Accelerated Growth Rate Research Articles

Study on the Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Building Carbon Emissions and Influencing Factors in the Urban Agglomeration of the Yangtze River Economic Belt

With the rapid urbanization process, the construction industry has become a significant source of urban carbon emissions in China. The carbon emissions from buildings in the urban clusters of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, a crucial region for China’s economic development, have attracted considerable attention. This study focuses on urban buildings and aims to investigate the primary influencing factors of building carbon emissions in the urban clusters of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The study highlights the innovative use of nighttime light remote sensing data to analyze urban carbon emissions and provides an in-depth exploration of the spatiotemporal characteristics of building carbon emissions in the urban clusters of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Utilizing nighttime light remote sensing data similar to DMSP-OLS and provincial-level building carbon emissions, combined with spatial autocorrelation and spatiotemporal geographically weighted regression models, the study estimates and analyzes the building carbon emissions from 2012 to 2021 in 71 prefecture-level and above administrative regions within the three major urban clusters of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The results indicate a continuous increase in total building carbon emissions in the three major urban clusters of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, with an accelerating growth rate. Spatially, urban building carbon emissions exhibit enhanced convergence but decreasing correlation over time, demonstrating evolving spatiotemporal patterns. Furthermore, the study identifies economic development level, population size, built-up area, and industrial structure as the main factors influencing building carbon emissions, with industrial structure showing significant impact.

A molecular view of peptoid-induced acceleration of calcite growth

The extensive deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) generated by marine organisms constitute the largest and oldest carbon dioxide (CO2) reservoir. These organisms utilize macromolecules like peptides and proteins to facilitate the nucleation and growth of carbonate minerals, serving as an effective method for CO2 sequestration. However, the precise mechanisms behind this process remain elusive. In this study, we report the use of sequence-defined peptoids, a class of peptidomimetics, to achieve the accelerated calcite step growth kinetics with the molecular level mechanistic understanding. By designing peptoids with hydrophilic and hydrophobic blocks, we systematically investigated the acceleration in step growth rate of calcite crystals using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM), varying peptoid sequences and concentrations, CaCO3 supersaturations, and the ratio of Ca2+/ HCO3-. Mechanistic studies using NMR, three-dimensional fast force mapping (3D FFM), and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) were conducted to reveal the interactions of peptoids with Ca2+ and HCO3- ions in solution, as well as the effect of peptoids on solvation and energetics of calcite crystal surface. Our results indicate the multiple roles of peptoid in facilitating HCO3- deprotonation, Ca2+ desolvation, and the disruption of interfacial hydration layers of the calcite surface, which collectively contribute to a peptoid-induced acceleration of calcite growth. These findings provide guidelines for future design of sequence-specific biomimetic polymers as crystallization promoters, offering potential applications in environmental remediation (such as CO2 sequestration), biomedical engineering, and energy storage where fast crystallization is preferred.

Single-cell transcriptomics and tissue metabolomics uncover mechanisms underlying wooden breast disease in broilers

Accompanied by the accelerated growth rate of chickens, the quality of chicken meat has deteriorated in recent years. Wooden breast (WB) is a severe myopathy affecting meat quality, and its pathophysiology depends on gene expression and intercellular interactions of various cell types, which are not yet fully understood. We have performed a comprehensive transcriptomic and metabolomic atlas of chicken WB muscle. Our data showed a significant increase in the number of immune cells, WB muscle displayed a unique cluster of macrophages (cluster 11), distinct from the M1 and M2 macrophages. Regarding the myocytes, the most significant differences were the decrease in cell number and the intensification of fatty deposits. Satellite cells were involved in muscle repair and regeneration producing more collagen. Interestingly, the interaction network in the WB group was weaker compared to that in normal breast muscle. Additionally, we found six key differential metabolites across 22 pathways. When WB occurs, myocytes and endothelial cells undergo apoptosis, macrophages are activated and exert immune functions, satellite cells participate in muscle rebuilding and repair, and the content of metabolites undergoes significant changes. This cell transcriptome profile provides an essential reference for future studies on the development and remodeling of WB.

Decoding China's new-type industrialization: Insights from an XGBoost-SHAP analysis

Integrating machine learning and explainable artificial intelligence offers superior interpretability for indicator selection compared with traditional evaluation models. This study utilizes the XGBoost-SHAP model to assess the influencing factors, development trends, and spatiotemporal evolution of China's new-type industrialization. The results demonstrate that digitalization emerges as the most critical factor, contributing 41.23% to the weight of indicators, followed by innovation drive at 34.31%, greenization at 16.38%, and aspects of servitization and fusion. China's new industrialization level shows a positive trend, with an accelerated growth rate post-2020, despite significant regional disparities in industrial indices. A spatiotemporal evolution identified a three-tier regional distribution: the eastern coastal, central plain, and western plateau regions. Notably, the improvement in new-type industrialization has expanded from coastal to inland regions, with significant progress observed in the southwestern region, represented by Sichuan Province. Additionally, the analysis revealed that China's level of new industrialization is converging toward the Hu Huanyong Line, suggesting that it may be influenced by population distribution density and natural environmental factors. The research results provide a scientific basis and decision-making guidance for evaluating the dynamics of China's new industrialization.

Supplemental L-arginine promotes hepatocyte proliferation and alters liver fatty acid metabolism in the late embryonic phase: an RNA-seq analysis

The in ovo feeding (IOF) of L-arginine (L-Arg) to chick embryos is a viable method for improving early intestinal development, subsequently leading to an acceleration in growth rate during the posthatch stage. However, the liver, being the pivotal organ for energy metabolism in poultry, the precise effects and mechanisms of L-Arg on the liver development and metabolism remain unclear. To elucidate these, the present study injected 2 doses of L-Arg (10 mg/egg and 15 mg/egg) into the embryos of Hongyao chickens at 17.5 d of incubation, subsequently incubating them until d 19 for further analysis. IOF of 15 mg L-Arg/egg significantly increased the organ indices of liver and small intestine, as well as the duodenal villus height/crypt depth. RNA-Seq analysis of liver tissues showed that the metabolism of xenobiotics, amino acid metabolism, and the fatty acid metabolism were significantly enriched in L-Arg injection group. The core differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily involved in cell proliferation and fatty acid metabolism. The CCK8 assays revealed that supplemental L-Arg significantly enhanced the proliferation of primary embryo hepatocytes and leghorn male hepatoma (LMH) cells. Upregulation of core DEGs, including HBEGF, HES4, NEK3, EGR1, and USP2, significantly promoted the proliferation of liver cells. Additionally, analysis of triglyceride and total cholesterol content, as well as oil red O staining, indicated that supplemental L-Arg effectively reduced lipid accumulation. Overall, L-Arg supplementation in late chick embryos may promote early liver and small intestine development by reducing liver lipid deposition and enhancing energy efficiency, necessitating further experimental validation. This study provides profound insights into the molecular regulatory network of L-Arg in promoting the development of chicken embryos. The identified DEGs that promote cell proliferation and lipid metabolism can serve as novel targets for further developing methods to enhance early development of chicken embryos.

Phase field modeling of underloads induced fatigue crack acceleration

This study proposes a novel methodology to model the fatigue crack growth acceleration under underloads using a phase field fracture framework. In this model, fatigue crack growth is characterized by the degradation of fracture toughness, with an emphasis on employing a representative loading strategy instead of explicit cyclic loading, thus accelerating simulations of high-cycle fatigue. The model integrates a zone-based crack acceleration approach that responds to single-cycle underload. Notably, the model adeptly captures the dynamics described by the Paris-Erdogan law. Post-underload crack growth acceleration is simulated by identifying an acceleration zone near the crack tip, inspired by existing models based on the plastic zone. This zone is defined by a strain energy density threshold, and the underload ratio governs the rate of fatigue damage accumulation attenuation within this area. The implementation leverages the UMAT user subroutine in Abaqus, utilizing coupled temperature-displacement elements where temperature analogously represents the phase field parameter. Experimental validation of the model confirms its ability to accurately reflect the loss of fatigue life and the acceleration of crack growth rates in compact tension and middle tension specimens. Additionally, the model shows promise for extension to periodic underloads, highlighting its potential for simulating real-world fatigue scenarios effectively.

Graphene-skinned alumina fiber fabricated through metalloid-catalytic graphene CVD growth on nonmetallic substrate and its mass production

Graphene growth on widely used dielectrics/insulators via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a strategy toward transfer-free applications of CVD graphene for the realization of advanced composite materials. Here, we develop graphene-skinned alumina fibers/fabrics (GAFs/GAFFs) through graphene CVD growth on commercial alumina fibers/fabrics (AFs/AFFs). We reveal a vapor-surface-solid growth model on a non-metallic substrate, which is distinct from the well-established vapor-solid model on conventional non-catalytic non-metallic substrates, but bears a closer resemblance to that observed on catalytic metallic substrates. The metalloid-catalytic growth of graphene on AFs/AFFs resulted in reduced growth temperature (~200 °C lower) and accelerated growth rate (~3.4 times faster) compared to that obtained on a representative non-metallic counterpart, quartz fiber. The fabricated GAFF features a wide-range tunable electrical conductivity (1-15000 Ω sq−1), high tensile strength (>1.5 GPa), lightweight, flexibility, and a hierarchical macrostructure. These attributes are inherited from both graphene and AFF, making GAFF promising for various applications including electrical heating and electromagnetic interference shielding. Beyond laboratory level preparation, the stable mass production of large-scale GAFF has been achieved through a home-made roll-to-roll system with capacity of 468-93600 m2/year depending on product specifications, providing foundations for the subsequent industrialization of this material, enabling its widespread adoption in various industries.

How increased heifer growth rate and reduced dairy cow replacement rate can improve farm economy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions - a win to win situation?

Rearing of replacement heifers makes up a significant part of the total costs in dairy farming. Nevertheless, the average age at first calving for dairy heifers still stays well above 2 years in many countries. This study examined the economic and environmental impacts of increased heifer growth rates and reduced replacement rates on Norwegian dairy farms. The current average growth rate in Norway (baseline scenario) was compared to an accelerated growth rate scenario. Within each of the two growth rate scenarios, we compared three different cow replacement rates. A farm account survey dataset containing physical and economic data on 311 Norwegian farms was clustered into three farm groups: small, medium, and large. To model economic consequences, we used the whole-farm linear programming model ScotFarm. A life cycle analysis model was used to model the environmental impacts of the baseline scenario and an accelerated growth rate scenario on the three farm groups. Accelerated heifer growth rate had a positive effect (14–28%) on farm annual gross margin depending on farm size. While accelerated growth rate resulted in only minor reductions in total emissions at farm level compared to the baseline scenario, reduced replacement rate lowered total farm level emissions by up to 8%, and emissions per unit of output by up to 6%. We conclude that an accelerated heifer growth rate scenario could potentially increase farm gross margin by some 14–28% compared with a baseline growth rate scenario. Reducing the replacement rate would be more efficient to reduce farm−level greenhouse gas emissions.

Delaying retirement, income distribution and economic growth

In order to investigate whether postponing retirement age contributes to fostering shared prosperity, we develop a dynamic general equilibrium model incorporating delayed retirement dynamics alongside survival probabilities and heterogeneous human capital distribution across generations. This framework provides a comprehensive assessment regarding how postponing retirement age policies affect both income inequality and economic growth dimensions. Theoretical analysis reveals disparities between low- and high-income group investments in their offspring's education as well as savings behavior. Specifically observed are heightened educational investments by lower income households compared to their affluent counterparts leading to relatively accelerated growth rates for lower income family offsprings' human capital; consequently narrowing intergenerational wealth gaps thus mitigating overall income inequalities. Furthermore,the influence exerted by postponed retirements upon economic expansion hinges largely upon its relative impacts on household educational investments vis-a-vis parental human capital accumulation.Finally, numerical simulations demonstrate that within plausible parameter ranges, pushing back retirements could indeed stimulate economic advancement.

Growth and allometric curves of southern brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba): Insights on its ontogeny and conservation.

Ontogenetic sexual dimorphism is observed in different primate species, with ecological and evolutionary relationships explaining this pattern. Understanding the growth of the southern brown howler monkey elucidates not only the ecology and evolution but also contributes to conservation projects for this species. Throughout 20 years of the Centro de Pesquisas Biológicas de Indaial-Projeto Bugio, Brazil, we collected morphological data on 105 howlers of the Alouatta guariba species to identify the growth differences between ontogenetic categories and sexes and generate a growth curve to estimate the age of rescued individuals. Linear measurements were employed to obtain body length as well as the dimensions of the head and limbs. All individuals were also weighed to obtain body mass. We assessed growth rate and duration using allometric analysis based on the individuals' ages. We compared growth rate and duration among infant, juvenile, and adult howlers and between sexes. We provide growth curves for body size for both sexes using the Von Bertalanffy model. Infants have accelerated growth rate in comparison to the juveniles and adults, with no differences between sexes in establishing body length at this ontogenetic stage. Males have a prolonged development duration from the juvenile stage, reaching adulthood later than females, which explains the body length differences found in this species. Variables of head and limbs analyzed also showed differences in growth rate and duration, but not so consistently among ontogenetic stages. Mass was not a good variable to understand the growth differences of the animals, since many arrived feeble in the project and may have lost mass due to different circumstances in old age. Therefore, growth curves were obtained only for body length, allowing the estimation of the age of these animals when rescued from the wild to more effectively provide needed care in captivity.

Pearlite Growth Kinetics in Fe-C-Mn Eutectoid Steels: Quantitative Evaluation of Energy Dissipation at Pearlite Growth Front Via Experimental Approaches

Essential understanding of the pearlite growth kinetics is of great significance to predict the lamellar spacing and the resultant mechanical properties of pearlitic steels. In this study, a series of eutectoid steels with Mn addition up to 2 mass pct were isothermally transformed at various temperatures from 873 K to 973 K to clarify the pearlite growth kinetics and the underlying thermodynamics at its growth front. The microscopic observation indicates the acceleration in pearlite growth rate and refinement in lamellar spacing by decreasing the transformation temperature or the amount of Mn addition. After analyzing the solute distribution at pearlite growth front via three-dimensional atom probe, no macroscopic Mn partitioning across pearlite/austenite interface is detected, whereas Mn segregation is only observed at ferrite/austenite interface. Furthermore, in-situ neutron diffraction measurements performed at elevated temperatures reveal that the magnitude of elastic strain generated during pearlite transformation is very small. Based on the thermodynamic model, these experimental results are used to estimate the contribution of various factors to the total energy dissipation. Compared with the Mn-free alloy, the retardation effect of Mn addition on pearlite growth kinetics, which is partly due to the reduced driving force for pearlite growth, can be well explained by further considering the solute drag effect of Mn.

Influence of wind-blown sand content on the mechanical quality state of ballast bed in sandy railways

During the operation of sandy railways, the challenge posed by wind-blown sand is a persistent issue. An in-depth study on the influence of wind-blown sand content on the macroscopic and microscopic mechanical properties of the ballast bed is of great significance for understanding the potential problems of sandy railways and proposing reasonable and adequate maintenance and repair strategies. Building upon existing research, this study proposes a new assessment indicator for sand content. Utilizing the discrete element method (DEM) and fully considering the complex interactions between ballast and sand particles, three-dimensional (3D) multi-scale analysis models of sandy ballast beds with different wind-blown sand contents are established and validated through field experiments. The effects of varying wind-blown sand content on the microscopic contact distribution and macroscopic mechanical behavior (such as resistance and support stiffness) of ballast beds are carefully analyzed. The results show that with the increase in sand content, the average contact force and coordination number between ballast particles gradually decrease, and the disparity in contact forces between different layers of the ballast bed diminishes. The longitudinal and lateral resistance of the ballast bed initially decreases and then increases, with a critical point at 10% sand content. At 15% sand content, the lateral resistance is mainly shared by the ballast shoulder. The longitudinal resistance sharing ratio is always the largest on the sleeper side, followed by that at the sleeper bottom, and the smallest on the ballast shoulder. When the sand content exceeds 10%, the contribution of sand particles to stiffness significantly increases, leading to an accelerated growth rate of the overall support stiffness of the ballast bed, which is highly detrimental to the long-term service performance of the ballast bed. In conclusion, it is recommended that maintenance and repair operations should be promptly conducted when the sand content of the ballast bed reaches or exceeds 10%.

Brewing Beer in Microgravity: The Effect on Rate, Yeast, and Volatile Compounds

The exploration of space is becoming more feasible, and with this comes the possibility of performing fermentations in microgravity. Our study explores the potential effects of microgravity on a standard brewing model fermentation. As the fermentation of barley wort has been studied for centuries, there is an established foundation of knowledge with which to compare any changes that occur under microgravity. A modified ASBC miniature fermentation protocol (Yeast-14) was conducted within a Yuri 2.0 microgravity chamber to examine the response of Saccharomyces pastorianus to simulated microgravity conditions. Our findings reveal that yeast exhibited accelerated growth rates under microgravity compared to standard conditions. Additionally, the microgravity environment led to significantly lower levels of volatile compounds such as isoamyl acetate and 2-phenethyl acetate in the final product. Further genetic analysis showed significant downregulation of the ATF2 gene in the control group, potentially the mechanism behind the observed decrease in volatile compounds. These results show that while fermentation under microgravity is likely to eventually be commonplace, there may be changes in rate and gene expression that are beneficial or detrimental to the final product depending upon the desired characteristics.

Enhancing high-efficiency breeding and microbial microdroplet cultivation techniques for Ganoderma lucidum.

Ganoderma lucidum is known for its bioactive compounds, such as polysaccharides and triterpenoids, which are crucial in food and medicine. However, liquid fermentation encounters challenges in terms of strain differentiation and stability. In this research, we employed atmospheric room temperature plasma mutation and a microbial microdroplet culture system to identify strains with enhanced biomass and triterpenoid production. The three mutant strains, YB05, YB09, and YB18, exhibited accelerated growth rates and antagonized the initial strain G0023 more effectively than the controls. Notably, YB18 displayed the fastest growth, with a 17.25% increase in colony radius. Shake flask cultivation demonstrated that, compared with the initial strain, YB05 and YB18 had 26.33% and 17.85% greater biomass, respectively. Moreover, the triterpenoid production of YB05 and YB18 surpassed that of the control by 32.10% and 15.72%, respectively, as confirmed by colorimetric detection. Importantly, these mutant strains remained stable for five generations. This study revealed a comprehensive screening system utilizing atmospheric pressure, room temperature plasma mutation technology and microbial droplet cultivation. This innovative approach offers a promising pathway for obtaining advantageous Ganoderma strains for liquid fermentation. The methodology of atmospheric room temperature plasma mutation and microbial microdroplet culture systems is detailed for better comprehension.

Genotype by environment interactions for growth and inner shell color disparity in Hyriopsis cumingii under different light conditions

The light plays a pivotal role in influencing the growth and body color for aquaculture animals. The freshwater pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii, inhabiting benthic environments naturally, is predominantly cultivated by hanging methods. This aquaculture method altersmutiple environmental factors, with light being one of the maximum variationfactor. In order to comprehend the impact of light change on the growth and inner shell color of H. cumingii, a total of 14 full-sibling families were established and cultivated separately under natural light and dim light conditions for a period of 13 months in this study. The results revealed that under natural light conditions, juvenile mussel exhibited accelerated growth rates, while dim light conditions expedited purple pigmentation in the inner shell. Genetic analysis indicated general heritability range for the entire experimental population falls between 0.07 and 0.28. heritability estimates for all traits under natural light conditions (NL) ranged from 0.33 to 0.72, indicating consistently high heritability. However, heritability estimates for all traits under dim light conditions (DL) ranged from 0.05 to 0.16. The growth and inner shell color traits showed significant G × E interactions under different light conditions. The anal angle radial rib length (AARRL) trait exhibited a significantly higher correlation with body weight (BW) compared to shell height (SH) and total shell height (TSH). Furthermore, the growth and inner shell color traits of different families were compared and evaluated under the two environmental conditions in this study. Families 1 and 6 excelled in various traits under both conditions, making them promising candidates for genetic improvement breeding. In this study, pronounced influences of light exposure on the growth of pearl mussels were identified, emphasizing the need for tailored breeding strategies for both bottom seeding and suspended cultivation methods.

Assessing the efficacy of utilizing biochar derived from oil palm biomass as a planting medium for promoting the growth and development of oil palm seedlings

The recent adoption of biochar in Malaysia's oil palm industry offers numerous benefits, including soil enhancement, resource efficiency improvement, pollution remediation, and greenhouse gas mitigation. With approximately 66.15% of agricultural land dedicated to oil palm cultivation, a substantial amount of biomass, mainly from empty fruit bunch (EFB) and mesocarp fibre (MF), is generated. This study focused on carbonizing MF and EFB at temperatures ranging from 580 to 695 °C to produce biochar. The assessment of biochar's effectiveness as a planting medium in nurseries revealed significantly accelerated growth rates in seedlings cultivated in a composite of biochar and soil. At 8 months-after-treatment (MAT), the BMF-75 treatment showed remarkable growth enhancements, with the highest increase in height (64.9%), number of leaflets (60.5%), and girth size (55.3%) compared to the initial values at 3 MAT, indicating its effectiveness in promoting growth in oil palm seedlings. Additionally, compared to the control group, the biochar-mixed media resulted in favourable outcomes regarding the assimilation of both macro- and micro-nutrients. For instance, nitrogen uptake increased by 2.7% with BMF-50, magnesium by 25.2%, phosphorus by 24.1% with BEFB-75, calcium by 36.8% with BMF-75, chlorine by 10.5% with BMF-50, iron by 25.5% with BEFB-25, copper by 20.1% with BMF-25, and zinc by 6.3% with BMF-25. Additionally, biochar-treated soil exhibited higher organic carbon content, improved cation exchange capacity (CEC), enhanced nitrogen retention with greater biochar proportions, and likely improved soil fertility due to biochar's porous structure. Further potential research can be explored to investigate its long-term effects on oil palm plantation.

Research Progress and Trend Analysis of Concrete 3D Printing Technology Based on CiteSpace

As an emerging method in engineering construction, concrete 3D printing has experienced rapid development in recent years due to its advantages in terms of automation, digitization, and intelligence. In order to comprehensively understand the research progress of concrete 3D printing technology, the literature on concrete 3D printing technology published in the Web of Science core database from 2014 to 2023 is used as a data source, and the visualization tool CiteSpace is utilized to research and analyze these results from the following aspects: number of publications, collaboration networks, research hotspots, and evolutionary trends. The results show that the number of publications in the field of concrete 3D printing technology has been increasing from year to year, with a gradually accelerating growth rate. The top three journals in terms of publication volume are Construction and Building Materials, Cement and Concrete Composites, and Materials. Research in the field of concrete 3D printing technology is mainly conducted through collaborations among research groups or institutions, while there are relatively fewer interactions among researchers from different institutions, regions, and countries. The current research direction mainly focuses on 3D printing materials, process parameters, and technology. The research content has progressed from initial explorations of concrete 3D printing technology to detailed studies of 3D printing materials and their performance. Overall, the research in this field continues to add further details to our knowledge of concrete 3D printing technology, and its application in engineering is gradually increasing. The automated, digitized, and intelligent construction methods of concrete 3D printing technology serve as a powerful driving force for the transformation and upgrading of the field of architecture.

Analysis of the Potential Economic Sectors on Poverty in Malang District and Madiun District

Development is an ongoing process embraced by nearly all nations globally, as it constitutes an integral aspect of a nation's pursuit of progress. The objectives of this research are delineated as follows: Firstly, to identify the fundamental sectors in Madiun Regency and Malang Regency. Secondly, to ascertain the sectors propelling growth in other regions within Madiun Regency and Malang Regency. Thirdly, to discern which sectors are experiencing accelerated growth rates in both regions. Fourthly, to determine sectors exhibiting specialization or locational advantages in Madiun Regency and Malang Regency. Lastly, to classify the economic growth within Madiun Regency and Malang Regency. Employing a descriptive-quantitative analysis method, this research provides an overview or description of the variables associated with the phenomenon under study. The findings of this research demonstrate a significant influence of the Basic Sector on poverty levels. Additionally, the coefficient of determination value, at 65.7%, corroborates the contribution of independent variables in elucidating variations in poverty levels.

Application of Fine Bubbles in Biofloc Aquaculture: Towards Environmental Sustainability

Biofloc Technology (BFT) is specifically designed to tackle critical challenges in aquaculture, including the reduction of excessive water usage, minimizing effluent discharge, optimizing nutrient utilization from feed, and strengthening overall biosecurity on farms. This innovative approach utilizes clusters of bacteria, algae, or protozoa within a matrix rich in particulate organic matter to enhance water quality, improve waste management, and control diseases. Given the system loading rates, there is a heightened need for elevated dissolved oxygen levels and optimal flow rates. Acknowledging the limitations of traditional aeration systems, this review hypothesizes employing fine bubbles as a panacea. The article, therefore, condenses information on fine bubble impacts in biofloc with a special focus on faster biofloc establishment, favorable microbial diversity, improved respiratory health, accelerated growth rates, optimized metabolism, improved feed conversion ratios, reducing costs, and enhanced overall aquatic health. The suitability of fine bubbles in diverse aquaculture environments is also explored with highlights on areas for further research to optimize and scale up fine bubble-fueled biofloc as an environmentally friendly aquaculture.

Corrosion fatigue performance of modified 17-4PH in simulated geothermal environment

Corrosion fatigue behavior of a new candidate material for geothermal turbine blade, modified 17-4PH, was investigated in detail. The environmental acceleration of crack growth rate was discussed in terms of ∆K. Fracture surface and side surface were observed by SEM. The crack path on side surface was also analyzed by EBSD. Then, the corrosion mechanism was discussed. Striation width on the fracture surface was compared to the crack growth per cycle. Since pitting occurred during the corrosion fatigue test, anodic polarization test was exercised to measure the pitting potential, and the cause for the pitting was also discussed. The hardness was also characterized by micro-hardness test and auger electron mapping.