Academic Tradition Research Articles

The Chinese School of IR Theory: Ignored Process, Controversial Progress, and Uncertain Prospects

Abstract This article reviews issues relevant to the Chinese School of International Relations (IR) theory. After 20 or more years of relentless effort, the Chinese School has achieved concrete breakthroughs, evident in the emergence of Relational Theory, Moral Realism, and Symbiosis Theory. The Chinese School has thus entered a new stage, its primary task having been upgraded from theory innovation to theory development. But to proceed further, the Chinese School needs critical responses from its Western counterparts. Owing primarily to the language barrier, as well as to the non-confrontational academic tradition within Chinese IR, and the ethnocentrism that both sides practice, the few dialogues that have taken place between the Chinese School and Western theories have tended to be problematic, with important issues either ignored or misrepresented. In order to further study a comprehensive and intensive exchange of ideas between the Chinese School and Western theories, this article categorises issues relevant to the Chinese School into three areas. They are: process of evolution; progress in theoretical studies; and the Chinese School’s future relationship with other theoretical entities (in particular, Global IR). Predominantly reliant upon the discourse analysis of Chinese School publications, this contribution seeks to provide a foundation for further exchanges between Western theories and the Chinese School.

The Role of Academic Ethics in the Professional Relationships of University Academic Staff

The subject of the research in the paper is academic ethics in the professional relationships of university teachers. The final results are presented on the basis of in-depth interviews with representatives of the academic staff of Russian universities (N=35). The purpose of the paper is to show how academic ethics as a value-normative phenomenon supports the professional relationships of academic staff at the university and forms certain values that ensure the effectiveness of the scientific and educational process. In this interpretation, the emphasis is placed on identifying the creative potential of academic ethics, its impact on the scientific and educational process at the university in terms of professional interaction of its main subjects. An assessment of the structure and content of academic ethics is given. It is established that academic ethics, being an element of academism in the higher education system, influences the formation of value-normative attitudes of respect and recognition. In addition, the importance of this phenomenon for the strategic development of the university and at the same time the preservation of academic traditions is revealed. The article also summarizes the assessments of the state of academic ethics at universities formulated by informants. In such assessments, value-semantic reflection prevails, which makes it possible to identify academic ethics as a factor of effective professional interaction between subjects of the educational process in order to achieve joint goals for the formation of their value world and professional knowledge and skills.

고령신씨 서예의 형성과 전승

This paper aims to elucidate the formation and transmission of calligraphy within the Goryeong Shin Family, with a focus on Shin Gong-je as the central figure. It explores the specific content and influence of academic pursuits and calligraphy among previous generations, as well as the process and significance of their transmission to subsequent generations. In the social context of the Joseon Dynasty, where communal consciousness within clans and social recognition were paramount, maintaining academic traditions and transmitting them to posterity through means such as legal text compilations were vital tasks for enhancing the family's status and reputation, as well as for practicing Confucian filial piety. These actions served as significant driving forces, leading to the diverse development of Joseon calligraphy culture. The Goryeong Shin Family, as one of the families engaged in calligraphy activities, demonstrates a clear lineage and influence, supported by numerous records regarding the transmission and impact of their calligraphy.
 The lineage and academic pursuits of the Goryeong Shin Family began with Shin Deok-rin and continued through his son, Shin Po-si, and grandson, Shin Jang. These individuals were proficient in calligraphy, with both Shin Deok-rin and Shin Jang having their calligraphy documented in historical records. Their lineage naturally transitioned to Shin Suk-ju and Shin Mal-ju, who displayed similarities or even greater maturity in their calligraphy compared to their predecessors. Furthermore, Shin Suk-ju's transmission of Shin Jang's calligraphy to his son marked the evolution of the lineage into a complete academic tradition.
 Subsequently, an analysis was conducted on Shin Gong-je's calligraphy and the compilation of the “Haedong Myeongjeok”. Like his predecessors, Shin Gong-je learned and respected the calligraphy traditions of previous generations, compiling the “Haedong Myeongjeok” to perpetuate the Goryeong Shin Family's calligraphy and honor the calligraphic achievements of his ancestors. Following him, figures such as Shin Jam, Shin Dam, Shin Heop, Shin Geuk-cheong, Shin Sok, and Shin Il-cheong continued calligraphy activities, maintaining the lineage and academic pursuits. Through records of previous generations' calligraphy learning, the specific content and significance were confirmed. Finally, it is emphasized that research addressing gaps or approaching the essence and development of Joseon calligraphy culture from the perspectives of academic pursuits and transmission should continue persistently.

고령신씨 서예의 형성과 전승

This paper aims to elucidate the formation and transmission of calligraphy within the Goryeong Shin Family, with a focus on Shin Gong-je as the central figure. It explores the specific content and influence of academic pursuits and calligraphy among previous generations, as well as the process and significance of their transmission to subsequent generations. In the social context of the Joseon Dynasty, where communal consciousness within clans and social recognition were paramount, maintaining academic traditions and transmitting them to posterity through means such as legal text compilations were vital tasks for enhancing the family's status and reputation, as well as for practicing Confucian filial piety. These actions served as significant driving forces, leading to the diverse development of Joseon calligraphy culture. The Goryeong Shin Family, as one of the families engaged in calligraphy activities, demonstrates a clear lineage and influence, supported by numerous records regarding the transmission and impact of their calligraphy.
 The lineage and academic pursuits of the Goryeong Shin Family began with Shin Deok-rin and continued through his son, Shin Po-si, and grandson, Shin Jang. These individuals were proficient in calligraphy, with both Shin Deok-rin and Shin Jang having their calligraphy documented in historical records. Their lineage naturally transitioned to Shin Suk-ju and Shin Mal-ju, who displayed similarities or even greater maturity in their calligraphy compared to their predecessors. Furthermore, Shin Suk-ju's transmission of Shin Jang's calligraphy to his son marked the evolution of the lineage into a complete academic tradition.
 Subsequently, an analysis was conducted on Shin Gong-je's calligraphy and the compilation of the “Haedong Myeongjeok”. Like his predecessors, Shin Gong-je learned and respected the calligraphy traditions of previous generations, compiling the “Haedong Myeongjeok” to perpetuate the Goryeong Shin Family's calligraphy and honor the calligraphic achievements of his ancestors. Following him, figures such as Shin Jam, Shin Dam, Shin Heop, Shin Geuk-cheong, Shin Sok, and Shin Il-cheong continued calligraphy activities, maintaining the lineage and academic pursuits. Through records of previous generations' calligraphy learning, the specific content and significance were confirmed. Finally, it is emphasized that research addressing gaps or approaching the essence and development of Joseon calligraphy culture from the perspectives of academic pursuits and transmission should continue persistently.

Al-Qur’an-Based Paradigm in Science Integration at The Al-Qur’an Science University, Indonesia

The discourse on the integration of science and Islam is being realised through the establishment of various Islamic religious universities in Indonesia. One of the Islamic universities that accommodates this discourse is the Al-Qur’an Science University, Central Java, Indonesia (UNSIQ). This study aims to examine the basic concept of scientific integration at the UNSIQ and critically analyses the academic tradition and research development patterns based on the Lakatos research development pattern, both of which are hard-core and auxiliary hypotheses. This research shows that the scientific base at the UNSIQ has been structured in an awareness that supports the establishment of a distinctive academic tradition and scientific culture in the framework of al-Qur’an-based academic knowledge. However, research as auxiliary hypotheses in building scientific paradigm is still limited in certain disciplines and needs to be improved. This needs to be a common concern in order to increase the scientific base of the Syajarah al-Qur’an into a solid scientific paradigm.Contribution: This research figured out that the scientific base at the UNSIQ has been structured in an awareness that supports the establishment of a distinctive academic tradition and scientific culture, but this scientific base needs to be supported by research plan and researches in various disciplines. Thus, those researches become the auxiliary hypotheses to build a particular scientific paradigm of this university.

The Islamic Cultural Heritage as a “Problem”: Is Arab Political Science Culturalist?

The study of political culture in the Arab world presents us with a paradox: albeit cultural explanations of Arab politics by Western scholars (e.g., Huntington 1993) have been widely criticized from within the region as latter-day Orientalist views, the cultural approach remains one of the leading analytical approaches employed in Arab social sciences. Central to this tradition is the idea that Arab societies have specific cultural characteristics that contribute to, or are the cause of, the region’s general “backwardness,” especially politically. Collectively known as critics of al-turāth (cultural heritage), this school of thought sparked important scholarly debates in Arab academic circles. This paper reflects on these debates, mainly focusing on how Arab political science, broadly defined, has considered the role of culture as a potential explanatory variable for the endurance of authoritarianism in the Arab world and the failure of democratic transitions. Several influential Arab intellectuals adopt the cultural approach, but they do not necessarily define culture in static, primordial, or fixed terms. If Arab political culture is deemed problematic, it can still be changed. For this academic tradition, the “critical intellectual” is a central agent for any sociocultural and political change.

A quantitative analysis of Final Palaeolithic/earliest Mesolithic cultural taxonomy and evolution in Europe.

Archaeological systematics, together with spatial and chronological information, are commonly used to infer cultural evolutionary dynamics in the past. For the study of the Palaeolithic, and particularly the European Final Palaeolithic and earliest Mesolithic, proposed changes in material culture are often interpreted as reflecting historical processes, migration, or cultural adaptation to climate change and resource availability. Yet, cultural taxonomic practice is known to be variable across research history and academic traditions, and few large-scale replicable analyses across such traditions have been undertaken. Drawing on recent developments in computational archaeology, we here present a data-driven assessment of the existing Final Palaeolithic/earliest Mesolithic cultural taxonomy in Europe. Our dataset consists of a large expert-sourced compendium of key sites, lithic toolkit composition, blade and bladelet production technology, as well as lithic armatures. The dataset comprises 16 regions and 86 individually named archaeological taxa ('cultures'), covering the period between ca. 15,000 and 11,000 years ago (cal BP). Using these data, we use geometric morphometric and multivariate statistical techniques to explore to what extent the dynamics observed in different lithic data domains (toolkits, technologies, armature shapes) correspond to each other and to the culture-historical relations of taxonomic units implied by traditional naming practice. Our analyses support the widespread conception that some dimensions of material culture became more diverse towards the end of the Pleistocene and the very beginning of the Holocene. At the same time, cultural taxonomic unit coherence and efficacy appear variable, leading us to explore potential biases introduced by regional research traditions, inter-analyst variation, and the role of disjunct macroevolutionary processes. In discussing the implications of these findings for narratives of cultural change and diversification across the Pleistocene-Holocene transition, we emphasize the increasing need for cooperative research and systematic archaeological analyses that reach across research traditions.

ИСТОРИЧЕСКАЯ НАУКА В ОРДЕНА ЗНАК ПОЧЕТА ИНСТИТУТЕ ИСТОРИИ, ЯЗЫКА И ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ УФИЦ РАН СКВОЗЬ ПРИЗМУ НАУЧНЫХ БИОГРАФИЙ И MEMORY-ДИСКУРСА

This paper provides an overview of publications of historical, biographical and memorial content and highlights intellectual history in a single institution – the Institute of History, Language and Literature. The scientific contribution of individual historians is revealed against the background of the development of different chronological periods of Soviet historiography. The article highlights some areas of relevant timeless research, examines scientific continuity and intergenerational communication, the preservation of academic traditions and other issues important for understanding the development of the scientific environment. The observations obtained during the study made it possible to identify groups of scientific generations of historians and their contribution to the development of regional historical science. The Institute’s communities of historians were formed under the influence of ideological, socio-cultural and historical changes. Since the 1930s , the intellectual history of the institution has been formed with the participation of representatives of academic Moscow and St. Petersburg historical schools. Being a member of the Bashkir branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences is the next major milestone in the development of academic traditions, the creation of scientific ties and cooperation with major scientific institutions of the country, the time of the emergence of such scientific fields as ethnographic and archaeological. The tradition of continuity of academic research approaches at the Institute was shown by the resumption of the archeographic project “Materials on the History of Bashkortostan”, after 50 and 79 years, which became an indicator of a stable scientific tradition and a high methodological level of individual historians. Thus, each generation contributed to the development of historical science, scientific continuity provided joint research projects, scientific guidance and professional mentoring.

Considering the Lessons of Curriculum Studies in the Design of Science Instruction: Varieties of Meaning and Implications for Teaching and Learning

This article is an introduction to the rich domain of curriculum studies with specific reference to science teaching and learning. It is designed not as a systematic review or theoretical treatise but rather as an overview for those charged with transforming science content and processes into a classroom curriculum. In other words, while written from the scholarly perspective of curriculum studies, the hope is that it will be seen by teachers as a set of possibilities rather than recommendations while reminding educators that what happens in classrooms to students and their parents is the curriculum, but it is only one of many that might have been delivered. To accomplish this, this paper explores the complex definition of curriculum including the notions of the kinds of curriculum from null, to formal, received, and learned with an emphasis on what occurs as a specific curriculum design results in effective and even faulty learning, a unique consequence proposed here. Next, we explore the common curriculum ideologies or orientations including those focused on academic advancement, tradition, student-centeredness, and social improvement. Finally, a formal recommendation for the content of science instruction in the U.S.—the Next-Generation Science Standards, is are considered as a conclusion by applying the expansive perspective of the term and nature of curriculum discussed throughout.

Evaluation Practices of Doctoral Examination Committees: Boundary-Work Under Pressure

The doctorate forms the basis for academic careers and the regeneration of academia, and has increasingly become important for other sectors of society. The latter is reflected in efforts on institutional, national as well as supranational levels to change and adapt the doctoral degree to new expectations. As doctoral education is embedded in research, changes in governance and funding of research further affect the doctorate. The evaluation of the doctoral thesis appears, however, to have remained true to the academic tradition: an examination committee exercising their gatekeeping in a ceremonial setting. This study sets out to explore doctoral examination committees’ evaluation practices. Insights were gained through six focus group interviews with experienced examination committee members at three large research-intensive universities in Sweden. Of particular interest is how the object of evaluation is formed, the nature of the boundary-work conducted, and variations in examination practices related to different and changing conditions for research and doctoral education. Our results show how the object of evaluation emerges through a gradual interpretation of the thesis and defence, becoming more complex and nuanced as the process of evaluation progresses from its initial stages to the final closed discussions of the committee. The finalised object of evaluation, only fully present at the conclusion of the closed meeting and hence transient in nature, encompasses the research contribution, educational achievement, and academic competence of the candidate. Furthermore, the boundary-work conducted in this process often transcends the object of evaluation to include also supervision and the local context for doctoral education and research, and hence contributes to upholding, and potential changing, norms in research fields, educational contexts, and academia at large. This extended boundary-work intensified as problems and inconsistencies were discovered during the evaluation process. The ceremonial staging underscored the gravity of the decision and the extended boundary-work. Despite changing conditions for the doctorate, our findings highlight the importance of the practice of evaluation committees, and the disciplinary communities to which they belong, for upholding and negotiating norms in academia.

Shia paramilitary groups as an instrument of Iranian influence in Iraq

Characteristic features of the pro-Iranian Shiite armed groups, which act as influential non-state actors (NGA) in the main spheres of activity of the Iraqi state, are studied. Methodological developments obtained as a result of research on the NGA problem are used. V.V. Naumkin and V.A. Kuznetsov note the existence of a stable academic tradition of a state-centered approach to the problem of their typologization. This approach is based on the fact that an NGA defines and builds its actions, focusing to one degree or another on the state. Such formations have a political wing and a bureaucratic apparatus for participating in the life of the state not only as alternative to the army and police law enforcement agencies. They also play the role of parliamentary forces and economic actors, including those active in the shadow sector of the economy. Created at one time with the active participation of the Iranian special services, Shiite paramilitary groups have become an effective instrument of Iran’s influence in the country. The strengthening of their influence on the government of Iraq is noted. It is manifested in the transition from opposition to the pro-American Prime Minister M. al-Kazimi (2020–2022) to a kind of «symphony» of harmony and cooperation under his pro-Iranian successor M. al-Sudani. This factor affects not only the domestic political situation, but also the regional balance of power in the Middle East.

Corporate sustainability, organizational resilience, and corporate purpose: a review of the academic traditions connecting them

AbstractThe increasing complexity of economic, environmental, and social systems causes crises, uncertainty and risk to become common global issues, and organizations that want to achieve long-term prosperity must pursue corporate sustainability, i.e., the joint pursuit of environmental, social, and economic goals, in order to successfully face the complex and uncertain environment in which these organizations find themselves. To achieve the above, organizational resilience would also seem to be critical, as it is a capacity which enables the organization to build a risk-aware culture that helps it better position itself to deal with the demands of high-impact events as well as to be able to find opportunities through uncertainty. Yet, both corporate sustainability and organizational resilience are organizational capabilities that can nourish (and/or be nurtured by) a corporate purpose that leads organizations to have a clear and inspiring sense of direction, fostering the development of strong responsible and adaptive behaviors. Nevertheless, the academic traditions that relate and explain “how” these concepts are related are non-existent. To bridge the above gap, we conducted a science mapping analysis and discovered that by 2022, a total of 34 documents had presented the relationship between sustainability, organizational resilience and corporate purpose. The analysis of these 34 papers yields five different academic traditions from which the relationship between these three concepts has been studied and reveals several gaps that future research should address to gain a holistic understanding of the interconnectedness of these three concepts to help organizations achieve long-term prosperity.

Exploring the Immortological Imagination: Advocating for a Sociology of Immortality

The digital age has rekindled popular and academic interest in immortality. While the idea of immortality has long been recognized as fundamental to human societies, unlike death, within the field of sociology, immortality has not yet established itself as a distinct and autonomous field of study. This paper contributes to the recently emerging scholarship promoting a sociology of immortality. Drawing inspiration from C. Wright Mills’s sociological imagination (1959) and building upon significant research in the field of immortality, we offer to use the concept of the immortological imagination as an analytical and conceptual tool for further developing a sociology of immortality. We refer to the immortological imagination as a complementary concept to Penfold-Mounce’s thanatological imagination, seeing both concepts as stemming from two different lineages and academic traditions. After defining the immortological imagination and how it differs from and complements the thanatological imagination, the paper moves to discuss examples in popular culture establishing the potential impacts and influences of the immortological imagination, particularly within the digital context.

Thematic Analysis of Music-Making in US Residential Schools: Navigating Colonial Archives and Honouring Indigenous Perspectives

ABSTRACT Extracurricular activities such as sports and music offer a means to glimpse the complexity of students’ experiences in federally-run boarding schools for Native children in the United States. Studies of music in residential schools typically include a mix of quantitative and qualitative sources, including “unexpected archives” such as land records, census counts, tribal archives, cultural objects and community stories. The analytical strategy of thematic analysis – an established academic tradition that is consistent with Indigenous methodologies – offers a rich and effective way to evaluate sources. The wide analytical scope can align with Indigenous research tenets including self-determination, supporting the collective good and fostering respectful relationships. Decolonisation can function as a guidepost, supporting methods of analysis that centre the students and bolster the wellness of Indigenous communities. An Indigenous episteme does not oblige a division reason and spirit; rather, it encompasses a web of contextual relationships that integrate multiple sources of knowledge.

Iceberg Sensemaking: A Process Model for Critical Data Analysis.

We offer a new model of the sensemaking process for data analysis and visualization. Whereas past sensemaking models have been grounded in positivist assumptions about the nature of knowledge, we reframe data sensemaking in critical, humanistic terms by approaching it through an interpretivist lens. Our three-phase process model uses the analogy of an iceberg, where data is the visible tip of underlying schemas. In the Add phase, the analyst acquires data, incorporates explicit schemas from the data, and absorbs the tacit schemas of both data and people. In the Check phase, the analyst interprets the data with respect to the current schemas and evaluates whether the schemas match the data. In the Refine phase, the analyst considers the role of power, articulates what was tacit into explicitly stated schemas, updates data, and formulates findings. Our model has four important distinguishing features: Tacit and Explicit Schemas, Schemas First and Always, Data as a Schematic Artifact, and Schematic Multiplicity. We compare the roles of schemas in past sensemaking models and draw conceptual distinctions based on a historical review of schemas in different academic traditions. We validate the descriptive and prescriptive power of our model through four analysis scenarios: noticing uncollected data, learning to wrangle data, downplaying inconvenient data, and measuring with sensors. We conclude by discussing the value of interpretivism, the virtue of epistemic humility, and the pluralism this sensemaking model can foster.

Variations on the theme of "ballet" in the works of Eric Satie

The work of Erik Satie, his value assessment, as well as the peculiarities of the author's non-normative artistic thinking have repeatedly become the subject of musicological discussions, but still a number of his artistic discoveries in different genre areas remain out of the researchers' field of vision. The proposed article analyzes the French composer's ballet work, which became a space of experimentation in the process of searching for a new image of a musical-choreographic performance. The material of the study includes not only the odious "Parade", which became a manifesto of the "new art", but also four other works by Erik Satie in the genre of ballet, without the study of which it is impossible to draw a complete picture of this sphere ("Uspud", "The Adventures of Mercury", "Eccentric Beauty", "The Spectacle is Canceled"). Their consideration from the point of view of the evolution of the author's approach to the creation of music for a ballet performance, as well as in the aspect of revealing content-semantic, compositional-dramaturgical and stylistic innovations, is the subject of research in this article. In the process of studying the problem, a comprehensive approach is applied, combining comparative and cultural-historical methods with theoretical and analytical tools of musicology. In the course of the analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that all components of the artistic whole of a ballet performance undergo transformation. At the narrative and semantic level, there is a gradual rejection of the traditional libretto, procedurally revealing the fabula of what is happening on stage, in favor of a small script plan, often without development and cause-and-effect relationships between episodes. The compositional and dramaturgical solution of the ballets is based on the suite, which is the root of the genre, but interpreted in a modified form, with the active involvement of combinatorics and montage. The musical and stylistic appearance of the performances is also often determined by an "anti-academic" concept characteristic not only of this genre, but also of Erik Satie's work in general. The sound space of the composer's ballets is highly heterogeneous and represents a mix of academic musical traditions with the culture of everyday life, both musical (music hall, cabaret, jazz) and extra-musical (the use of everyday objects reproducing the noise of the urban environment in the score of Parade).

The role of "Hail" by M.I. Glinka in the music of the parades of the second half of the XX – beginning of the XXI century

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of adapting the works of the academic tradition to the conditions of military practice of the XX century. The creation of adapted versions of famous works of classical music by domestic and foreign composers intended for performance in conditions of military ceremonies, parade grounds concerts, festivals and competitions has significantly expanded the scope of the sphere of academic musical culture. The article focuses on the academic music of Russian composers in the repertoire of military orchestras. The subject of the work is E. P. Makarov's arrangement of the final chorus "Hail" from M. I. Glinka's opera "Life for the Tsar" ("Ivan Susanin"). The purpose of the work is to study the changes Makarov made to Glinka's work and their impact on the perception of "Glory" in the context of the 1945 Victory Day Parade. The study of the arrangements of the "Glory" choir, adapted to performance by military orchestras, required the use of general scientific and special methods. To study the materials related to the activities of Russian military musicians, the methods of source studies and textual criticism, cultural-historical and comparative were used. The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the fact that for the first time it provides a detailed comparative analysis of Glinka's scores and Makarov's processing, which made it possible to identify the principles of adapting works of academic music for performance in conditions of military rituals. The study of the issues raised in the study allows us to develop an original concept of the formation and development of the arranging activities of military conductors, considered in the context of the change of cultural paradigms of the XIX – early XXI century. In conclusion, the author notes that a comparative analysis of the scores of Glinka and Makarov showed that Makarov not only shortened the work, but also rethought it, creating a new musical form corresponding to the military ritual. As a result of these changes, "Hail" turned into a concise and dynamic march that became a symbol of patriotism and the strength of the Russian people.

РАДЯНСЬКА ПОПУЛЯРНА МУЗИКА В 1960–1980-х рр.: ЗАГАЛЬНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА Й ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ

The article is devoted to the development of Soviet popular music in the 1960s – 1980s. The author analyzed the song’s characteristics, identified the distinguishing features of the performer’s image and identified the main development trends. Internal and external influences on popular music are also highlighted. On the one hand, this is a factor of the penetration of Western pop culture, and on the other hand, the traditions formed under the influence of ideology within the USSR. For a long time, the official pop music was almost the only permitted option for musical creativity in the totalitarian system. It was characterized by a high level of performance skill and an orientation to the academic tradition, a predominance of a clear and refined melody, patriotic and intimate lyrics, as well as restraint and modesty of manners and a generally conservative image of the artist. At the same time, there was a search for new musical and textual forms, manifested in an appeal to more pronounced melodism, and artists’ experiments with their own style, when typical and strict clothes were replaced by bright and original outfits, the work of VIA was a vivid expression of this. As an alternative to the pop music, an amateur author’s song appears and develops. For the author’s song of the romantic direction, which arose during the period of Khrushchev’s liberalization, idealization of military achievements, travels and life trials, which were full of lyricism and light humor, was inherent in the romantic form; however, later, with the beginning of the collapse of the liberal course, the protest work of bards came to the fore – the themes of exposing cruelty began to dominate, irony and sarcasm appeared in the texts, and in some places the vocabulary was reduced. The image of a Soviet bard was formed – a poet-musician with a guitar. During Gorbachev’s socio-political transformations, the state, which used to be the main actor in musical culture, conceded its positions to young representatives of amateur creativity. That’s when disco and rock music become popular. Disco was characterized by an orientation towards rhythmic textures and themes of urban romances, while the manner and image of the performers were dominated by looseness and extravagance. Soviet rock was based on «big beat» and the social themes of the lyrics, and the artist’s style stood out for its simplicity and freedom. Pop music begins to depart from the formed tradition, adopting certain features of disco and even rock. More electronic music is appearing, lyrics are becoming less serious, expressing simpler meanings, and artists’ styles are becoming more casual.

СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЫЕ АРАБСКИЕ ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ ТЕКСТЫ И КАРТЫ

Over the centuries, the interest of scholars in Arabic medieval sources on geography and geographical maps has been growing. This is connected with the important contribution of the Arab-Muslim civilization to the development of ideas about the inner and surrounding world, on the one hand, and the desire to restore or renew the history of various peoples involved in the zone of research interests of Arabic-speaking geographers, on the other hand. The authors of the article considered the sources stored in European repositories, available for study thanks to the descriptions and publications of Western orientalists, while discovering some trends manifested in the academic traditions of different stages of the development of historical geography. The interest of scientists of the 19th century was directed primarily to medieval texts, which were considered the primary and most important object for research, and the establishment of their authenticity was perceived as the main task of critical analysis of their content. As for maps, only in recent decades, did the historical and cultural context of this pictorial genre begin to be interpreted by scholars in all their fullness and functionality and published in the form of atlases, books, and encyclopedias, inviting readers to immerse themselves in a re-evaluated cultural tradition. The article aims to determine the features of different approaches to the interpretation of geographical Arabic-language sources in European oriental studies. For this purpose, critical editions of the sources undertaken in the projects of the Leiden and Bodleian libraries were studied and their characteristics were revealed through historical and comparative methods of analysis. The general dynamics in understanding historical geography from primarily philological textological work to cultural and interdisciplinary reevaluation of medieval Islamic maps is noted.

일반고등학교 특수교사의 진로·직업교육 경험에 관한 현상학적 연구

General high schools continue the academic tradition in South Korea. This phenomenological study aimed to determine the meaning of career and vocational education experiences for nine general high school special education teachers. Data were collected from interviews, vocational education documents, special classes management plans, literary works, and vocabulary representing the subject. To ensure research integrity, it underwent participant review, peer review, review through the Relational Responsive Community, and IRB review. The organization and interpretation of the collected data consisted of a circular structure that expanded the epistemological and ontological horizons of the research question by creating new questions through hermeneutic circulation and conducting interviews again. The study results found that the essential themes were ‘Bottom of rank: General high school ecosystem cannot be sympathized with,’ ‘Special classes in schools within schools,’ and ‘Special teachers who grow with an existential understanding of students with disabilities’. Through this study results, we discussed disabled students should be able to have valuable experiences that lead to social integration through general high school life, special classes should be restructured, and special teachers should run special classes with an existential understanding of disabled students and the need to grow in self-understanding.