Academic World Research Articles

A systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis of eco‐innovation on financial performance: Identifying barriers and drivers

AbstractEco‐innovation strategies are essential elements for companies developing core competencies in the circular economy model. The academic world has begun to study the knowledge of these business decisions, and there is incipient literature on the subject. In this context, this paper aims to contribute to the current knowledge on the impact of eco‐innovation strategies on corporate performance by exposing and synthesizing the distinct positions found in the literature. For this purpose, a systematic and bibliometric review of 81 articles related to the economic impact of eco‐innovation on firm performance, as well as the barriers and drivers of these strategies, was carried out. After analyzing the several types of eco‐innovation, our results show that although previous empirical evidence suggests the existence of a positive effect, it is not generalizable due to the existence of several factors that may condition the impact of eco‐innovation on corporate performance and its implementation. This study delves into the current academic literature on eco‐innovation and firm performance, determining that both size and the environment in which a company is framed constitute a series of conditioning factors that may clarify why there is no consensus in the academic literature in this regard. In addition, this work encourages future lines of research with the aim of shedding light on this field of knowledge.

Strategi Guru dalam Menjelaskan Materi guna Meningkatkan Nilai Mata Pelajaran Siswa di SD Inpres Taratara 1

The ability to explain material to students is one of the basic teaching skills that must be mastered by a teacher. Teachers must be familiar with various learning strategies in order to choose the one that is most effective for teaching their students. The purpose of this research is to find out how the teacher s strategy in explaining the material in order to increase the value of student subjects. This study used qualitative research methods. The results of this study indicate that the teachers basic teaching skills in explaining there are several strategies that are carried out, namely the teacher explains by attracting students attention, the teacher behaves humorously and is not rigid in starting learning, the teacher explains the learning objectives, the teacher carries out learning activities outdoors, the teacher changes the learning atmosphere, the teacher applies various learning models and methods. It is hoped that the results of this research can be useful for the academic world and of course also for society and can be used as relevant reference material.

SOSIALISASI DAN IMPLEMENTASI WAKAF PRODUKTIF DALAM RANGKA PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT DI DESA KALIULING, KECAMATAN TEMPURSARI, KABUPATEN LUMAJANG

Law No. 41 of 2004 concerning Waqf is projected as a means of social engineering, making changes to the thoughts, attitudes and behavior of Muslims so that they are in line with the spirit of the law. One of the new regulations in the Waqf Law is productive Waqf. This article discusses the productive waqf in the perspective of Islamic economics and how the prospects are in empowering the economy of Muslims. Productive waqf is a scheme for managing waqf donations from the people, namely by producing these donations, so that they are able to produce a sustainable surplus. Productive waqf is not very familiar in the community, so it is necessary to socialize to the community about productive waqf and assist in the development and management of productive waqf, by conducting research that focuses on Krajan Hamlet and Tamansari Hamlet in Kaliuling Village, Tempursari District, Lumajang Regency. The community service activities aim to empower the people of Kaliuling Village through the implementation of productive waqf. This implementation will help the community manage village assets so that they can be maximized for common welfare. Apart from that, this effort also aims to educate the people of Kaliuling about the use of productive waqf as a source of mutual welfare. The dedication method used by researchers is a participatory action approach or commonly referred to as PAR (participatory action research). In the activity there are 3 main keys, namely the first identifying problems, planning problem solving, implementing, controlling and evaluating. The second is understanding, predicting, verifying, exploring, and so on. And the third is research, namely research activities in the academic world. This research activity is a critique of existing research paradigms, both positivistic and interpretive paradigms that are not concerned with social change. In the management and development activities of productive waqf in Kaliuling Village, Tempursari District, Lumajang Regency, it was carried out through several stages including; socialization of productive waqf to the community, forming management as Nadzir (manager) of Productive Waqf, recording data on waqf and goods being donated, as well as compiling administrative files for productive waqf management and pledges. The results of this activity are quite significant and can be understood by most of the Kaliuling village community, especially Dusun Krajan and Tamansari. This can be proven by the nadzir management in two (2) hamlets that have been formed, in Dusun Krajan there are 6 registered wakifs and in Dusun Tamansari there are 9 registered wakifs.

Art History as a New Discipline at the Estonian University in Tartu after the Long 19th Century

The article is the first attempt to present the beginnings of Estonian professional art history in the 1920s in a regional and global context. The author strives to situate the University of Tartu (Dorpat) in the pan-European network of universities, where art history had gradually become regarded as a new discipline during and after the long 19th century. Art history is rooted in the Age of Enlightenment, with Johann Joachim Winckelmann retrospectively named the father of art history. But it was about a half century after his death that art history was incorporated into a general subject of aesthetics taught at universities. It took another fifty years for art history to become a separate discipline in the modern universities of Germany and Austria-Hungary, and another half century to receive a separate chair at the Estonian national university in Tartu. The development of art history as a discipline at the University of Tartu is analysed on a very granular level, based on primary sources from Estonian and Swedish archives. During the 19th century art and its history were used to the ends of national politics and in search of national identities. In Estonia, this was hindered by the activities of another ethnic group, the Baltic-Germans, who had been the ruling class in the Baltic provinces of the Russian Empire. The first professor of art history at the Estonian University of Tartu, Helge Kjellin, wanted to bridge the gap between Estonian and Baltic art history. He attempted to merge these two concepts and define the territorial concept of Estonian art from the Middle Ages to the beginning of the 20th century. He also defined this as a proper field of study for Estonian art historians. However, after his departure from Estonia, art history was neglected and irrelevant for the Estonian University and the Estonian Republic. Science and academic professions were regarded as a masculine field of activity until after the Second World War. Only the lack of men, who had died in the war, enabled women to start seeking a more equal place in the academic world worthy of their intellectual ability. Despite there being many capable female students among those who studied art history with Kjellin, the first female professor of art history in Estonia, Krista Kodres, was elected to the Estonian Academy of Arts only in 2003.

Identity and alienation in Coming From Behind: a Jewish intellectual in academy

This study analyzes Howard Jacobson’s campus novel, Coming From Behind (1983) in terms of its protagonist’s struggle in academic life and the reasons and outcomes of that struggle. The protagonist, Sefton Goldberg is a Jewish British academic of English literature. His disappointments in his career and his relationships with other academics and his students, when evaluated through an existentialist point of view, as this study suggests, reveal much about a Jewish intellectual’s psychology and his position in academic world, as well as the condition of humanities and literature departments and how they are viewed in the contemporary university life. As a Jewish scholar and an intellectual, Goldberg is sure that his identity plays an important role in his academic career, personal relationships and psychology. Goldberg believes that his identity is the main reason behind his supposed alienation in the academic world. This study examines whether Goldberg has the standards that an intellectual should have according to philosophers and authors like Antonio Gramsci, J.P. Sartre and Edward Said. Secondly, the study focuses on how this intellectuality of Goldberg helps him to cope with the supposed alienation he faces because of his identity. Finally, this study sheds light on the problematic academic life of a Jewish British scholar through the lens of an existentialist view and argues that Goldberg’s identity can only be a hindrance on his path to success and happiness, not an absolute obstacle.

The Use of Controlled Artificial Intelligence as a Co-Author in Academic Article Writing

Dear Editors, We have read with interest your very valuable editorials on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) applications, which is a very current topic, in academic writing [1,2]. The opinions and thoughts of the authors about writing articles with the help of AI have been the focus of attention recently [1-3]. First of all, thank you very much for creating a discussion platform for the most used and mentioned development of the century (ChatGPT). Today, technology is indispensable in our lives, and in the last ten years, AI and the products obtained with this technology are an indication that Al will take place in all areas of our lives in the future. The one of the most important areas affected by technological developments is undoubtedly the world of science. Scientific articles, which are a product of scientific research, evolve depending on constantly renewed technological developments. Endnote, Zotero, Mendeley, which are frequently used in article writing; Plagiarism programs such as Turnitin, Ithenticate, SmallSEOTools etc. have taken their places among the indispensables of academics [4]. The most up-to-date technology that will help academics and scientific applications is the ChatGPT application, which is a product of AI, which is rapidly advancing in the world and is appreciated by millions of users [5]. Recently, one of the most discussed topics in the academic world is the use of AI as a co-author in academic articles [1-3,6]. Many authors argue that AI cannot be co-authors in article writing [3,6,7], some authors argue that it will be impossible to avoid the benefits that technology can provide us [8,9], while some authors argue that it is useful but needs to be developed [10]. In article writing, taking advantage of the conveniences that AI will offer to academicians shortens the duration of the work and provides ease of access. We think that the use of AI will be beneficial in many stages such as the literature review for a study, the creation of references in article writing, the preparation of the article according to the format of the journal to which it is planned to be sent, etc. Bahşi and Küçükbingöz [3] stated that the most important point is accuracy which may pose a problem in using AI programs such as ChatGPT or GPT4 in writing an article. AI serves information that it scans on the internet, and we do not know whether its source is always correct. Lee [6] emphasized that the inability of AI to take place as an author in article writing is not ethical in terms of not being able to take responsibility. However, there are researchers who emphasize that the main responsibility for article writing lies with the author [9]. When we evaluate the perspectives of the authors on the subject, we think that the parts of ChatGPT that need to be improved in terms of accuracy in citation and lack of ethical controller. Artificial intelligence can be a co-author of articles if a scientific dataset is used, which consists of data that is safer, and controlled and ethical principles are not ignored. However, the final reliability of the articles should be checked with a human brain. Technology should be used absolutely, but it should not be based entirely on it. As a result, it is imperative to keep up with science in the developing and changing world. We believe that AI being the co-author of our articles, provided that it is limited and supervised, will provide academics with the opportunity to save time and reach results faster. Regards

Sustainable and blue tourism in the light of e-commerce development and economic growth– A Meta-Analysis

Innovation has transformed our lives in numerous ways, including a vulnerable and emerging area around the travel industry as Blue Tourism. Online-based advertising and internet business have fostered sightseers' approaches to arranging and encountering their getaways, affecting how we "consume" the travel industry and the impact on the environment and manageability in mindfulness capacity building. This paper concentrates on this peculiarity through a Meta-analysis of the literature on blue the travel industry. As per the examination, manageability, and promotion were the two most investigated subjects, as a major development goal of cooperation networks around the world. The findings of the current research will bring knowledge to the actual information advancement in web-based business and computerized promoting on individual time usage in the travel industry and its significance and supportability. They will be useful to researchers of this field, tourism stakeholders, and the academic world as well as policymakers, to satisfactorily mirror the required thoughtfulness regarding the challenges and implications that the field provides to society.

Podillia Church Historical and Archaeological Society in the Study of Archaeological Heritage

The purpose of the research paper is to analyze the role of Podillia Church Historical and Archaeological Society (1865-1920) in the study of archaeological heritage and to determine its significance in the overall heritage of its scientific achievements.
 Scientific novelty. After studying the documentary sources it has been found out that during its activities Podillia Church Historical and Archaeological Society evolved from an amateur group into a true center of historical research in Podillia, and archeology became one of the main components that secured the Society recognition and authority in scientific circles at the end of the 19th century – early 20th century.
 Conclusions. In order to write the history of Podillia with pro-Russian ideological content, a group of priests and local intellectuals at Podillia Theological Seminary was organized and got the name of the Committee for Historical and Statistical Description of Podillia Eparchy. Over the years, the Committee had grown into a full-fledged center for studying the history of Podillia, called Podillia Church Historical and Archaeological Society, whose work had acquired scientific features, and the areas of research and their content had gone far beyond the tasks set by the ruling elite.
 The high level of organization and results of research in the field of archeology ensured the Society to be recognized in the academic world at the end of the 19th – early 20th century. And such achievements as the collecting and well-argued systematization of the collection of archaeological objects, as well as the system of the compiled Archaeological Map of Podillia, are patterns that retain their relevance and meaning to this day. Such a high assessment of the results of the Society’s activities was given by authoritative Ukrainian historians of that time, such as V. Antonovych, D. Doroshenko, I. Krypiakevych, and O. Ohloblyn.
 From the experience of the Society, it follows that the main condition and reason for its progressive evolution was the very content of Ukrainian history, the objective study of which naturally formed individual national self-awareness and fostered patriotism.

Comparison of Burnout Based on Gender and Part-time Work Among Higher Education Students

With an emphasis on gender disparities and part-time employment status, this study explores the causes of burnout among college and university students. The academic world is increasingly concerned about burnout, which is characterized by excessive exhaustion and a loss of interest in academic pursuits. This study, which involved university students from Lampung, Indonesia, indicated that gender is crucial in determining how burnout affects students. Burnout is also more likely when part-time occupations are required due to increased economic hardships. The results highlight the significance of comprehending and resolving the particular difficulties experienced by various student groups in order to promote a supportive learning environment and improve student well-being.

Climate Change in School Geography Textbooks (Spain) in the Era of the ICTs: Perception and Teaching According to Teachers

Climate change has become one of the major themes in the academic world, as it constitutes a socio-environmental challenge faced by society in the twenty-first century. The objectives of this study, based on the opinions of geography teachers (secondary education and baccalaureate, Spain), were to analyze the frequency of use of school textbooks in geography classes, to examine how climate change is addressed in these resources, to study how teachers impart these contents, and to review the importance of teaching global warming according to the opinions of the teachers. Based on a sample of 96 teachers surveyed between 2019 and 2022, the results show a disparity of opinions regarding textbook use, a not-altogether-adequate treatment of this phenomenon with these resources (the sum of the responses with values of 1 and 2 amounted to 44.8%), and a predominance of an explanation of climate change by teachers through everyday cases in the students’ environment (35.4%) and talks and workshops given in class by experts (27.1%). Knowing the use made by teachers of the traditional textbook in the era of the ICTs, their perception of the adequacy of the contents on climate change in these resources, and how this phenomenon is taught is highly relevant to raising awareness and educating the youngest cohorts about one of the main challenges faced by society today.

Academic Library Services during Post-Covid Era: A Case Study

Libraries and Information centres, from the last so many decades serve as a strong resource of information to the society. The libraries as academic institutions are considered as a heart of the parent organizations and the role is played in the current era very well by providing the online as well as print information resources to the clientele. During the last year, due to Covid 19 pandemic effect, the entire academic world has been badly affected and changed the global education scenario. It has changed the way of processes and delivery of education; being a part of the education system, academic libraries are also not exceptional for that. Academic libraries are also witnessing a sea change in the storage, processing and service delivery of information. Academic libraries will have to redesign, reform the nature of library collection, processes and also the service delivery of information in order to exceed the user expectations and remain sustainable in the present scenario of the Post Covid-19 era. Thus, the present work has highlighted an effort of a management Institutional library taken to reshape, reform and reorganize the library services and collection in order to meet the new challenges for sustainability. NU Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences & Business Studies Vol. 7 & 8, No.2 & 1, July 2021 - December 2022 p. 99-110

Office Management Competencies Model Based on Industrial Perspectives

Purpose: this paper’s purpose is to explore competencies that should be acquired by graduates according to industries that they will work for. This study also proposes a model for competencies for office management aspect in industries and the categorization of these competencies and activities based on not only the education background but also the management level in an organization. Theoretical framework: The literature used in this study consists of many sources. However, we emphasize on the work description that is required in office management (Hollis-Turner; 2015 and Maynard; 1967). Design/methodology/approach: We gathered several cross-sectional articles on office competencies, and we also collected primary data through interviews with three experienced professionals in offices. We use critical systems heuristics to structure the answers, as well as construct the model of office competencies. Findings: The results of this research are two folds. First, the exploration of office management field competencies has several discrepancies between industrial perspectives and what are taught at the university or school, including soft skill competencies that should be given when graduates were still in school or university. Second result is the model is constructed that has significant contribution for the academic and industrial aspects. Research, Practical & Social implications: We would suggest that academic world would learn and adapt from the model constructed to avoid future misconception on office competencies. In the future, more office research will enrich the resources to determine the curriculum especially in office management. Originality/value: The result of this study emphasizes that while office can be changed into virtual offices, the competencies to run an office are still needed. Hence, this study shows the perspective from industries in Indonesia that can be used for curriculum redesign in universities and schools.

Dynamics of the Salatiga Islamic Movement in 2009-2019

This research focuses on the dynamics of PMII Cadreization of the Faculty of Syari'ah Rayon Zubair Umar Al-Jailani in 2009-2019. The focus of this research is limited to three problems, namely; (1) What is the historical background of the PMII IAIN Salatiga organization; (2) What was the initial period for the establishment of PMII of the Syari'ah Faculty; and (3) What are the Non-Academic Skill improvement programs for PMII organizational cadres, Faculty of Syari'ah Rayon Zubair Umar Al-Jailani in 2009-2019? This study uses historical research methods, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. The results of the study found that the cadre programs at PMII of the Faculty of Sharia experienced ups and downs according to the demands of the times. Several important findings in this study were cadre needs-based cadre programs such as strengthening non-academic skills, intellectual and social strengthening, and academic strengthening in order to erase the declining image of PMII cadres in the academic world.

최근 나당전쟁사 연구의 주요 쟁점

Regarding the start and end of the Silla-Tang War, which occurred in the late 7th century due to the conflict over the postwar process after the fall of Goguryeo and Baekje, the descriptions of Chinese and Korean historical materials are sharply divergent, claiming that each country won the victory. Accordingly, the perspectives of domestic and foreign academic researchers are also sharply divided depending on how they accept and interpret these historical records. In particular, the main issues in the academic world that have been going on so far can be summarized as follows. First, it was a issues related to the timing of the start of the Silla-Tang War and the investigation of its cause. Second, it was a issues related to the location of major battlegrounds such as Maesoseong and the consequent understanding of the development of the war. Third, there was a issues related to the confrontation between the ‘Victory of Silla theory’ and the ‘Tang’s abandoning the Korean peninsula theory’ related to the process of ending the war. And there were also issues related to the discourse on the historical significance of the 'The Unification of Silla' or ‘The establishment of the South and North dynasties'.
 Looking at the previous discussions related to these Silla-Tang war history, the aspect of the completion stage of the so-called 'The Silla’s unification of the three kingdoms' or 'The establishment of the North and South dynasties' was mainly highlighted from the perspective of Korean history. However, in terms of East Asian history or world history, the aspect of the foreign policy of the Tang Empire was mainly highlighted. Therefore, naturally, there was a strong tendency for the absolute majority to constantly converge only on the beginning and end of the war, and various interpretations and discourses surrounding it, and revolve around it.
 As such, the following aspects need to be further considered for the development of research achievements in the field in the future. First, it is necessary to find new historical concepts or terms that can cover the reality of the 7th century’s international war and its long-term aftermath, including the Silla-Tang War, from the perspective of complementing internal and external factors by replacing simple dichotomy. Second, it is necessary to expand interest not only in Tang and Silla, the parties to the war, but also in other tribes and groups, such as the Malgal, Khitan, other northern nomadic forces, and the refugees of Goguryeo and Baekje, who directly or indirectly participated in the war. Third, it is necessary to understand the various internal contexts such as the political structure of each party to the war, such as Tang or Silla, or the changes in institutions, society, and culture, and the periodic influence of the Silla-Tang War more closely.

Paradigm of Law and Human Rights as a Protection of Academic Freedom in Indonesia

Various attacks on academic freedom in Indonesia are like an iceberg phenomenon. The conditions are very worrying but not surprising, considering that repressive practices in the academic world are common in Indonesia. How is the legal mechanism of human rights and theoretical views responding to the threats to academic freedom in Indonesia. This research uses socio-legal study methods to regarding academic freedom in Indonesia and the patterns that follow. The purpose of this research is to rehabilitate and recover victims of terror and threats to academic freedom and ensure that similar cases are not repeated. Various models of threats and attacks on academic freedom, such as: the use of the judiciary to repress academics, banning and followed by sweeping of left books, prohibition or sanctions on teaching methods, forced dissolution of scientific discussions/forums both by campuses and by law enforcement officials and even groups of thugs, Stigmatization which was followed by violence against lecturers and students, as well as threats of violence and terror and even followed by attempts of persecution became a very worrying problem in the situation of academic freedom in Indonesia. Equally important, there is a need for a human rights legal system related to academic freedom that is institutionalized, strong, and binding so that it becomes a code of conduct for exercising academic freedom in Indonesia.

Ηow to Use Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a Resource, Methodological and Analysis Tool in Qualitative Research?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has had far-reaching effects in research and the academic world. It has been used in many ways by the scientific community within the context of qualitative research, such as literature and systematic reviews, for conceptualization purposes, thematic and content analysis. It has however prompted concerns and questions about the potential for unreliable research, bias, and unethical behavior in the outcomes of AI-produced research. The purpose this paper is to examine the current use of AI in research, its strengths and limitations, dilemmas and ethical considerations from theoretical critical perspective principles, while delivering five key considerations for the appropriate, rigorous, and reliable use of AI in research practice. The first step is to become acquainted with the data generated by AI systems. The second is concerned with removing biased content and addressing ethical concerns when using AI, while the third is concerned with cross-referencing information generated by AI. The fourth step is to control the analysis process. The fifth and most important key consideration is the demonstration of cognitive input and skills by the researcher throughout the process of using AI in any qualitative research study and in reaching conclusions.

The Role of Civil Society for Prevention and Combat of Violent Extremism and Radicalization Leading to Terrorism-war

Background: The civil society of different groups of actors, communities, and social formations, registered or unofficial, achieves responsibility and commitment in public life for the protection and promotion of values and common objectives for the good of society. Youth, women, and community representatives are the main actors in civil society that work to prevent and combat deviant phenomena in times of peace and especially during war, due to their influence and ability to promote social changes. Other interest groups, such as the media, law enforcement authorities, universities, researchers, and representatives of the academic world, as well as those involved in the private sector, can make important contributions to prevent wars and post-war events in crisis countries. The civil societies’ capacities in war and post-war countries can be strengthened by exchanging good practices for the programs of international institutions. Countries that have endured this situation, such as Kosova, Bosnja, Hercegovina, and Croatia, identify and support lesser known, reliable groups, creating networks and regional platforms for collaboration, and bringing professionals into contact with researchers and academics to gain results based on practical data and their implementation as soon as possible towards the countries in crisis. Methods: For this work, a combined methodology was used from the studies of self-accusation and victimisation to the fear of criminality: the method of legal analysis which is used to analyse the legal basis and current legislation that regulates strategies for the prevention of crimes, terrorism, and radicalism. The method of systemic analysis is used to study and analyse the position of legislation in the field and its position in the current legal system. The historical analysis method is used to explain the rates from the past and to compare the new rates with the historical ones. Finally, the researcher analysis method is used to explain the purpose and objectives of the study from the actual perspective of the survey and interview. Results and Conclusions: The paper is only the beginning of the research and analysis into the role of civil society in preventing and fighting extremism and terrorism that leads to harsh wars. The case studies and analysis will primarily encompass countries that have suffered from the following: the wars during 1990 to 1999 in the former Yugoslavia, the war in Syria, the unrest in Libya, and the current war in Ukraine. These will be part of the publication in the future. The main topics will cover the state of a country before, during, and after a war, the level and extreme inertia that led to terror and war, the consequences after conflicts, material and human trafficking, corruption and organised crime, humanitarian problems and refugees, and, finally, the role of civil society in this field, especially in light of human rights and freedom. Understanding the role of civil society in preventing, combating, and protecting human values is the first step in efforts towards national and comprehensive strategies to address the fear of horrific attacks from extremism and terrorism at war. This paper aims to provide good practices in the post-crisis country for crisis experiences, advance ideas and adequate methods of success, as well as give various suggestions and descriptions of their connection, describing the civil society that should follow, including educational programs, both preventive and rehabilitative with a positive impact on the community. It is important that civil society is given criteria, political issues, financial resources, and guidelines to succeed in its reasoning, and that its role appears as a reason to promote the adequate company in society. Prevention, combat, rehabilitation, and resocialisation programs in conflict and post-conflict countries, as a result of wars, are long-term and complex. Their success depends largely on the promotion of good practices and the sharing of lessons learned and resources in different contexts, both nationally and internationally. Through this work, we aim to contribute to this discourse by highlighting international organisations, such as the OSCE, UN, IOM, and the EU, and the role that civil society can and will play in making communities safer and more resilient to the challenges in the future, after wars end, as a result of extremism caused by wars in the 21st century.

寒岡學派의 硏究現況, 成果와 課題

Hangang Jeong Gu can be considered a representative Yeongnam regions’s scholar of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. He was a scholar who followed in the footsteps of both Emperor Lee Hwang and Jo Sik, and developed his studies especially in the fields of psychology and art. He was a scholar who inherited from the scholastic mantle of Lee Hwang and Jo Sik, and developed his own scholarship, especially focusing on study of mind and study of ritual. He was active mainly in the Yeongnam region centered on Seongju and Daegu. The Yeongnam region was located on the road to the Japanese invasion during the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592 and directly suffered the damage. For this reason, after the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592, those who led the righteous army activities in the Yeongnam region led the academic world, and among them, there were many figures of the Hangang School, including Jeong Gu. Studies on Jeong Gu have been accumulated for about 40 years, starting in 1985, and are being studied in various fields such as literature, history, and philosophy. And as the research on Jeong Gu progressed, the Hangang School, which inherited the academic flow of Jeong Gu, was gradually studied. In this paper, research on the Hangang School is largely divided into four categories: the external appearance and status of the Hangang School, the aspect of academic transmission of Jeong Gu, the growth and expansion of the Hangang School, and the social practice of the Hangang School. First of all, the denotation and status of the Hangang School were examined through Hoiyeongeupmunjehyeonrok and Bongsanyokhangrok. Hoiyeongeupmunjehyeonrok is Jeong Gu’s literary record, which examines the overall scale and extension of the Hangang School, and through Bongsanyokhangrok, Jeong Gu’s academic influence at the time, as well as the bonds and solidarity within the school can be confirmed. And the aspect of Jeong Gu’s academic transmission was examined through Hangangeonhaeongrok, a collection of Jeong Gu’s words and actions. Through this, it is possible to confirm Jeong Gu’s academic thoughts passed down to the Hangang School. In addition, the growth and expansion of the Hangang School can be confirmed through the process in which a large number of second-generation and third-generation Confucian scholars in the Daegu region who were active at the time were absorbed into the Hangang School as Jeong Gu moved his lecture center from Seongju to Daegu and Chilgok. In addition, as one of the aspects of social practice of the Hangang School, it can be confirmed through the development of righteous armies activities during the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592. Lastly, it contains contents about some tasks in the study of the Hangang School in the future.

FRANCES HESSELBEIN AND THE POWER OF EMPATHY

AbstractThe author retired from the Army as a major general and became the president of the University of St. Thomas in Houston, Texas, where he served for 14 years. He writes that “for the past 21 years, she had generously served as my (and many others) mentor as I transitioned from a career in the Army to the academic world and then again as I became a faculty member at Thayer Leadership.” He was particularly impressed by “her remarkable ability to empathize. I watched her relate to and inspire young students from inner city New York, college students from China and Africa, combat veterans, CEOs of our largest corporations, and executives of philanthropic organizations.”

체제 전환 이후 폴란드 학계에서 논의된 중유럽 지역 명칭 연구

The region called ‘Eastern Europe’ in Korea lies between three European seas - the Adriatic Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the Black Sea. In the Polish academic world, this region was called Central Europe, Central-Eastern Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, Central and Southern Europe, or several other ways, depending on time and conditions. And each of these names had justification to be called that. In this paper, the authors will focus on the use of the term ‘Central Europe’ and make the argument. Based on the research achievements of the Institute of Political Studies, the Polish Academy of Sciences, the current discourse in Polish academic world is the subject of this thesis. Numerous attempts have been made to define the concept of Central Europe in Polish literature on international relations. In this process, controversy often arose over which countries should be included in the Central European region. In this paper, while developing the thesis on Central European terminology, it was divided into four stages by period. With the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian War in 2022, the concept of ‘Central-Eastern Europe’, which was widely used in Polish academic world, began to lose its reason for existence. In the authors’ opinion, it seems logical to refer to the territory of the Three Seas Initiative as Central Europe. In other words, we conclude that it is reasonable to call Central Europe the group of 12 countries of the Three Seas Initiative, which are members of the European Union.