Digital Acceleration Research Articles

The role of digital competence in improving service quality and employee performance

Orientation: Digital acceleration forces all public service organisations to prepare to shift from traditional methods to digital methods. Thus, this phenomenon challenges today’s public service organisations to present new service innovations with technological elements to create superior performance.Research purpose: This study aims to explore and analyse the impact of digital competence, smart digital services, and service quality on the performance of public service employees.Motivation for the study: Human resources in public service organisations face many challenges, namely how to adapt to technology and create effective services to improve service quality and employee performance.Research approach/design and method: This study was conducted in all government organisations in Central Java province, Indonesia. The sampling technique used was proportional random sampling, so that a sample of 262 civil servants was obtained. This study uses a quantitative method with Structural Equation Model (SEM) analysis.Main findings: The study results show that digital competence has a positive impact on intelligent digital services, which significantly improves service quality and ultimately has a positive impact on employee performance.Practical/managerial implications: The results of this study provide important insights for policy makers in the Central Java Provincial Government, Indonesia, to determine the direction of digital competence development and service innovation in achieving positive performance.Contribution/value-add: This study provides a roadmap for public service organisations to develop employees who can adapt to digital competencies and smart digital services to achieve maximum performance.

UPI's Influence on India's Economic Transformation: Financial Inclusion

The UPI, since its inception in 2016, has revolutionized the financial industry of India. This paper discusses the all-encompassing and deep change brought by the UPI in the areas of economic growth, incorporation of finance, and cashless economy. Digital transactions have become fluent and real-time accessible under the UPI, thus empowering individuals and businesses to easily access previously untapped populations. The digital payments promoted through UPI reduce cash dependency, which controls tax evasion and circulation of black money along with possible operational inefficiencies. The paper focuses on the critical aspect on how the platform has supported economic growth through financing innovation in fintech, drives the expansion of SMEs, and increases overall transparency in transactions. Moreover, UPI has acted as a significant enabler to help the state achieve the government initiatives - Digital India, which helped boost the country's GDP through acceleration of digitalization with improvement in financial inclusion. Despite such a massive success story, the adoption of UPI continues to pose difficulties in rural areas primarily on account of lower degrees of digital literacy and infrastructure. With the prospects that the cross-border transaction will bring in the future, UPI can further establish economic growth. This research article is a reason for mixed feelings - with one hand, the revolutionary impact that UPI has on India's economy, and on the other hand, the challenges that must be overcome for it to reach its fullest potential.

A Study on the Application of Meta-Cosmos Technology in Risk Management of Commercial Banks

In recent years, the meteoric rise of Meta-Cosmos technology has established it as a pivotal component of the digital economy. This amalgamation of cutting-edge technologies—including virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), blockchain, and artificial intelligence—has fundamentally reshaped perceptions of the digital realm. As the cornerstone of the financial system, commercial banks have consistently confronted a dynamic array of challenges in risk management. With the acceleration of digitalization, traditional risk management methods have increasingly revealed their inadequacies, particularly in navigating the complexities of fluctuating market conditions and the escalating threats to cybersecurity. The advent of Meta-Cosmos technology offers commercial banks a novel perspective and innovative tools for risk management. By constructing virtual economic environments, banks can conduct more precise risk assessments and controls, thereby enhancing the scientific rigor and timeliness of their decision-making processes. Nevertheless, the application of Meta-Cosmos technology within the banking sector remains in its exploratory phase, facing challenges related to technological maturity, security, and regulatory compliance. This study aims to examine how Meta-Cosmos technology can be integrated into the risk management frameworks of commercial banks, thereby providing theoretical support and practical guidance for the future development of financial technology.

Digital World Threat Preparedness For Digital Transformation Acceleration Policy In Indonesia

Digital transformation is a must for Indonesia in facing global dynamics in this digital era. Through the digital transformation acceleration policy, Indonesia seeks to accelerate economic growth, improve the quality of public services, and strengthen national resilience in the digital era. The purpose of this paper underlines the importance of Indonesia's preparedness in facing the threats of the digital world, both in terms of cybersecurity, data privacy violations and other negative impacts. The method used is a qualitative research method with data reviewed through literature studies. The results show that the importance of this preparedness covers various aspects, ranging from cybersecurity infrastructure to community digital literacy to overcome challenges and risks in building a strong digital defense. In addition, there is a need for concrete steps to overcome obstacles and challenges in implementing digital transformation acceleration policies. This includes strengthening technological infrastructure, improving digital literacy, encouraging the involvement of all stakeholders, and ensuring supportive regulations and adequate privacy protection. Throughout the analysis, it is important to understand that digital transformation is not an end goal, but an ongoing journey. By identifying and addressing the challenges and risks that arise, Indonesia can optimally utilize the potential of digital transformation to achieve sustainable development and protect people's security and privacy in this digital era.

(Invited) Emerging Nonvolatile Memories for Analog Neuromorphic Computing

Emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) devices, such as STT-MRAM, PCM, RRAM, have been explored for embedded memory and storage applications to replace CMOS-based SRAM/DRAM and Flash devices. Recently, many of these memory devices have been utilized for new computing paradigms beyond Boolean logic and von Neumann architectures. For example, in-memory analog computing reduces data movement between computing and memory units and exploits the intrinsic parallelism in memory arrays. It finds a natural application in deep neural network (DNN) accelerators by implementing high-throughput high-efficiency multiply accumulate (MAC) operations. Here the conductance of memory devices in a crossbar array represents DNN weights and the activations are encoded in input electrical signals (e.g., pulse height or duration). The MAC operation is conducted via the Ohm’s law (multiplication between voltage and conductance) and Kirchhoff’s law (accumulate via current summation) at constant time even for very large networks. DNN has surpassed human performance in various AI applications, e.g., image classification, natural language processing, etc. While general-purpose CPU/GPU and special-purpose digital accelerators provide current and near-term DNN hardware, there are longer-term opportunities for analog DNN accelerators based on emerging memory devices to achieve significantly higher performance and energy-efficiency. At the same time, analog accelerators impose new requirements on these devices beyond traditional memory applications, e.g., analog tunability, gradual and symmetric weight modulation, high precision, etc. Memory devices with analog nature in their physical mechanisms (e.g., filament growth in RRAM) may be optimized to meet these requirements, while some abrupt and asymmetric characteristics (e.g., filament rupture) present challenges. Increasingly large neural network models have been demonstrated on these memory arrays designed as analog accelerators, but they are still orders of magnitude smaller than state-of-the-art DNN models. While analog accelerators enable massively parallel computation, they are also susceptible to unique challenges in analog devices and circuitry (e.g., device variability, circuit noise), which may degrade network performance (e.g., accuracy).To benefit from the massively parallel MAC operation in analog memory arrays, these arrays need to be large enough to efficiently map the layers in modern DNN models. Among emerging NVM devices, PCM has the advantages of maturity and the availability of large-scale arrays, but also face some challenges in device characteristics, e.g., conductance drift, asymmetry, and noise. PCM-based analog DNN accelerators have been demonstrated at advanced technology node with millions of devices and achieved iso-accuracy on increasingly large network models. These accelerators integrate highly efficient analog PCM tiles for MAC operations with advanced CMOS circuitry for auxiliary digital functions. While material/device engineering continues to be explored to improve the analog properties of PCM devices, design and operation innovations can also help to improve the performance of PCM-based DNN weights, e.g., multiple-device-per-weight design, close-loop tunning. In addition, circuit innovations are essential for analog accelerator performance. Fig. 1 shows a 14nm PCM-based DNN inference accelerator, which incorporate design techniques such as 4-PCM weight units, 2D mesh for tile-to-tile communication, pulse-duration-based coding, etc. On top of technology and design innovations, some DNN models can also be modified to be more resilient against hardware imperfection and noise. PCM-based analog accelerators have achieved iso-accuracy on large DNN models with millions of weights. This talk will discuss the progress that we have achieved on PCM-based analog DNN inference accelerators, the challenges of PCM materials and devices, and promising solutions in technology and design. Figure 1

FROM STORYTELLING TO STORY LIVING: EXPLORING THE METAVERSE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NEW AGE COMMUNICATOR

In the unfolding landscape of the Fifth Industrial Revolution, the concept of the "Metaverse" has found resonance within our collective consciousness. This paper presents a critical examination of the transformative potential of the Metaverse in the context of media and technology, emphasizing its implications for the field of communications. Rooted in a rhizomatic paradigm marked by continuous transformation, the Metaverse encapsulates augmented and virtual reality, blockchain, artificial Intelligence, and Web3.0 technologies. This study focuses on the Metaverse through the lens of the communicator, exploring immersive experiences powered by technological convergence and their potential impact on content.Building upon Baker et al.'s (2019) foundational insights, the research investigates the Metaverse's influence on media engagement and societal shifts. Nicholson et al.'s (2014) findings on collaboration within virtual world technology and Petit et al.'s (2019) exploration of consumer acceptance of digital objects provide a nuanced understanding of immersive communication. In the post-pandemic era, marked by rapid digital acceleration, the paper evaluates the Metaverse's role in shaping user behavior and societal structures, shedding light on its profound impact on media consumption patterns.Delving into the convergence of media and technology within the Metaverse, the paper explores its potential implications on immersive storytelling. It scrutinizes the evolving landscape where reification, presence, and immersion converge to give rise to the emergent scenario of "Story Living," blurring the boundaries between reality and simulation.The Metaverse prompts a deep and dynamic engagement with audiences and places them at the heart of the content piece. The introduction of interactivity and adaptive storytelling, facilitated by mixed reality technologies, empowers audiences to actively shape and participate in the narrative. This shift underscores the importance of adaptive multi-varied formats of communication within the immersive context of the Metaverse. Shin & Biocca's (2017) research on virtual world, Chelsea et al.'s formulation of Hierarchy of Needs for User Experiences in Virtual Reality, as well as Thomas and David’s (1992) insights about modeling immersive environments provide a comprehensive analysis of the intersection between media, technology, and consumer experiences within this dynamic space. The paper seeks inspiration from Ahn et.al's framework on bifold, triadic relationships to understand the nuances of human interactions unfolding in the metaverse.The paper acknowledges the adoption of the Metaverse beyond traditional gaming and corporate training. The integration of immersive environments by fashion brands, and investments by major brands in this space as outlined by Rauschnabel et al., (2022) signal an ongoing shift in brand focus. Shen's (2002) examination of measurement methodologies and strategic considerations, underscores the need for critical assessment in academic discourse. By grasping the opportunities and challenges presented by the empowered audience within the Metaverse, this study enriches discussions on the cultural and societal impacts of the Metaverse for the new-age media communicator.

Challenges and Opportunities for QRIS Implementation as a Digital Payment System in Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the challenges and opportunities for implementing QRIS (Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard) as one of the digital payment systems in Indonesia which has been provided by Bank Indonesia as an application that provides convenience, speed, and efficiency in payment transactions. However, the implementation of QRIS as a digital payment system in Indonesia still faces many challenges, such as limited internet access, competition with other payment systems, security aspects in use that have the potential for fraud or data theft, and low public understanding of QRIS. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods with a focus on challenges and opportunities in implementing QRIS in Indonesia. The primary data sources in this research are observations and in-depth interviews with business actors who use QRIS. Secondary data sources were obtained from Bank Indonesia QRIS documents and data. This research found that the challenges in implementing QRIS in Indonesia are still low support from the central government and regional governments in accelerating the use of QRIS, not yet optimal cooperation between financial institutions, industry, and society, inadequate information technology infrastructure, and low public understanding about QRIS. Meanwhile, QRIS has enormous opportunities because it is one of the instruments in encouraging digital economic acceleration that is inclusive and efficient. QRIS has huge market potential because there is an increasing number of smartphone users every year.

Improving the Escalation of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) Based on Digital Economy Acceleration and Capability Through Value Creation on West Java SME Enterpriser

Improving the Escalation of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) Based on Digital Economy Acceleration and Capability Through Value Creation on West Java SME Enterpriser

Toward Energy-efficient STT-MRAM-based Near Memory Computing Architecture for Embedded Systems

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have significantly impacted embedded system applications across various domains. However, this exacerbates the real-time processing and hardware resource-constrained challenges of embedded systems. To tackle these issues, we propose spin-transfer torque magnetic random-access memory (STT-MRAM)-based near memory computing (NMC) design for embedded systems. We optimize this design from three aspects: Fast-pipelined STT-MRAM readout scheme provides higher memory bandwidth for NMC design, enhancing real-time processing capability with a non-trivial area overhead. Direct index compression format in conjunction with digital sparse matrix-vector multiplication (SpMV) accelerator supports various matrices of practical applications that alleviate computing resource requirements. Custom NMC instructions and stream converter for NMC systems dynamically adjust available hardware resources for better utilization. Experimental results demonstrate that the memory bandwidth of STT-MRAM achieves 26.7 GB/s. Energy consumption and latency improvement of digital SpMV accelerator are up to 64× and 1,120× across sparsity matrices spanning from 10% to 99.8%. Single-precision and double-precision elements transmission increased up to 8× and 9.6×, respectively. Furthermore, our design achieves a throughput of up to 15.9× over state-of-the-art designs.

COVID-19 Emergency: Boosting Digitalization and a Missed Opportunity for Acquiring Digital Literacy in the Old Population

The COVID-19 crisis has accelerated the adoption of digital content and services, particularly in Italy, a country historically slower in embracing communication technologies (European Commission, 2023). Mobility restrictions have hastened the digitalization of daily life, including communication, entertainment, and utility services (Auditel & Censis, 2022). Older individuals, traditionally less digitally proficient, have faced challenges adapting to this rapid digitalization (Rolandi et al., 2020, NIHR, 2022). However, early evidence suggests that this digital acceleration may not be sufficient to bridge the digital divide, especially among older populations (Litchfield et al., 2021, Colombo et al., 2023). This paper explores the changes occurring in the relationship between older people and new technologies based on data provided by longitudinal qualitative research, which involved a panel of 40 over-65 residents in the Lodigiano region, the first red zone – affected by the pandemic and its restrictions – in Europe. This contribution aims to highlight how active seniors have experienced a transformation in their approach to technology from the onset of the pandemic (2020) to the present day. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and then imported into the NVivo application for content analysis. Grounded Theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) was utilized, involving several stages. The analysis also aimed to formulate ideal types for interpreting the diverse approaches to digital adoption among the older population. From the present study, it emerged that the rapid process of digitalization during the COVID-19 pandemic has not effectively bridged the digital divide, but rather widened it. The swift digitalization of public services highlights the challenges in ensuring inclusivity, especially for older individuals. While digitalization can benefit those with support networks, it further marginalizes isolated seniors. Policy-makers need to consider existing caregiver networks to promote digital inclusion among older individuals.

Digital Transformations of Public Administration in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: EU Countries Case Study

The digital transformation of public administration and public services has become an urgent need for many governments around the world. This article aims to explore the homogeneity and pace of digital transformation of public administration through the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and to identify problems and forecasts of research processes at the EU level. The method of cluster analysis was used to study the similarity of the digital transformation of public administration in the EU. The pace of digitalization of public administration in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic was studied through trend analysis. The results show that the EU countries, according to the level of public administration digitalization, are grouped into five clusters, between which there are significant digital gaps. The COVID-19 pandemic has widened the gaps, potentially impacting the EU’s strategy for digitalizing society and establishing e-government. Public e-services usage in 2020 to 2021 is higher than predicted by trend analysis for 2009 to 2019. This suggests an acceleration of digitalization in the EU during the COVID-19 pandemic. The proposed technique can be used to predict the level of digitization of any country or group of countries.

Revisiting Banks' Performance After the Digitalization Acceleration: The Case of Conventional Banking Industry in Indonesia

Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) facilitates digital banking acceleration by establishing regulations related to digital banking. After its implementation, banking performance in general has increased, but some banks experienced discrepancies. This study aims to analyze the comparison of banks’ fund composition, operational efficiency, and economic rentability before and during the acceleration. This research uses the comparative tests by the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and Paired Sample T-Test based on the existing data of nine banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) main board. The result indicates that there were significant differences in banks’ Current Account Saving Account composition, operational efficiency, and economic rentability variables. In contrast, banks’ Time Deposit composition variables did not experience significant differences before and after digitalization acceleration. This study was conducted based on the data from IDX main board banks that have provided online account opening features and experienced a decline in one of the fund composition, operational efficiency, and economic rentability performance.

The Impact of Work Engagement on the Agility of the Organization's Workforce X

Digital transformation is increasingly necessary in the public sector and is a government strategy imperative. ASNs working in Organization X need to be agile to adapt to the changing environment and the current digital acceleration. Higher work engagement among employees will lead to increased motivation and improved workforce agility. This research takes a quantitative approach in the form of non-experimental methods. Regression analysis was used as the analysis technique to investigate the impact of work engagement on employee agility of ASN employees in company X. The study sampling consisted of 122 interviewees. The results indicate a significant positive correlation between work engagement and workforce agility. Further research is expected to deepen the information by interviewing relevant parties to verify and strengthen the phenomenon.

초등 학생들의 필기 능력 개선을 위한 딥러닝 기반 광학 문자인식 도구 개발

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate how a deep learning-based optical character recognition (OCR) tool can improve students' handwriting. We aim to develop and validate the effectiveness of a handwriting checking tool to counteract the increase in bad handwriting due to the acceleration of digitalization.
 Methods This study began with the development of a notification letter checker tool using Jetson Nano and NAVER CLOVA OCR. The tool was then applied to 20 fifth-grade students for about two months, and pre- and post-training visuoperceptual development tests were conducted to measure changes before and after training.
 Results The results of the study demonstrated that the use of a deep learning-based optical character recognition tool had a positive impact on students' handwriting skills. Improvements in performance were observed in some of the visuoperceptual developmental test items, and substantial changes in handwriting confidence were also observed.
 Conclusions This study confirms the potential of deep learning-based OCR tools as an important tool for improv-ing students' handwriting skills. However, since the study was conducted on a limited sample group, further re-search is needed, and the accumulated Korean handwriting data from this study can be developed into a more ef-fective tool. The tools developed in this study are available on GitHub at https://github.com/jkf87/autostampper.

Tracing the evolution of cyber resilience: a historical and conceptual review

In 2000, during a time when cyber security research was focused on the risks and threats posed by digital systems, the notion of being able to withstand and recover from cyber attacks, also known as cyber resilience, emerged. Recently, this concept has gained increasing attention due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the rapid acceleration of digitalization. While experts acknowledge the distinction between cyber security and cyber resilience, the exact definition and evolution of the latter remain somewhat ambiguous. The aim of this paper is to offer a thorough comprehension of how the notion of cyber resilience has developed throughout history. It delves into the concept of cyber resilience and its progression over time in response to the rising frequency and complexity of cyber threats. Cyber resilience, a new concept, has gained significant recognition as a critical component of cyber security strategy across diverse sectors, encompassing public and private domains alike. It begins with an overview of the definition and key components of cyber resilience and then traces the origin of the concept from its early development in the 2000s. The paper also explores the major milestones and events that have shaped the evolution of this capacity, including changes in technology and societal factors, up to the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. This study provides valuable insights into future challenges for ensuring the continued resilience of digital infrastructure by examining the historical and contextual factors that have influenced the concept.

The innovation model and upgrade path of digitalization driven tourism industry: Longitudinal case study of OCT

Unlike the progressive growth of developed countries that have transitioned from large-scale tourism to intelligent tourism, China's tourism sector exhibits characteristics of short-term leapfrog strategic change. However, existing research lacks a sufficient theoretical explanation of how China's tourism industry can achieve this leapfrog strategic change. Based on a longitudinal case study, this study finds that digital supplementation and intelligent innovation constitute two key stages in Chinese enterprises' leap-forward strategic change from large-scale park tourism to intelligent tourism from 2012 to 2020. Digitalization is an important path for Chinese enterprises to realize transformation and upgrading, mainly through digital acceleration and reconstruction learning mechanisms, to drive the double leap in strategic change and tourism industry model innovation. In the context of a mismatch between digital technology and managerial skills, this study provides a theoretical model for firms to implement a leap-forward strategic change in intelligent tourism. It not only supports strategic change theory and organizational learning but also provides management illumination for digital rural construction, national tourism intelligence policy development, and enterprise intelligent tourism reform practice.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ И ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ МАРКЕТИНГА НА РЫНКЕ B2B: ЦЕННОСТНЫЙ ПОДХОД

The digital acceleration caused by the pandemic has increased the interest of companies worldwide in B2B. The study aims to examine the key aspects and features of B2B marketing, as well as the current prospects for its use. The article studies the marketing managers’ scientific works; considers elements of the B2B value pyramid and a marketing approach to meeting customer needs; analyzes B2B technologies for developing new marketing strategies and methods for selling goods and services. The novelty of the study lies in expanding the understanding of effective B2B marketing interactions through the lens of the value approach. The study confirms that certain marketing attributes used by B2B companies might significantly affect customers’ purchasing decisions in their favor. Customer behavior is not always rational and requires a value based approach to understand marketing communications. B2B companies involve different types of activities, which requires further research. B2B e-commerce offers great opportunities for organizations and will continue to play an important role in the global economy and trade in the future.

A Memristive Spiking Neural Network Circuit for Bio-inspired Navigation Based on Spatial Cognitive Mechanisms.

Cognitive navigation, a high-level and crucial function for organisms' survival in nature, enables autonomous exploration and navigation within the environment. However, most existing works for bio-inspired navigation are implemented with non-neuromorphic computing. This work proposes a bio-inspired memristive spiking neural network (SNN) circuit for goal-oriented navigation, capable of online decision-making through reward-based learning. The circuit comprises three primary modules. The place cell module encodes the agent's spatial position in real-time through Poisson spiking; the action cell module determines the direction of subsequent movement; and the reward-based learning module provides a bio-inspired learning method adaptive to delayed and sparse rewards. To facilitate practical application, the entire SNN is quantized and deployed on a real memristive hardware platform, achieving about a 21× reduction in energy consumption compared to a typical digital acceleration system in the forward computing phase. This work offers an implementation idea of neuromorphic solution for robotic navigation application in low-power scenarios.

PENGEMBANGAN TOOL KIT PENINGKATAN KAPASITAS KEUANGAN KELUARGA CERMAT (TOOL KIT PK3C) BAGI PEREMPUAN DARI KELUARGA MISKIN DI KECAMATAN COBLONG KOTA BANDUNG

Women from poor families have the potential to make poor financial decisions that exacerbate their poverty. The COVID-19 pandemic has driven the acceleration of digitalization and the demand for good financial literacy from poor families. Strengthening the role of women not only as targets but also agents of change in financial literacy can increase financial inclusion. This research objective is to develops a Tool Kit that can be used practically by women from poor families to conduct community-based learning independently. This Tool Kit design is called the Careful Family Financial Capacity building Tool Kit (PK3C Tool Kit). This study used a qualitative approach with the Participatory Action Research method. Data were collected using documentation studies, interviews, focused group discussions, and observations. The research participants were 15 women from poor families. Data analysis used the Miles and Huberman model. The findings of this study highlight the interaction of women from poor families in interacting with each other to learn financial literacy. Vicarious learning through the storytelling of financial experiences is considered to help women become financially literate. The learning scheme generated from the PK3C Tool Kit is a cycle consisting of a storytelling process, triggering discussion, reflection on experience, and discursive transformation related to new financial competencies.

Digital Transformation in The Luxury Industry: Strategies, Challenges, And Opportunities

With the rise of mobile Internet and social media, digital channels have become a new way of communication between enterprises and consumers. Digital marketing has replaced traditional marketing and become one of the most widely covered and most influential publicity models. The luxury goods industry is also facing tremendous changes and challenges while ushering in new opportunities. This article first introduces the different categories of digital marketing, including website promotion, search engine marketing, social media marketing, etc., and emphasizes the uniqueness and aesthetic requirements of luxury marketing. The paper further explores the key factors of digital marketing, including using big data to accurately position brand image and customers, learning and utilizing digital technologies, developing e-commerce, redefining luxury experience standards, selecting appropriate media platforms and online interactive activity design, and providing beneficial digital content to enhance customer interactions, implement omni-channel marketing, and more. Finally, the article emphasizes the need for luxury brands to integrate digital transformation into daily business operations and solve the challenges faced by digital acceleration, including budget allocation, digital talent recruitment and training, technology bottlenecks.