Acceleration Test Research Articles

A general Bayesian algorithm for the autonomous alignment of beamlines.

Autonomous methods to align beamlines can decrease the amount of time spent on diagnostics, and also uncover better global optima leading to better beam quality. The alignment of these beamlines is a high-dimensional expensive-to-sample optimization problem involving the simultaneous treatment of many optical elements with correlated and nonlinear dynamics. Bayesian optimization is a strategy of efficient global optimization that has proved successful in similar regimes in a wide variety of beamline alignment applications, though it has typically been implemented for particular beamlines and optimization tasks. In this paper, we present a basic formulation of Bayesian inference and Gaussian process models as they relate to multi-objective Bayesian optimization, as well as the practical challenges presented by beamline alignment. We show that the same general implementation of Bayesian optimization with special consideration for beamline alignment can quickly learn the dynamics of particular beamlines in an online fashion through hyperparameter fitting with no prior information. We present the implementation of a concise software framework for beamline alignment and test it on four different optimization problems for experiments on X-ray beamlines at the National Synchrotron Light Source II and the Advanced Light Source, and an electron beam at the Accelerator Test Facility, along with benchmarking on a simulated digital twin. We discuss new applications of the framework, and the potential for a unified approach to beamline alignment at synchrotron facilities.

Pass-by noise regulation - Uncertainties reduction thanks to tire sound emission modelling

The UN regulation R51-03 on vehicle sound emissions enters its third phase in July 2024, with the challenging level of 68 dB(A) to achieve for most of passenger cars and light commercial vehicles. The Lurban indicator, as calculated in the regulation, is a weighted average of acceleration and constant rolling speed tests. Thus, the tire sound emissions represent by far the first contributor to the vehicle compliance. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how tire sound changes under the effects of speed, acceleration, or temperature. In this paper, a study on tire sound behavior is presented. It is based on repeated measurements of pass-by sound emissions of a set of tires, under various conditions of speed, acceleration, and ambient temperature. Among a huge variety of tire sound emission models, a regression algorithm is used to identify the model that fits the best to the measured tire sound emissions data. This tire sound emission model is then used to foresee the impacts of Regulation R51-03 updates, aiming at reducing the uncertainties induced by temperature and test track discrepancies, by correcting the tire sound contribution. The effects of this correction on the uncertainties can be anticipated by the model.

Experimental investigation of using Ultra-High-Performance Concrete coating for anti-corrosion protection of reinforced concrete induced by chloride ions

The emergence of Ultra High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) is one of the latest developments in concrete technology. Repairing and rehabilitating damaged structures by applying a thin layer of several centimeters on conventional concrete (with or without reinforcement) has been one of the applications of UHPC. Due to its very small porosity and excellent permeability, UHPC has extremely high durability against the penetration of destructive substances such as water, chloride ions, oxygen, etc. In this work, we investigated the durable effect against external aggressive corrosive substances by coating a 2.5 cm thickness layer of UHPC on conventional concrete. The desired composite concrete consists of a conventional concrete core with a compressive strength of 40 MPa and a coating with a thickness of 2.5 cm of UHPC cover. Then, this concrete went through oxygen penetration, Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT), and electrical resistance tests. Finally, to verify the results of the durability tests, two sets of comparison reinforced concrete specimens with 5 cm as their covers were exposed to an accelerated corrosion test. It is found that the substitution of a 2.5 cm layer of UHPC instead of the conventional concrete resulted in a 30-times increase in resistance against water penetration, 41 times against chloride ion penetration, 307 times against oxygen penetration, and 8 times in its electrical resistance. Based on corrosion acceleration test results, after 30 days of applying a current with a voltage of 31 volts, the control specimens with a 5 cm cover started to corrode after one week. After 30 days, 47 % corrosion was observed. Even though after 365 days, no signs of corrosion were found in the UHPC-coated specimens.

Effect of oxidizer on the energy release during the initial detonation stage of aluminized explosives

ABSTRACT The addition of an oxidizer to aluminized explosives can promote the reaction of the aluminum particles to release more energy, significantly increasing the energy of the explosion. In this study, metal plate acceleration tests of CL-20-based explosives under strong constraints were performed, and the metal plate velocity was measured by laser interferometry, then the metal plate acceleration processes were simulated. By combining experiment and numerical simulation, the metal acceleration characteristics of the initial detonation stage were obtained, and the energy release and aluminum reaction law of oxidizer-containing cast cured aluminized explosives were investigated. The results showed that, in the initial stage of the detonation product expansion, the energy released from the aluminum reaction in the explosives with an oxidizer was slower than that in the explosives without an oxidizer. As the oxidizer content increased, the acceleration ability decreased, and the energy utilization rate of the explosive decreased. This may be because of the relatively low CL-20 content and high oxidizer content, where the oxidizer does not participate in the initial reaction and absorbs a large amount of the heat released by the CL-20 reaction, resulting in weak acceleration ability in the initial detonation stage of aluminized explosives.

Mechanical properties of GFRP bars exposed to natural erosion environment: A case study

Unlike traditional steel bars, the long-term performance of GFRP (glass fiber reinforced plastic) bars in natural erosion environments remains unclear. This study simulated the water environment at the entrance of the Chai River, a tributary to Dianchi Lake in China, and investigated the mechanical properties of GFRP bars under varying corrosion concentrations. Microstructural analysis using SEM (scanning electronic microscopy) was also conducted to uncover the degradation mechanism. The results showed that after 180 days of immersion in natural water and exposure to environmental concentrations of 5 times, 10 times, and 20 times, the tensile strength of GFRP bars exhibited reductions of 2.8 %, 4.2 %, 7.2 %, and 9.5 %, respectively. However, the compressive strength decreased by 38.0 %, 48.6 %, 50.2 %, and 53.2 % under the same condition. As the number of corrosion cycles increased, the rate of strength decline decreased gradually. The combined action of hydroxyl ions generated through bicarbonate hydrolysis and water molecules in the solution led to the breakdown and swelling of the resin matrix, ultimately causing detachment at the fiber-resin interface. An analysis was conducted on the time-shifted regression equation of the accelerated conversion factor (ASF) under different concentrations, based on the correlation between natural erosion and acceleration testing. It was observed that a strong correlation exists between the strength retention rate and the natural erosion environment at 5 times the concentration. Finally, an improved time-shift method based on the Arrhenius theory was proposed to predict the tensile strength of GFRP bars in a natural erosion environment.

Effect of Concurrent Training on Selected Physical Fitness of Male Middle Distance Runners

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of concurrent training on cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility and speed on male middle distance runners. The study employed experimental research design. All 26 Awuscod male middle distance runners were taken with EG and CG and divided randomly into two equal groups. Both the (EG= 13) and (CG= 13) had taken PT and POT of 12-minute run test, sit-reach test, and 30 meter acceleration test to assess cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility and speed respectively.EG participated in additional 10 weeks concurrent interventions. While, the CG continued with their usual training The data collected from the study subject were analyzed using SPSS version 25 software by using descriptive statistics (mean and SD) and inferential statistics (paired t-test and independent t-test) with level of significant 0.05. The results showed concurrent training has significantly improved cardiorespiratory endurance and speed on EG (p<0.05). But no significant difference was observed in flexibility. Furthermore, no more significant differences were found in all of the variables in CG (p>0.05). Based on this finding, it can be concluded that concurrent training has a positive impact on the improvement of cardiorespiratory endurance and speed. Therefore, concurrent training is suggested for middle distance runners to improve physical fitness for athletic performance.

Effect of Concurrent Training on Selected Physical Fitness of Middle Distance Runners

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of concurrent training on cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, and speed in middle distance runners. The study used an experimental research design. All twenty-six (26) Awuscod middle-distance-Runners were given EG and CG and randomly separated in two equal groups. Both (EG= 13) and (CG= 13) completed PT and POT of the 12-minute run test, sit-reach test, and 30-meter acceleration test to assess cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, and speed, respectively EG participated in an additional ten weeks of concurrent treatments While the CG conducted their routine training. The data gathered from the study subject were analyzed using SPSS Version 25 Software, using descriptive statistics (mean and SD) and inferential statistics (paired t-test and independent) and Ten weeks of concurrent training significantly enhanced cardiorespiratory endurance and speed (p<0.05). But no significant variation was observed in flexibility. Furthermore, no significant differences have been observed in any of the CG-Factors (p>0.05). Based on these findings, it is possible to conclude that 10 weeks of simultaneous exercise improve cardiorespiratory endurance and speed of physical fitness components. As a result, the study recommended that runners incorporate concurrent training in their middle distance athletic-training- program to improve their cardiorespiratory endurance und speed.

Acute effects of different types of stretching exercises on explosive power: A pilot study

Athletes usually use warm-up and stretching exercises before starting a vigorous physical activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the positive and negative effects of different stretching and flexing exercises on kicking acceleration performance in taekwondo. A total of 12 elite taekwondo athletes (7 boys and 5 girls) with an average age of 20.75±1.48 years, an average height of 171±10.06 cm, an average body weight of 61.8±11 kg, and an average Body Mass Index (BMI) of 21.1±2.5 kg/m2 participated in this study. For the kick acceleration test (KAT), an accelerometer was used by attaching it to the ankle of the participants with the help of a smart phone and a smart watch. For KAT measurements, static stretching exercise (SSE), dynamic stretching exercise (DSE), proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation exercise (PNFE) and ballistic stretching exercise (BSE) methods were applied on different days during the warm-up phase. In this study with elite level Taekwondo athletes, significant differences were found between palding chagi and dollyo-chagi kick acceleration values after SSE and PNFE applications (p

Fabrication and testing of the transition section between modules of a wakefield accelerator

The fabrication process is presented for a typical transition section located between each cylindrical corrugated waveguide structure comprising the wakefield accelerator module. The transition section includes couplers for extracting the 180 GHz TM01 accelerating mode and separate couplers for extracting the 190 GHz HE11 dipole mode, both modes induced by the electron bunch traversing the cylindrical corrugated waveguide structure. Extraction of the high-power accelerating mode reduces the heat load due to the subterahertz wave power dissipation within the corrugated accelerating structure. Extraction of the low-power dipole mode serves the purpose of detecting the electron bunch transverse oscillations within the wakefield accelerator and identifying the onset of beam breakup instability. Comprehensive testing of the fully functional transition section with an electron beam was done at the Accelerator Test Facility in Brookhaven National Laboratory which verified the functionality of the transition section. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Hard X-ray inverse Compton scattering at photon energy of 87.5 keV

Production of hard X-ray via inverse Compton scattering at photon energies below 100 keV range aimed at potential applications in medicine and material research is reported. Experiments have been performed at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Accelerator Test Facility, employing the counter collision of a 70 MeV, 0.3 nC electron beam with a near infra-red Nd: YAG laser (1064 nm wavelength) pulse containing ~ 100 mJ in a single shot basis. The radiation distribution of the scattered photon beam is assessed to be sufficiently quasi monochromatic to produce clear contrast from the Au K- edge at 80.7 keV.

The effect of plyometric training (hurddle jumps), body weight training (lunges) and speed on increasing leg muscle explosive power of futsal players: a factorial experimental design

Futsal games have high intensity and dynamics that require good skills and physical conditions, one of which is leg muscle explosiveness. By doing plyometric training (hurddle jump), body-weight training (lunges), and paying attention to explosive power factors including speed as a group determinant is believed to affect the explosive power of the player's leg muscles. However, despite recognizing the importance of both training methods in improving leg muscle explosive power, there is still a lack of a thorough understanding of their combined effect on players' leg muscle explosive power during futsal play. This study aims to analyze the differences in the effect of the intervention groups of plyometric training methods and body weight training by considering the level of running speed on explosive power results. Training groups include plyometric training groups and body weight training groups, while speed is categorized as high or low. Using an experimental approach with a 2 x 2 factorial design, this study randomly selected 20 players aged 17.1 ± 0.768 years. Training was conducted in three sessions per week for approximately six weeks. Training focused on fast/explosive movements. Speed data was collected using the 30m acceleration test and the leg muscle explosiveness standing broad jump test. The data were then statistically analyzed using a two-way ANOVA at the 0.05 level of significance. The results showed that both training methods can benefit individuals with high speed (P<0.05). However, leg muscle explosive power training with plyometric exercise was more effective on individuals with high speed (P<0.05). As for those with low speed, plyometric exercise can provide better results (P<0.05). These findings provide valuable insights for futsal coaches and instructors in designing customized training programs to improve leg muscle explosiveness. Keywords: Plyometric, Body Weight, Speed, Power

Virtual Plug-In Hybrid Concept Development and Optimization under Real-World Boundary Conditions

The automotive industry faces development challenges due to emerging technologies, regulatory demands, societal trends, and evolving customer mobility needs. These factors contribute to a wide range of vehicle variants and increasingly complex powertrains. The layout of a vehicle is usually based on standardized driving cycles such as WLTC, gradeability, acceleration test cases, and many more. In real-world driving cycles, however, this can lead to limitations under certain boundary conditions. To ensure that all customer requirements are met, vehicle testing is conducted under extreme environmental conditions, e.g., in Sweden or Spain. One way to reduce the development time while ensuring high product quality and cost-effectiveness is to use model-based methods for the comprehensive design of powertrains. This study presents a layout methodology using a top-down approach. Initially, powertrain-relevant requirements for an exemplary target customer are translated into a specification sheet with specific test cases. An overall vehicle model with detailed thermal sub-models is developed to evaluate the different requirements. A baseline design for a C-segment plug-in hybrid vehicle was developed as part of the FVV research project HyFlex-ICE using standardized test cases, highlighting the influence of customer profiles on the design outcome through varying weighting factors. The target customer’s design is analyzed in four real driving scenarios, considering variations in parameters such as the ambient temperature, traffic, driver type, trailer pulling, and battery state-of-charge, to assess their influence on the target variables. In the next step, the potential of hardware technologies and predictive driving functions is examined in selected driving scenarios based on the identified constraints of the baseline design. As a result, four application-specific technology packages (Cost neutral, Cold country, Hot country, and Premium) for different customer requirements and sales markets are defined, which, finally, demonstrates the applicability of the holistic methodology.

Accelerator beam phase space tomography using machine learning to account for variations in beamline components

We describe a technique for reconstruction of the four-dimensional transverse phase space of a beam in an accelerator beamline, taking into account the presence of unknown errors on the strengths of magnets used in the data collection. Use of machine learning allows rapid reconstruction of the phase-space distribution while at the same time providing estimates of the magnet errors. The technique is demonstrated using experimental data from CLARA, an accelerator test facility at Daresbury Laboratory.

The Effect of Combination of Cone Drill (Zigzag) with Core Stability, Combination of Ladder Drill (Snake Jump) with Core Stability, and Speed on Agility of Futsal Players: A Factorial Experimental Design

The game of futsal, known for its high intensity and dynamic nature demanding skill and robust physical fitness, particularly in agility, presents a significant challenge. Incorporating variations of cone and ladder drills in agility training, with a focus on enhancing balance through core stability training in conjunction with speed modulation as a key factor, is believed to impact players' agility players. Despite recognizing the individual significance of these training modalities in boosting agility performance, there remains a gap in fully comprehending their combined effects during futsal engagements. This research seeks to scrutinize the group differentials in agility training, factoring in speed variations in relation to futsal players' agility levels. The study defined agility training cohorts as a combo group of cone drill with core stability and a combination group of ladder drill alongside core stability, while speed was categorized as high or low. Employing an experimental methodology with a 2 x 2 factorial design, the study enlisted 20 players aged 17.1 ± 0.76 years through random selection. Agility training, conducted thrice weekly over a six-week period, emphasized swift and dynamic movements alongside maintaining balance. Speed and agility metrics were assessed using the 30m acceleration test and Illinois agility test, then subjected to statistical scrutiny via a two-way ANOVA at a significance level of 0.05. Results revealed that both training methodologies benefited participants with elevated speed (P<0.05). Notably, agility training incorporating ladder drill exercises and core stability training exhibited superior outcomes for high-speed performers (P<0.05). Conversely, individuals with lower speed levels potentially benefitted more from a combination of ladder drill and core stability (P<0.05). These findings furnish crucial insights for futsal coaches and trainers looking to craft tailored training regimens aimed at enhancing agility performance effectively. Keywords: Cone Drill, Ladder Drill, Core Stability, Speed, Agility, Futsal

Just Keep Spinning? The Impact of Auditory and Somatosensory Cues on Rotary Chair Testing.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether providing realistic auditory or somatosensory cues to spatial location would affect measures of vestibulo-ocular reflex gain in a rotary chair testing (RCT) context. This was a fully within-subject design. Thirty young adults age 18-30 years (16 men, 14 women by self-identification) completed sinusoidal harmonic acceleration testing in a rotary chair under five different conditions, each at three rotational frequencies (0.01, 0.08, and 0.32 Hz). We recorded gain as the ratio of the amplitude of eye movement to chair movement using standard clinical procedures. The five conditions consisted of two without spatial information (silence, tasking via headphones) and three with either auditory (refrigerator sound, tasking via speaker) or somatosensory (fan) information. Two of the conditions also included mental tasking (tasking via headphones, tasking via speaker) and differed only in terms of the spatial localizability of the verbal instructions. We used linear mixed-effects modeling to compare pairs of conditions, specifically examining the effects of the availability of spatial cues in the environment. This study was preregistered on Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/2gqcf/). Results showed significant effects of frequency in all conditions (p < .05), but the only pairs of conditions that were significantly different were those including tasking in one condition but not the other (e.g., tasking via headphones vs. silence). Post hoc equivalence testing showed that the lack of significance in the other comparisons could be confirmed as not meaningfully different. These findings suggest that the presence of externally localizable sensory information, whether auditory or somatosensory, does not affect measures of gain in RCT to any relevant degree. However, these findings also contribute to the increasing body of evidence suggesting that mental engagement ("tasking") does increase gain whether or not it is provided via localizable instructions.

Design and Experiment of Dual-Row Seedling Pick-Up Device for High-Speed Automatic Transplanting Machine

To address the inefficiency and instability of automatic transplanting machines, a dual-row seedling pick-up device and its corresponding control system were developed. Existing seedling end-effectors are primarily mechanically controlled, and the seedling needles can easily cause damage to the interior of the bowl. In order to reduce the damage inflicted by the end-effectors to the bowl, this paper conducted a mechanical analysis of the end-effector. At the same time, a buffer optimization analysis was conducted on the operation of the end-effector, and a flexible pneumatic end-effector for seedling picking was designed. The control system combined the detection of multiple sensors to monitor the process of seedling picking and throwing. By coordinating the lifting cylinder and clamping cylinder, the system effectively reduced seedling pot damage while improving seedling picking efficiency. By setting the operating parameters of the servo motor, the goal of low-speed and high-efficiency seedling picking was achieved. To evaluate the performance of the control system, the linear displacement sensors and acceleration testing systems were used to analyze the performance of the seedling throwing. The results showed that the seedling picking efficiency could reach 180 plants min−1, with no significant difference between the actual measured moving distance and the theoretical setting distance. The positioning error remained stable between 0.5 and 0.9 mm, which met the requirements for seedling picking accuracy. The buffer optimization design reduced the peak acceleration of the end-effector from −22.1 m/s2 to −13.4 m/s2, and the peak value was reduced by 39.4%, which proved the significant effectiveness of the buffer design. A performance test was conducted using 128-hole seed trays and 33-day-old cabbage seedlings for seedling picking and throwing. When the planting frequency reached 90 plants/row·min−1, the average success rate of picking and throwing seedlings was 97.3%. This indicates that the various components of the designed seedling pick-up device work in good coordination during operation, and the control system operates stably. Technical requirements for the automatic mechanical transplanting of tray seedlings were achieved, which can provide reference for research on automatic transplanting machines.

Balance evaluation system using wearable IMU sensing

The evaluation of balance and postural stability holds significant importance in both medical rehabilitation and daily life. However, the clinical method is hindered by the inconvenience of immobility and relatively high costs associated with the force platforms. Wearable sensors, such as accelerometers, have emerged as an alternative solution, overcoming the limitations of traditional force platforms. Thus, the purpose of this study is to utilize data obtained from a low-cost, portable, small-sized IMU (specifically an accelerometer) to predict indicators derived from force platform devices. A miniaturized and portable acceleration test equipment was proposed. Together with the random forest algorithm, our classification method achieved classification results with accuracy, recall, precision, f1-score, and specificity scores above 95%, This study provides a more portable and highly accurate tool for assessing balance ability.

Evaluating the vibrational properties of an engine powered by diesel–biodiesel mixtures containing aluminum oxide nanoparticles

Much research has been done on the performance and emissions of engines using renewable fuels. In some cases, nano additives have been added to these fuels. Although the research results are essential, these fuels should be considered from other aspects. One of these aspects is engine vibrations, which can be related to engine ignition and knocking. In this research, the vibration of an engine and its relationship with knocking and combustion using diesel and alumina nano additives with 30, 60, and 90 ppm dosages in the diesel–biodiesel blend (B5, B10) were evaluated. Experiments were carried out using precise vibration measurement equipment in a single-cylinder, four-stroke engine. The frequency domain transformation, Welch test, Kurtosis, and RMS of acceleration were used to analyze the vibrations. The advantages and disadvantages of each method were investigated on the vibrations of each fuel blend. The results showed that despite being more complicated, the Welch test better shows the difference between fuels and their vibration. By this method, it was found that diesel fuel has the lowest vibrations at frequencies below 10 kH, but it has the highest vibrations at frequencies above 10 kH. Also, with diesel and adding alumina nanoparticles to the fuels of B5, the engine performance becomes more erratic despite increasing engine power.

Assessing the durability performance of high belite cement incorporating fly ash under long-term temperature variations

The widespread use of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), which has a significant carbon footprint, greatly contributes to the climate crisis. High belite cement (HBC) is renowned for its low-carbon characteristics, resulting in an evident reduction in both energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Fly ash (FA), an industrial solid waste material, is commonly employed in the construction of mass concrete structures. This combination facilitates the adoption of cleaner and more ecologically sustainable construction manufacturing processes. The durability of structures constructed from HBC and FA has not been fully demonstrated due to their exposure to constantly changing atmospheric conditions. In order to unravel this issue, a comparative investigation was carried out through laboratory acceleration testing, aiming to evaluate the macro- and micro-mechanical properties, chemical compositions, and micro-morphology of HBC and OPC with FA under a rapid temperature changing cycle (RTC) within 5–45°C. The findings reveal the mechanism of deterioration under RTC, including the phase transformation of C–S–H, the propagation of micro-cracks, the coarsening of the pore structure, and the loss of toughness. FA alleviates the reduction in toughness, but also undermines the mechanical properties. Additionally, it was noted to undergo pozzolanic reaction, residual hydration and carbonation during RTC. Regarding OPC, the inclusion of FA within a specific dosage range (0–30%) has a beneficial impact on compressive strength. However, as for HBC, the presence of FA entirely exhibits a detrimental effect on service performance.

Stepless Transmission Optimization for Green Micromobility

Small, electrified vehicles are becoming possible for urban environmental mobility due to their environmental performance, including zero-emission driving. Vehicles of this type use electric motors as sources of mechanical energy. Today, two types of transmission are most used in electrical micromobility vehicles (skateboards, scooters, tricycles, quadricycles, mopeds, motorcycles, go-karts, etc.): chain transmission and belt transmission. This transmission types provides a constant gear ratio that can only compromise between the maximum speed and the starting torque values, thus reducing the usage efficiency of the engine. This reduces vehicle manufacturers’ choice of less powerful drive and control elements, as well as balancing performance and efficiency at low and high speeds as well as on terrain.A novel design of a continuously variable transmission (CVT) for an electric go-kart is presented in this paper. The CVT consists of an inertial driving pulley mounted on an electric motor shaft, a timing V-belt, a gear wheel on the drive axle and 2 pressure rolls, which are moved by a servo motor for tensioning the V-belt. Gear ratio of a transmission can change seamlessly in the range of 1.5 - 2.2. The CVT has been tested under real conditions. The top speed of the electric go-kart with the given CVT and motor power 24.7 kW is 133km/h; time to accelerate to the top speed is 25 s. Total efficiency of the transmission (motor shaft, CVT, drive axle and wheels) is 65-72 % now, but there exist a lot of possibilities to improve it in the future. The conditions under which the novel CVT has an advantage over belt and chain transmissions with constant gear ratios have been studied. The developed mathematical model, the method for determination its constants, the algorithm for numerical calculations and the optimization criterion makes it possible to determine the optimal gear ratio for a vehicle with various CVT (not only belt) at any point in time in different racing modes. The model has been proved experimentally during acceleration and deceleration tests of the go-kart; it describes precisely the motion of the go-kart within the speed measurement error.The developed solution is applicable in urban micromobility. An optimized and stable transmission system focused on energy efficiency, resource saving, using less powerful drive and zero-emission.