Academic Research Enterprise Research Articles

<i>C&RL</i> Spotlight

role of librarians in providing data services to researchers and the role of the library in establishing and implementing data management plans as a component of the broader academic research enterprise. The combination of uncertainty and optimism about the librarian’s role in a swiftly changing research landscape reported by the participants in this study reflects themes also prominent in reports of the ALA Summit, including the need to embrace new roles for the library that remain consistent with core values and the need to consider the professional skill set(s) that will characterize the successful academic library of the future. The future of staffing for library services is also a theme reflected in Julie Mitchell and Nathalie Soini’s “Student Involvement for Student Success: Student Staff in the Learning Commons,” a study of the learning commons service models at libraries that depend on undergraduate students to answer “the diverse and complex questions” received at public service desks. These and other issues discussed at the Summit (and at

Disorders of consciousness

Prolonged disorders of consciousness (DOC)—the vegetative and minimally conscious states (VS/MCS)—are uncommon but devastating outcomes after severe brain injury. Until recently, the medical community has viewed them with great pessimism with respect to both prognosis and effective treatments. Within the rehabilitation community, optimizing medical stability and physical health to facilitate natural recovery is viewed as important, but attempts to accelerate recovery have generally involved off-label treatments, in the absence of proven interventions. In the United States, the climate of pessimism has been self-perpetuating; health insurers often restrict access to rehabilitation for patients with DOC, who are then transferred directly from acute care centers to long-term care facilities or family homes, largely disconnected from the academic research enterprise.

Electronic Submission Capability to FDA for Academic Investigators—The Process, Challenges, and Opportunities Affecting the Translational Research Enterprise

Electronic submission capability to the FDA provides both challenges and opportunities for those in an academic environment. The main challenges include changed medical writing practices, initial and continued staff training, and initial and recurring technology expense. Opportunities include reduced operational expense for paper-related tasks, reduced environmental footprint, reduced operational costs over the lifecycle, improved regulatory interaction, and improved industry alliance. While eCopy to CDRH is now required even in academic environments, we expect that investigators, institutions, and FDA could benefit from eCTD capability within the academic research enterprise.

Internationalization of the postdoctorate in the United States: analyzing the demand for international postdoc labor

The American academic research enterprise relies heavily on contributions made by foreign nationals. Of particular note is the large number of international postdocs employed at universities in the United States (US). Postdocs are among the fastest growing group of academic staff in the US, and over 50 % of all postdocs in the US are temporary visa holders. While academic mobility is sometimes understood using a ‘push–pull’ model, we argue that demand for educational migrants must be considered. Drawing from Marginson’s (Handbook on globalization and higher education. Edward Elger, Northampton, 2011; Marginson and Rhoades in High Educ 43:281–309, 2002) work, we develop a model for assessing local, national, and institutional (or local) variables that may shape the employment of international postdocs at universities in the United States, and we operationalize the model through a panel regression analysis using data covering the period 1989–2009. We find that the passage of time and federally supported research and development expenditures are strong predictors of postdoc employment. Institutional characteristics predict changes only in the subsample of private universities.

A Framework for Secure and Efficient Data Acquisition in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Intervehicular communication lies at the core of a number of industry and academic research initiatives that aim at enhancing the safety and efficiency of transportation systems. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) enable vehicles to communicate with each other and with roadside units (RSUs). Service-oriented vehicular networks are special types of VANETs that support diverse infrastructure-based commercial services, including Internet access, real-time traffic management, video streaming, and content distribution. Many forms of attacks against service-oriented VANETs that attempt to threaten their security have emerged. The success of data acquisition and delivery systems depends on their ability to defend against the different types of security and privacy attacks that exist in service-oriented VANETs. This paper introduces a system that takes advantage of the RSUs that are connected to the Internet and that provide various types of information to VANET users. We provide a suite of novel security and privacy mechanisms in our proposed system and evaluate its performance using the ns2 software. We show, by comparing its results to those of another system, its feasibility and efficiency.

David D.Dill and FransA.Van Vught (eds.) (2010) National Innovation and the Academic Research Enterprise:Public Policy in Global Perspective. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 592 pp. ISBN‐13: 978 0 8018 9374 2. £36.50.; PatrickClancy and David D.Dill (eds.) (2009) The Research Mission of the University: Policy Reforms and Institutional Responses. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. 226 pp. ISBN‐13: 978 90 8790 995 6;

Higher Education QuarterlyVolume 67, Issue 1 p. 101-106 Review David D. Dill and A. Frans Van Vught (eds.) (2010) National Innovation and the Academic Research Enterprise:Public Policy in Global Perspective. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 592 pp. ISBN-13: 978 0 8018 9374 2. £36.50.; Patrick Clancy and David D. Dill (eds.) (2009) The Research Mission of the University: Policy Reforms and Institutional Responses. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. 226 pp. ISBN-13: 978 90 8790 995 6; £35.00. Jonathan Adams, Jonathan Adams Director Research & Development, Thomson Reuters IP & ScienceSearch for more papers by this author Jonathan Adams, Jonathan Adams Director Research & Development, Thomson Reuters IP & ScienceSearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 January 2013 https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12006Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume67, Issue1January 2013Pages 101-106 RelatedInformation

Balancing the scorecard through academic accounting research: opportunity lost?

PurposeAs one of the co‐authors of the first academic research papers published in a major accounting research journal on the subject of the balanced scorecard, the author was asked to reflect on his experiences with research in this area over the last 12 years since that first paper was published. The purpose of this paper is to do this through personal reflection and a literature review.Design/methodology/approachEmploying personal reflection and a literature review, the author examines three issues: what motivated him to start this research program; the way the research program unfolded and its unintended consequences; and finally some reflections on the academic research enterprise as it is practised in North America that are reflected by the unintended consequences.FindingsThe author looks at the differences in psychology research traditions and how they shaped the research program on the balanced scorecard into an attempt to “debias” a problem rather than to bring strong human information processing theory to bear on how the scorecard dealt with some of the issues in its application. The author suggests that these different focuses explain how management accounting behavioral researchers lost an opportunity to have greater impact in the development of this performance tool.Originality/valueThe paper questions and documents limitations that arise from the reliance on an underlying psychology paradigm that focuses on human limitations, rather than one focused on aiding humans to perform better. It suggests that greater research contributions in management accounting could be obtained if more researchers focused on how management accounting information can be developed that takes advantage of human information processing strengths.

Trials and tribulations ‐ FDA regulatory support for academic sponsor‐investigators

Clinical research conducted at academic medical centers significantly contributes to discovery and development of drugs and devices and to the repurposing of FDA‐approved products. Many such studies require FDA oversight through the Investigational New Drug (IND) or Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) designation. Investigator‐initiated research requires the investigator to serve as a sponsor‐investigator and the “holder” of an IND/IDE. This role involves complex submissions to and interactions with the FDA, but investigators may be poorly prepared or resourced to meet these additional obligations. An increasing number of academic medical centers offer regulatory support for sponsor‐investigators. Presently, we describe one high‐volume regulatory support program at a large medical center. Several critical challenges occur in the initial steps of investigator collaboration – gap analysis, protocol refinement, and industry interaction. Select case studies reveal both specific challenges and successful approaches. FDA regulatory compliance is challenging for under‐resourced sponsor‐investigators. Given the complexity of FDA regulatory requirements, early support for sponsor‐investigators can accelerate study execution and completion and is a growth asset to the academic research enterprise.

David D. Dill and Frans A. van Vught (eds): National innovation and the academic research enterprise: public policy in global perspective

David D. Dill and Frans A. van Vught (eds): National innovation and the academic research enterprise: public policy in global perspective

National Innovation and the Academic Research Enterprise: Public Policy in Global Perspective edited by David D. Dill and Frans A. van Vught. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010. x+578 pp.; references, index. $70.00 (cloth).

<i>National Innovation and the Academic Research Enterprise: Public Policy in Global Perspective</i> edited by David D. Dill and Frans A. van Vught. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010. x+578 pp.; references, index. $70.00 (cloth).

&lt;i&gt;National Innovation and the Academic Research Enterprise: Public Policy in Global Perspective&lt;/i&gt; (review)

Reviewed by: National Innovation and the Academic Research Enterprise: Public Policy in Global Perspective Eugene P. Trani National Innovation and the Academic Research Enterprise: Public Policy in Global Perspective, edited by David D. Dill and Frans A. van Vught . The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010. 578 pp., $70.00 (cloth). ISBN: 978-0801893742. This book is another in a series of recent works that study the relationship between higher education, research, economic development, and the knowledge economy. It joins such books as D. Perry and W. Wiewel's The University as Urban Developer (M. E. Sharpe, 2005), Wiewel and Perry's Global Universities and Urban Development (M. E. Sharpe, 2008), Benson, Harkavy, and Puckett's Dewey's Dream: Universities and Democracies in an Age of Education Reform (Temple University Press, 2007), M. Shattock's Entrepreneurialism in Universities and the Knowledge Economy (Open University Press, 2009), and my own, The Indispensable University: Higher Education, Economic Development, and the Knowledge Economy (Rowman & Littlefield, 2010, co-authored with R. Holsworth), in dealing with these matters. And all of these works approach this subject from different perspectives and cover different aspects of these issues. This book covers in great detail the governmental policies, national and regional, concerning science development, university-based research, doctoral training, and knowledge transfer in a number of developed countries in Asia, North America, and Europe. The book correctly reports that the balance within universities and research institutions today clearly favors the natural, applied, and health sciences in every country covered in this survey. And the book evaluates the governmental policies followed in these areas, noting the successes and failures of such policies. The book's focus is clearly set out at the beginning: "As global forces transform the basis of economic development, policymakers in the mature economies have focused increasingly on promoting innovation and technical change as principal means of sustaining international competitiveness. In the leading developed countries, these national innovation policies have begun to shape and supersede traditional science and technology policies and are now wielding a significant influence on the university sector" (p. ix). The book is indeed a "systematic, comparative analysis of national innovation policies and their impact upon the ARE [Academic Research Enterprise] of the leading developed nations" (p. ix). Certainly, higher education and its related research institutions have undergone dramatic transformation, and "much of the change has been motivated by the increased appreciation of the influential role that human capital now plays in the new global economy" (p. 1). In developed countries, [End Page 504] natural resources are no longer the key factor in economic development. Thus, "governments in many countries have come to believe that higher education is an engine of economic development and that the effective steering of the ARE is a critical means of achieving economic competitiveness" (p. 2). What has happened in the countries covered in National Innovation and the Academic Research Enterprise? The book shows the differences between the United States ("state supervisory model") and the other developed countries ("state control model"), typical in Europe and the rest of the world, towards the ARE, noting that politicians everywhere believe that in a "globally competitive economy" there is a need "to utilize their publicly supported universities as a means of local economic development" (p. 552). The United States, with additional chapters on Pennsylvania and California, is shown to be very decentralized. "The U.S. national government has never exercised direct control over higher education and has also played a very limited role in regulating the academic, research, and administrative policies at its universities" (p. 389). The large growth of federal support in the U.S., after the initial Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1862, came with World War II and its aftermath, though the Patent and Trademark Laws Amendment (Bayh-Dole) Act of 1980, which "provided blanket permission to recipients of federal R & D funds, including universities, to file for patents on the results of federally sponsored research and to exclusively license these patents to others" (p. 419) is properly credited "as a landmark policy," with significant benefits for the American economy (p. 420). The American system of allocating national R & D funds on the basis of peer-reviewed merit is...

&lt;i&gt;American Universities in a Global Market&lt;/i&gt; (review)

Reviewed by: American Universities in a Global Market David D. Dill American Universities in a Global Market (National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report), edited by Charles T. Clotfelter . University of Chicago Press, 2010. 512 pp. $99 (cloth). ISBN: 9780226110448. For countries such as the U.S. at the world technological frontier, industrial innovation is the principal means of sustaining economic growth and productivity (Aghion, 2006). The U.S. "academic research enterprise" (ARE)—the internationally respected private and public research universities that produce the bulk of our academic research and doctoral graduates—is therefore not only a source of national pride but a primary contributor to America's technical innovation, economic success, and competitive advantage (Dill & van Vught, 2010). Two recent reports by the National Academy of Sciences (COSEPUP, 2006, 2010) raise serious and increasing concerns about the future strength of our national innovation system and particularly about the performance of U.S. higher education. As other countries adopt the U.S. strategy of investing in mass higher education and strengthen their ARE, the U.S. is beginning to lag in the production of STEM fields graduates (i.e., science, technology, engineering, and mathematics), in native-born S&E (i.e., science and engineering) doctoral students, and in the quality of our published research. In particular there is a concern that the U.S. will become less competitive for the best and brightest foreign-born doctoral students on which our higher education system and economy have come to depend. [End Page 506] In this highly informative volume Charles Clotfelter and his fellow economists from the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) pursue the question of how the changing world market for academic research and advanced training may affect U.S. universities and their international standing. In contrast to some of the literature on the emerging global market of higher education, the papers in this collection are distinguished by their balance and rigorous empirical approach. The first part of the book examines the performance of U.S. universities as firms competing in the international market for able doctoral students and for the provision of academic programs overseas. The second section examines the policies and practices of our emerging competitors, the countries of the European Union as well as the Asian countries that are primary sources of America's S&E doctoral students. An introductory analysis notes the dramatic decline in U.S.-born doctorates in STEM fields after 1970 despite an 84% increase in American students attending college since that time. There is evidence of high defection rates among U.S.-born undergraduates who initially choose to major in engineering, the sciences and math, and these defection rates are attributed primarily to rational choices as students select majors such as finance and accounting with higher average salaries. But this analysis appears incomplete as the lifetime earnings (and alternative opportunities) for students who do major in STEM subjects are substantially greater than in many other fields with increasing enrollments, which suggests a significant and still unexplained market failure. A thoughtful analysis of the large increase in foreign doctoral students in recent decades emphasizes they have enrolled primarily in public university fields outside the top-ranked programs and therefore have likely not "crowded-out" U.S.-born students. A related paper by Black and Stephen also includes an enlightening exploration of the current nature of doctoral education and research in the sciences. Based upon a cleverly designed study of the authors of recent articles in the respected journal Science, Black and Stephen discover that even as doctoral and post-doc students the foreign-born make important contributions to the production of U.S. world-class academic research. Unfortunately these informative analyses of the benefits of foreign-born doctoral students do not effectively assay the social costs of this policy. For example, the large numbers of foreign-born doctoral students from developing countries depress the wages of U.S. PhDs and post-docs in STEM fields, wages which as argued in the earlier paper discourage U.S.-born undergraduates from enrolling in these subjects. The paper on the provision of overseas academic programs by U.S. colleges and universities concludes, unsurprisingly, that even leading...

Increasing the Visibility of the Library within the Academic Research Enterprise.

Academic libraries support their universities' goals of developing and maintaining successful research programs. As the information landscape and researcher practices change, recognition of the library's role in supporting research may be diminishing. This article will explore some aspects of the academic research enterprise and identify opportunities libraries can use to position themselves as key members of the research enterprise as well as increase their visibility among the research community. Successful initiatives implemented at Wayne State University will be highlighted to illustrate strategies librarians can use at their own institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Model for University–Community Engagement: Continuing Education's Role as Convener

Administrators are continually seeking university-community engagement. Continuing education departments are in a unique position to further these initiatives by connecting academic faculty, staff, and students with emerging community needs. This article provides a model to demonstrate the significant role continuing educators can play in convening groups of people to unite efforts around a common mission. These community collaborations can further academic research initiatives while addressing significant needs within our community. By linking academic needs and resources with community needs and resources, continuing education departments can foster relevant, mutually beneficial engagement initiatives that demonstrate a shared responsibility of social and civic engagement for our students, our university, and our community.

Leadership in Architectural Research: Between Academia and the Profession

Recent decades have witnessed a notable expansion of architectural research activities, with respect to both subject and methodology. This expansion can be mostly credited to an increase in government and private funding of primarily academic research initiatives. More recently, however, a noticeable increase in research activities within the architectural profession makes it possible to argue that it is the profession itself that is now taking leadership in the development of contemporary research agendas. This growing significance of architectural research, in both academia and the profession,is ultimately a response to the diverse challenges facing the profession; most notably, the issue of environmental sustainability, but also including the rapid pace of technological change, the increase ddiversity of users, and the growing complexity of architectural projects. Engaging research is an essential factor in facing these challenges as well as taking full advantage of the opportunities they offer. For this research to be most effective, however, a greater perspective and a clearer definition of its role and the goals it can aspire to, in both academia and the profession, are needed; and most importantly, the question becomes, how do we foster a more integrated research culture between academia and the profession?

The competitive environment of academic productivity and the academic research enterprise in the case of Japan

This article deals with the various problems related to the given title from four sections. Section “Social function of the academic research enterprise (ARE)” focuses on three problems: Framework of the research on the ARE; Functions of the graduate school in the ARE; and Centers of learning and Japanese ARE. Section “Structure of ARE” discusses two problems: Structure of social stratification and the structure of ARE in the policy framework for the current ARE. Section “Social condition of ARE” argues over three problems: Social condition of the ARE; The effects of change of national policy on the ARE; and National government policy for the ARE in the postwar period. Section “The impacts of the national government policies on ARE” treats three problems: Trend of the recent national government policy on the ARE; Some unintended effects of the policies; and Discussion of proposals for reform. These discussions lead to concluding remarks.

Fostering innovation by reengineering the academic research area: examples from Cyprus

The creation of the Cyprus research area can be a key component and a critical contributor to the creation of the European Research Area and the strategy defined at Lisbon for making the European Union (EU) the world's most competitive and dynamic knowledge based economy. This paper proposes a framework for research in academia that complies with the EU framework with emphasis on the human potential, and infrastructure. A survey has been carried out for identifying problems and potential solutions in giving new momentum to the academic research initiatives, by strengthening efforts, and defining new perspectives for providing the initiatives with more means of implementation. It aims to raise awareness of the academic dimension of research at national and international levels and stimulate a process for bringing together all the parties involved including faculty, industry, administration, and policy makers to launch new cooperation initiatives for both applied and theoretical research.

CRITICAL REACTION TO RESEARCH INITIATIVE

DOW CHEMICAL AND BASF, the world’s two largest chemical companies, have separately agreed to fund groundbreaking academic research initiatives at two of the most prestigious U.S. universities. One of the partnerships, Dow’s sustainability program at the University of California, Berkeley, is raising serious concerns among academics. The other, between BASF and Harvard University, is not as controversial and will support research leading to new products. The Dow Chemical Foundation will make a gift of $10 million over the next five years to launch the Sustainable Products & Solutions Program at UC Berkeley. To be based at the Center for Responsible Business within UC Berkeley’s Haas School of Business, the interdisciplinary program will operate in partnership with the school’s College of Chemistry, but it will also draw on faculty from across the campus. The gift will fund basic chemical research, environmental policy research, and the interface between the two disciplines. The gift has attracted some facu...

Academic patents and materials transfer agreements: substitutes or complements?

U.S. universities and academic medical centers long have been important performers of research in the life sciences, but their role as a source of patented intellectual property in this field has changed significantly in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The expanded presence of formal intellectual property rights within the academic biomedical research enterprise has occasioned numerous expressions of concern from scholars, policymakers, and participants. One widely expressed fear involves the effects of patenting on the conduct of the scientific research enterprise. There is also considerable concern over the possible role of Materials Transfer Agreements (MTAs) in raising research “transaction costs”. On the other hand, others suggest that the contractual structure provided by MTAs may reduce transaction costs and facilitate exchange. This paper undertakes a preliminary analysis of the role of MTAs in the biomedical research enterprise at the University of Michigan, a significant patenter and licensor of biomedical intellectual property. We examine the relationship among invention disclosures, patenting, licensing, and the presence or absence of an MTA. Although data limitations make any conclusions tentative, our analysis suggests that the increased assertion of property rights by universities through MTAs does not appear to impede the commercialization of university research through patenting and licensing.

The ACS Approval Program And Research Universities

RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES are major producers of undergraduate chemists, awarding half of the more than 10,000 bachelor's degrees in chemistry each year. They also educate a large cohort of domestic and international graduate students and are the center of the academic research enterprise. Research universities are essential players in undergraduate education not only because they produce undergraduate chemists but also because they shape the doctoral students and postdoctoral scholars who become the teachers of the next generation. For all of these reasons, research universities are important participants in the current work of the Committee on Professional Training (GPT) to develop new guidelines for ACS approval of undergraduate programs. ACS is unique among major scientific societies in offering a voluntary approval process for programs that award a bachelor's degree. The society, through CPT, approves programs. The chair of an approved program certifies the degrees of those graduates who meet the require...