.01, 95% CI: 0.98-1.04). Daily LPA time was 4% greater with recent cannabis use (aIRR 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.06). Conclusion: Recent cannabis use in young to midlife adults was not associated with accelerometer-measured sedentary or MVPA time, but it was associated with a marginal increase in LPA time of unclear clinical significance. Our findings provide evidence against existing concerns that cannabis use independently promotes sedentary behavior and decreases physical activity. Future prospective studies are needed to determine if these findings generalize to specific populations using cannabis including chronic pain patients.

Evaluating the timing of differences in activity related to depression symptoms across adulthood in the United States

BackgroundRelative activity deficits found in people with (verses without) depression symptoms/disorders may accumulate uniformly throughout the day, or they may tend to be expressed at specific times. Evidence for the latter would suggest times when behavioral approaches are most needed to reduce depression and its health consequences. MethodsWe performed a secondary-data analysis of participants who contributed valid accelerometer data at the 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n=4390). Participants were categorized according to the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 standard cut-point of ≥10 (i.e., people with versus without clinically significant depression symptoms). Average levels of accelerometer-measured activity in two-hour bins were the dependent variable in mixed models testing if the relationship between depression status and activity level differed by time of day; and if any such relations varied by age group (18–29 years, 30–44 years, 45–59 years, and 60+ years). ResultsIn adults over the age of 30, people with depression symptoms had generally lower levels of activity across the day, but these effects were most markedly pronounced in the morning hours. We found no differences in activity levels associated with prevalent depression symptoms among people 18–30 years of age. LimitationsCore aspects of depression pathophysiology that produce these different activity patterns and confer their effects on mood were not measured. ConclusionsIn adults 30 years and older, efforts to ameliorate relative activity deficits associated with depression may benefit from considering the apparently outsized role of inactivity that occurs in the morning.

Physical activity and cold pain tolerance in the general population.

The relationship between habitual physical activity (PA) and experimental pain tolerance has been investigated in small samples of young, healthy and/or single-sex volunteers. We used a large, population-based sample to assess this relationship in men and women with and without chronic pain. We used data from the sixth and seventh Tromsø Study surveys (2007-2008; 2015-2016), with assessed pain tolerance of participants with the cold pressor test (CPT: dominant hand in circulating cold water at 3°C, maximum test time 106s), and self-reported total amount of habitual PA in leisure time (n=19,087), exercise frequency (n=19,388), exercise intensity (n=18,393) and exercise duration (n=18,343). A sub-sample had PA measured by accelerometers (n=4,922). We used Cox regression to compare CPT tolerance times between self-reported PA levels. For accelerometer-measured PA, we estimated hazard ratios for average daily activity counts, and for average daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA done in bouts lasting 10min or more. Models were tested for PA-sex, and PA-chronic pain and PA-moderate-to-severe chronic pain interactions. Leisure-time PA, exercise intensity and exercise duration were positively associated with CPT tolerance (p<.001; p=.011; p<.001). More PA was associated with higher CPT tolerance. At high levels of leisure-time PA and exercise intensity, men had a significantly higher CPT tolerance than women. Accelerometer-measured PA was not associated with CPT tolerance. This study is one of the first to show that higher self-reported habitual PA was connected to higher experimental pain tolerance in a population-based sample, especially for men. This was not found for accelerometer-measured PA. This study finds that higher level of self-reported leisure-time physical activity is associated with increased cold pressor pain tolerance in a large population-based sample. Though present in both sexes, the association is strongest among men. Despite the robust dose-response relationship between pain tolerance and self-reported activity level, no such relationship was found for accelerometer-measured activity, reflecting a possible discrepancy in the aspect of physical activity measured. Though the study design does not permit causal conclusions, the findings suggest that increasing physical activity may increase pain tolerance in the general population.

Abstract 14963: Accelerometer-measured Activity in Non-obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Patient-generated Activity Measures Correlate With, and Are Convolutional Neural Network Predictors of, Clinical Parameters in the MAVERICK-HCM Study

Introduction: Overall activity characteristics for patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) have not been quantified previously. The relationship between physical activity quantified by accelerometry and biomarkers, exercise capacity, and quality of life in patients with HCM is also unknown. Methods: MAVERICK-HCM was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 16-week study of mavacamten in 59 patients with symptomatic non-obstructive HCM. Patients were asked to wear ActiGraph GT9X Link wrist-worn monitors for ≥11 days between screening and day 1, and between weeks 12 and 16. Features derived from raw accelerometry data included average daily accelerometer units (ADAU) and step count. Univariate Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between accelerometry data and clinical parameters among all patients. A multi-task convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained on raw accelerometry datapoints to jointly predict clinical markers of HCM severity. Test and training sets were derived by randomly segmenting each patient’s triaxial accelerometry data into non-overlapping minute intervals. Results: Fifty patients wore the accelerometer for ≥1 compliant day. Mean wear time was 12 days during screening and 10 days during treatment. Activity measures are summarized and average step count was 3,076 steps at baseline ( Table ). Activity features correlated with peak oxygen uptake (pVO 2 ), log NT-proBNP, and KCCQ score ( Table ). CNN predictions of clinical measures from activity data found Spearman R correlations of 0.82 for pVO 2 , 0.92 for log NT-proBNP, 0.82 for KCCQ, and 0.79 for E/e’. Conclusions: HCM patients in the MAVERICK study averaged only 3,000 steps/day. Markers of physical activity drawn from accelerometry are associated with standard clinical markers of HCM severity. Deep learning models can be constructed to predict markers of HCM severity from patients’ raw accelerometry data.

Physical Activity Does Not Lower the Risk of Lung Cancer.

Observational studies have suggested that physical activity might lower the risk of lung cancer in former and current smokers, but not in never-smokers. Using genetic instruments for self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity traits implemented through two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR), we sought to strengthen the evidence for causality. We used 18 genome-wide significant (P < 5 × 10-8) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) for self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and seven SNP for accelerometer-measured ("average acceleration") physical activity from up to 377,234 UK Biobank participants and evaluated these in relation to risk using 29,266 lung cancer cases (including 11,273 adenocarcinomas, 7,426 squamous cell carcinoma, and 2,664 small-cell carcinoma cases) and 56,450 controls. MR analysis suggested no effect of self-reported physical activity [OR (95% confidence interval (CI)) = 0.67 (0.42-1.05); P = 0.081; Q-value = 0.243] and accelerometer-measured activity [OR (95% CI) = 0.98 (0.93-1.03); P = 0.372; Q-value = 0.562] on lung cancer. There was no evidence for associations of physical activity with histologic types and lung cancer in ever and never smokers. Replication analysis using genetic instruments from a different genome-wide study and sensitivity analysis to address potential pleiotropic effects led to no substantive change in estimates. Collectively, these findings do not support a protective relationship between physical activity and the risk of lung cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: A new genetic study provides little evidence that recommending physical activity would help prevent lung cancer.

Correlates of physical activity behavior in adults: a data mining approach

PurposeA data mining approach was applied to establish a multilevel hierarchy predicting physical activity (PA) behavior, and to methodologically identify the correlates of PA behavior.MethodsCross-sectional data from the population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 study, collected in the most recent follow-up at age 46, were used to create a hierarchy using the chi-square automatic interaction detection (CHAID) decision tree technique for predicting PA behavior. PA behavior is defined as active or inactive based on machine-learned activity profiles, which were previously created through a multidimensional (clustering) approach on continuous accelerometer-measured activity intensities in one week. The input variables (predictors) used for decision tree fitting consisted of individual, demographical, psychological, behavioral, environmental, and physical factors. Using generalized linear mixed models, we also analyzed how factors emerging from the model were associated with three PA metrics, including daily time (minutes per day) in sedentary (SED), light PA (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), to assure the relative importance of methodologically identified factors.ResultsOf the 4582 participants with valid accelerometer data at the latest follow-up, 2701 and 1881 had active and inactive profiles, respectively. We used a total of 168 factors as input variables to classify these two PA behaviors. Out of these 168 factors, the decision tree selected 36 factors of different domains from which 54 subgroups of participants were formed. The emerging factors from the model explained minutes per day in SED, LPA, and/or MVPA, including body fat percentage (SED: B = 26.5, LPA: B = − 16.1, and MVPA: B = − 11.7), normalized heart rate recovery 60 s after exercise (SED: B = -16.1, LPA: B = 9.9, and MVPA: B = 9.6), average weekday total sitting time (SED: B = 34.1, LPA: B = -25.3, and MVPA: B = -5.8), and extravagance score (SED: B = 6.3 and LPA: B = − 3.7).ConclusionsUsing data mining, we established a data-driven model composed of 36 different factors of relative importance from empirical data. This model may be used to identify subgroups for multilevel intervention allocation and design. Additionally, this study methodologically discovered an extensive set of factors that can be a basis for additional hypothesis testing in PA correlates research.

Metabolic Syndrome and Physical Activity Levels in College Students.

Background: It is estimated that >30% of young adults attending college are overweight or obese and do not participate in enough physical activity (PA) to maintain a healthy body mass. Many of the known risk factors that are often associated with obesity also place an individual at risk for developing metabolic syndrome (MetS). The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of MetS and the magnitude and rate of PA levels in college students. Methods: Seventy-six college-aged students participated in the study. The following information was obtained from each participant: body anthropometrics, fasting glucose and lipoproteins, and accelerometer-measured activity levels. Participants wore, at the waist, the wireless activity monitor (wGT3X-BT; ActiGraph, Pensacola, FL) for seven consecutive days to monitor PA levels. MetS was determined if the participant met three of the five criteria utilizing the National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines. Results: More than half of the participants had at least one criterion, with the overall prevalence of MetS being 9.2%. MetS participants were more sedentary (84.8% vs. 91.0%, P < 0.001) and engaged in less light activities (8.9% vs. 6.0%, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Current activity levels in college students do not meet the established guidelines for total steps per day, elevating the risk of acquiring metabolic disorders.

Associations of neighborhood walkability with intensity- and bout-specific physical activity and sedentary behavior of older adults in Japan.

We examined the relationships of objectively-measured walkability with accelerometer-measured activity patterns including bout-specific moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light-intensity physical activity (LPA) and sedentary behavior in older Japanese adults. This cross-sectional study included 450 men and women (mean age 74 years) who were randomly selected from a resident registry of each municipality (Bunkyo, Fuchu and Oyama city). Neighborhood walkability was assessed using geographic information system data and activity patterns by a validated accelerometer (Active style Pro HJA-350IT). MVPA was assessed as overall (all minutes), short-bout (<10 min) and long-bout (≥10 min). We used analysis of covariance to examine environmental relationships with the three MVPA measures, LPA and sedentary behavior by quartiles of walkability, adjusting for accelerometer wear time and sociodemographic, behavioral and health-related factors. In total, 27% of participants achieved ≥150 min/week of long-bout MVPA. Walkability was not associated with overall MVPA (Q1 = 35.0, Q2 = 31.9, Q3 = 31.4, Q4 = 34.2 min/day) Older adults living in low-walkability areas significantly accumulated more short-bout MVPA (Q1 = 27.2, Q2 = 22.1, Q3 = 20.1, Q4 = 20.5 min/day) and LPA (Q1 = 346, Q2 = 311, Q3 = 289, Q4 = 284 min/day), but less sedentary behavior (Q1 = 479, Q2 = 520, Q3 = 544, Q4 = 544 min/day) than those living in high-walkability areas. Those living in low-walkability areas accumulated more LPA and short-bout MVPA. These activities might be helpful targets for initiatives to promote physical activity among older adult residents of low-walkability areas. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 861-867.

Abstract 041: Perceived and Objective Characteristics of the Neighborhood Environment Are Associated With Accelerometer Measured Sedentary Time and Physical Activity, the CARDIA Study

Introduction: Growing evidence suggests that features of the neighborhood environment are associated with moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA). Less is known about whether the neighborhood environment is associated with sedentary time (SED) or light-intensity physical activity (LPA), two emerging, independent risk factors for adverse health outcomes. Objective: To investigate the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of perceived and objective characteristics of the neighborhood environment with accelerometer-measured SED, LPA, and MVPA. Methods: Participants were 2,120 men and women from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study who took part in the year 20 (2005-2006, aged 38-50 years) and year 30 exams (2015-2016, aged 48-60 years). Characteristics of the neighborhood environment assessed at year 20 included self-reported neighborhood cohesion, self-reported resources for physical activity, and objectively-measured neighborhood poverty and racial residential segregation using geocoded addresses linked to U.S. Census data. Physical activity was measured by accelerometer at year 20 in the full sample, and at year 30 in a sub-sample (n=892). Multivariable linear regression models examined cross-sectional associations of neighborhood measures at year 20 with SED, LPA, and MVPA assessed that year, and with 10-year changes in SED, LPA, and MVPA. Differences by race and sex group were also examined. Results: In cross-sectional analyses, each one standard deviation increase in the neighborhood cohesion score was associated with 4.1 less SED minutes/day (95% CI: -8.0, -0.2, p=0.04), and 4.5 more LPA minutes/day (95% CI: 0.9, 8.0, p=0.01). Each one standard deviation increase in the neighborhood resources score was associated with 1.2 more MVPA minutes/day (95% CI: 0.1, 2.3, p=0.04). A one standard deviation increase in neighborhood poverty was associated with 11.1 less SED minutes/day (95% CI: -21.2, -1.2, p=0.03) and 10.6 more LPA minutes/day (95% CI: 1.8, 19.4, p=0.02), among black men only. None of the neighborhood characteristics were associated with 10-year changes in activity in the full study sample; however, each one standard deviation increase in the neighborhood cohesion score was associated with a 10-year decrease of 25.4 SED minutes/day (95% CI: -46.7, -4.1, p=0.02) and a 10-year increase of 19.0 LPA minutes/day (95% CI: 1.9, 36.1, p=0.03), among black men only. Conclusions: Higher neighborhood cohesion and resources were beneficially associated with accelerometer-measured activity in cross-sectional analyses; however, neighborhood characteristics did not associate with 10-year changes in activity. Differences were observed by race and sex, with more robust findings observed in black men for neighborhood poverty and cohesion.

School-based secondary prevention of overweight and obesity among 8- to 12-year old children: Design and sample characteristics of the SNAPSHOT trial

Rising levels of severe obesity among children, worsening disparities by race and ethnicity and reluctance of primary care clinicians' to provide obesity management to children are compelling reasons to consider alternatives to primary care management of childhood obesity. The Students Nurses and Parents Seeking Healthy Options Together (SNAPSHOT) trial will test the efficacy of an elementary school-based, school nurse-led, healthy weight management program to reduce excess weight gain among children, 8- to 12-years old with a body mass index (BMI) ≥75th percentile, by increasing healthy dietary practices and physical activity and decreasing sedentary behaviors. SNAPSHOT has enrolled and randomized 132 child/parent dyads to either the: (1) 9-month SNAPSHOT intervention that includes four home visits, 14 kid groups held during out-of-school time and five parent groups or (2) a newsletter program consisting of monthly mailings and family-focused healthy lifestyle information. Outcomes are assessed at baseline, 12-months (post intervention) and 24-months (follow-up) post randomization. The primary outcome is child age- and gender-adjusted BMI z-score. Secondary outcomes include child dietary intake assessed with 24-h dietary recall interviews and accelerometer-measured activity levels. The SNAPSHOT intervention is a model of secondary obesity prevention for children that addresses the urgent need for theory-informed, evidence-based and safe weight management programs, delivered by skilled health professionals in accessible settings. This report describes development of the SNAPSHOT trial, including recruitment and randomization procedures, assessments, intervention and implementation plans, and baseline characteristics of the study sample.

Domain-specific physical activity and affective wellbeing among adolescents: an observational study of the moderating roles of autonomous and controlled motivation

BackgroundAbundant evidence demonstrates a relationship between physical activity and mental wellbeing. However, the strength of the relationship is not consistent. Factors contributing to variation in the strength of association are not well understood and, therefore, it remains difficult to optimize physical activity to ensure the strongest possible relationship with mental health. Self-determination theory suggests that more autonomously motivated behaviors lead to better mental health outcomes, when compared to more controlled behaviors. Therefore, we examined whether autonomous and controlled motivation moderated the relationships between physical activity and affective wellbeing within two domains (i.e., leisure-time and active travel).MethodsBetween February and April 2014, adolescents (N = 1632, M age = 12.94 years, SD = 0.54, 55% male) wore an accelerometer across seven-days and completed self-report measures of leisure-time physical activity and active travel. They also completed two measures of motivation (towards leisure-time physical activity and active travel) and an affective wellbeing measure.ResultsStructural equation modeling revealed that greater self-reported leisure-time physical activity was associated with greater positive affect (β = .29) and less negative affect (β = −.19) and that motivation did not moderate these relationships. Self-reported active travel had no linear relationship with affective wellbeing, and motivation did not moderate these relationships. Accelerometer-measured leisure-time physical activity had no relationship with positive affect but, had a weak inverse association with negative affect (β = −.09), and neither relationship was moderated by motivation. Accelerometer-measured active travel had no association with positive affect; however, autonomous motivation significantly moderated this association such that active travel had a positive association with positive affect when autonomous motivation was high (β = .09), but a negative association when autonomous motivation was low (β = −.07). Accelerometer-measured active travel had no association with negative affect. Despite some significant moderation effects, motivation did not consistently moderate the relationship between all physical activity variables (leisure-time and active travel, and self-report and accelerometer) and affective outcomes.ConclusionsTailoring physical activity interventions and guidelines to prioritize leisure-time ahead of other life domains could benefit wellbeing. Promoting autonomous participation in active travel may also be associated with increased wellbeing among adolescents.

Web-Based Physical Activity Intervention for Latina Adolescents: Feasibility, Acceptability, and Potential Efficacy of the Niñas Saludables Study.

BackgroundPhysical activity is markedly low in Latina adolescents, yet few physical activity interventions have been attempted in this population. Web-based interventions can incorporate theory-based components, be appealing to adolescents, and have potential for low-cost dissemination.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of a Web-based physical activity intervention for Latina adolescents in a single-arm pilot trial.MethodsA total of 21 Latina adolescents (aged 12-18 years) who could read and write in English and were underactive (<90 min/week) participated in a 12-week, theory-informed Web-based physical activity intervention. The intervention website was modified from a previous Web-based intervention for Latina adults. Web content was individually tailored based on the responses to monthly questionnaires. Feasibility was measured by recruitment, retention, and adherence/engagement, and acceptability was measured by satisfaction surveys. Physical activity was measured at baseline and follow-up (12 weeks) using the 7-day physical activity recall (PAR) interview and accelerometers.ResultsBaseline activity as measured by the 7-day PAR and accelerometers was 24.7 (SD 26.11) and 24.8 (SD 38.3) min/week, respectively. At 12 weeks, 19 participants (90%, 19/21) returned. Adherence and engagement with materials were low, but 72% (15/21) of the participants indicated that they were satisfied with the intervention. Activity at 12 weeks increased by 58.8 (SD 11.33) min/week measured by the 7-day PAR (P<.001). Accelerometer-measured activity did not increase. Activities reported at follow-up were more varied than at baseline, including some activities measured poorly by accelerometers (eg, biking and swimming). Participants suggested simplifying the website and incorporating other technologies.ConclusionsGood retention and increases in self-reported activity suggest a promising approach to delivering a physical activity intervention to Latina adolescents. Incorporating other technologies, such as smartphone apps, could make the intervention more engaging, acceptable, and effective.

Evaluation of the Environmental Bias on Accelerometer-Measured Total Daily Activity Counts and Owner Survey Responses in Dogs with Osteoarthritis.

Objective To determine if environmental variables affect the average daily activity counts (AC) of dogs with osteoarthritis (OA) and/or owners' perception of their dog's clinical signs or quality of life. Methods The AC and Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) owner questionnaires of 62 dogs with OA were compared with daily environmental variables including the following: average temperature (°C), high temperature (°C), low temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), total precipitation (mm), average barometric pressure (hPa) and total daylight hours. Results Daily AC significantly correlated with average temperature and total daylight hours, but average temperature and total daylight hours accounted for less than 1% of variation in AC. No other significant relationships were found between daily AC and daily high temperature, low temperature, relative humidity, total precipitation or average barometric pressure. No statistical relationship was found between daily AC and the CBPI, nor between environmental variables and the CBPI. Canine Brief Pain Inventory scores for pain severity and pain interference decreased significantly over the test period. Clinical Significance The relationship between daily AC and average temperature and total daylight hours was significant, but unlikely to be clinically significant. Thus, environmental variables do not appear to have a clinically relevant bias on AC or owner CBPI questionnaires. The decrease over time in CBPI pain severity and pain interference values suggests owners completing the CBPI in this study were influenced by a caregiver placebo effect.

Association between Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Mortality in NHANES.

We examined total activity, light activity, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) as predictors of mortality in a nationally representative sample of older adults. Then we explored the theoretical consequences of replacing sedentary time with the same duration of light activity or MVPA. Using accelerometer-measured activity, the associations between total activity, light activity (100-2019 counts per minute), and MVPA (>2019 counts per minute) counts and mortality were examined in adults age 50 to 79 yr in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2006 (n = 3029), with mortality follow-up through December 2011. Cox proportional hazard models were fitted to estimate mortality risks. An isotemporal substitution model was used to examine the theoretical consequences of replacing sedentary time with light activity or MVPA on mortality. After adjusting for potential confounders, including age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, BMI, and the presence of comorbid conditions, those in the highest tertile of total activity counts had one fifth the risk of death of those in the lowest tertile (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.12-0.38), and those in the middle tertile had one third the risk of death (HR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.30-0.44). In addition, replacing 30 min of sedentary time with light activity was associated with significant reduction in mortality risk (after 5 yr of follow-up: HR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.75-0.85). Replacing 30 min of sedentary time with MVPA was also associated with reduction in mortality risk (HR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.25-0.97). Greater total activity is associated with lower all-cause mortality risk. Replacing sedentary time with light activity or MVPA may reduce mortality risk for older adults.

Validation of parent-reported physical activity and sedentary time by accelerometry in young children.

BackgroundIt is unknown if young children’s parent-reported physical activity and sedentary time are correlated with direct measures. The study objectives were to compare parent-reported physical and sedentary activity versus directly measured accelerometer data in early childhood.MethodsFrom 2013 to 2014, 117 healthy children less than 6 years of age were recruited to wear Actical accelerometers for 7 days. Accelerometer data and questionnaires were available on 87 children (74 %). Average daily physical activity was defined as the sum of activity ≥100 counts per minute, and sedentary time as the sum of activity <100 counts per minute during waking hours. Parents reported daily physical activity (unstructured free play in and out of school, and organized activities) and selected sedentary behaviors (screen time, stroller time, time in motor vehicle). Spearman correlation coefficients and Bland–Altman plots were used to assess the validity of parent-reported measures compared to accelerometer data.ResultsTotal physical activity was significantly greater when measured by accelerometer than parent-report; the median difference was 131 min/day (p < 0.001). Parent-reported child physical activity was weak to moderately correlated with directly measured total physical activity (r = 0.39, 95 % CI 0.19, 0.56). The correlations between types of physical activity (unstructured free play in and outside of school/daycare, and organized structured activity) and accelerometer were r = 0.30 (95 % CI 0.09, 0.49); r = 0.42 (95 % CI 0.23, 0.58); r = 0.26 (95 % CI 0.05, 0.46), respectively. There was no correlation between parent-reported and accelerometer-measured total sedentary time in children (r = 0.10, 95 % CI −0.12, 0.33). When the results were stratified by age group (<18, 18–47, and 48–70 months of age) no statistically significant correlations were observed and some inverse associations were observed.ConclusionsThe correlation between parent-report of young children’s physical activity and accelerometer-measured activity was weak to moderate depending on type of activity and age group. Parent-report of children’s sedentary time was not correlated with accelerometer-measured sedentary time. Additional validation studies are needed to determine if parent-reported measures of physical activity and sedentary time are valid among children less than 6 years of age and across these young age groups.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1648-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Abstract 18420: Does Maximum 10-hour Daily Activity From Objective Activity Monitoring Correlate With Self-reported or Performance-based Function in Older Adults With Severe Aortic Stenosis?

Objectives: In older adults with aortic stenosis, we evaluated whether accelerometer-measured physical activity provides distinct clinical information apart from self-reported surveys or performance-based function tests (PBFT). Background: Wearable accelerometers can objectively quantify and monitor activity counts over an extended period of time, making them an ideal tool for measuring physical activity in older adults with cardiovascular disease; however, the relationship between accelerometer-measured activity and self-reported surveys or PBFT is unknown. Methods: We employed wrist-mounted accelerometry in 54 subjects with severe aortic stenosis prior to TAVR. Daily daytime activity was estimated using the maximum 10 hours of daily accelerometer-measured activity (M10) reported in activity counts. Subjects completed baseline surveys (NYHA, SF12, KCCQ, EQ-5D, LOT-R, Life Space, Detailed Activity Form) and PBFT (short physical performance battery, 6 minute walk test, grip strength) to estimate functional status. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between accelerometer-measured activity and survey data and PBFT. Results: The mean age was 87 years, 61% were female. Median ejection fraction was 63% (IQR 12). Most were NYHA Class III (65%), none were Class IV. There was a weak negative association between M10 and SF-12 Mental Composite Score (R2=0.1970, P=0.04) and between M10 and grip strength (R2=0.1568, P=0.004). However, neither multiple linear regression of overall survey data (R2=0.6159, P=0.23) nor PBFT (R2=0.1743, P=0.10) predicted M10. Conclusions: Self-reported surveys and performance-based function tests did not correlate well with maximal 10 hours of daily accelerometer-measured activity in older adults with aortic stenosis. Further studies will evaluate the distinct utility of accelerometer-measured activity in older adults with aortic stenosis predicting outcomes of TAVR.

Relationship Between Accelerometer-Measured Activity and Self-Reported or Performance-Based Function in Older Adults with Severe Aortic Stenosis.

In older adults with aortic stenosis, we evaluated whether accelerometer-measured physical activity provides distinct clinical information apart from self-reported surveys or performance-based function tests. We employed wrist-mounted accelerometry in 52 subjects with severe aortic stenosis prior to transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Daily daytime activity was estimated using the maximum 10 h of daily accelerometer-measured activity (M10) reported in activity counts. Subjects completed baseline surveys (New York Heart Association (NYHA), Short Form 12 (SF12), Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ), EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D), Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R), Life Space, Detailed Activity Form) and performance-based function tests (Short Physical Performance Battery, 6-min walk test distance, grip strength) to estimate functional status. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between accelerometer-measured activity and survey data and performance-based function tests. Among all baseline surveys and performance-based function tests, the only statistically significant univariable relationships identified were weak, negative associations between M10 and SF-12 Mental Composite Score (R2=0.1970, P=0.04) and between M10 and grip strength (R2=0.1568, P=0.004). Neither multiple linear regression of overall survey data (R2=0.6159, P=0.23) nor performance-based function tests (R2=0.1743, P=0.10) correlated with M10. Self-reported surveys and performance-based function tests are not meaningfully correlated with daytime accelerometer-measured activity. The results of our study suggest that accelerometer-measured physical activity provides distinct clinical information apart from self-reported surveys or performance-based function tests.

Physical activity and sedentary behavior in breast cancer survivors: New insight into activity patterns and potential intervention targets

BackgroundInactivity and sedentary behavior are related to poorer health outcomes in breast cancer survivors. However, few studies examining these behaviors in survivors have used objective measures, considered activities other than moderate-to-vigorous intensity activity (MVPA) and/or sedentary behavior (i.e. low intensity activities) or compared survivors to healthy controls. The purpose of the present study is to compare accelerometer-measured activity of various intensities (total, light, lifestyle, MVPA) and sedentary behavior between breast cancer survivors and non-cancer controls. MethodsAn imputation-based approach of independent sample t-tests adjusting for multiple comparisons was used to compare estimates of participation in each activity and sedentary behavior between survivors [n=398; M(SD)age=56.95 (9.11)] and block-matched non-cancer controls [n=1120; M(SD)age=54.88 (16.11)]. Potential moderating effects of body mass index (BMI), age, and education were also examined. ResultsBreast cancer survivors registered less daily total (282.8 v. 346.9) light (199.1 v. 259.3) and lifestyle (62.0 v. 71.7) activity minutes and more MVPA (21.6 v. 15.9) and sedentary behavior (555.7 v. 500.6) minutes than controls (p<0.001 for all). These relationships were largely consistent across BMI, age and education. On average, survivors spent an estimated 66.4% of their waking time sedentary and 31.1% in light/lifestyle activity and 2.6% in MVPA. ConclusionsBreast cancer survivors are more sedentary and participate in less low intensity activity than controls. Although survivors registered more MVPA, these levels were insufficient. Future research should explore these differences and potential benefits of targeting low intensity activities and reducing sedentary time in this population.

Dose Reduction of Meloxicam in Dogs with Osteoarthritis‐Associated Pain and Impaired Mobility

Progressive nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) dose reduction appears logical; however, there is no evidence-based medicine indicating that efficacy is maintained as dose is reduced. To determine if NSAID dose can be reduced and pain relief and mobility can be maintained in dogs with osteoarthritis (OA). Client-owned dogs (n = 59) with OA-associated impaired mobility and pain. Prospective, randomized, blinded study. After 14 days wash-out, dogs were randomized to reducing dose (RDG) (n = 30) or maintenance dose (MDG) (n = 29). MDG received standard dose meloxicam. RDG received a reducing dose from D28 onward, reducing to 0% of maintenance for the final 2 weeks. Assessments were at D14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98 and 112 using subjective owner assessments, accelerometry (AM), and standing percent body weight distribution (%BW). A Kaplan-Meier survival curve described how dogs dropped out because of insufficient pain control. A Log-rank test compared the groups. More dogs in RDG (13) dropped out because of owner-evaluated insufficient pain control compared with MDG (5) (P = .029; odds ratio: 3.67; median dropout time: 84 days in each group). For the dogs that did not drop out (n = 41), there were no significant differences between groups in owner assessments (P > .2 for each), %BW placed on the index limb (P = .750), or accelerometer-measured activity (P = .14). Dose reduction is a less effective means of pain control compared with maintained dosing. However, NSAID dose reduction with maintained efficacy is possible, but success appears to be individual dog dependent.

Adults' physical activity patterns across life domains: cluster analysis with replication.

Identifying adults' physical activity patterns across multiple life domains could inform the design of interventions and policies. Cluster analysis was conducted with adults in two U.S. regions (Baltimore/Washington, DC, n = 702; Seattle, WA [King County], n = 987) to identify different physical activity patterns based on adults' reported physical activity across four life domains: leisure, occupation, transport, and home. Objectively measured physical activity, and psychosocial and built (physical) environment characteristics of activity patterns were examined. Accelerometer-measured activity, reported domain-specific activity, psychosocial characteristics, built environment, body mass index. Three clusters replicated (κ = .90-.93) across both regions: Low Activity, Active Leisure, and Active Job. The Low Activity and Active Leisure adults were demographically similar, but Active Leisure adults had the highest psychosocial and built environment support for activity, highest accelerometer-measured activity, and lowest body mass index. Compared to the other clusters, the Active Job cluster had lower socioeconomic status and intermediate accelerometer-measured activity. Adults can be clustered into groups based on their patterns of accumulating physical activity across life domains. Differences in psychosocial and built environment support between the identified clusters suggest that tailored interventions for different subgroups may be beneficial.