Psychology Research Articles

Reconstruction of Wilhelm Wundt's last residence in Saxony and the search for subsequent use as a research institute, fellowship house, or museum of psychotechnics.

The German physiologist Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) is now recognized worldwide as the founding figure of academic psychology. He founded the first Institute for Experimental Psychology in Leipzig in 1879 and gained recognition during his lifetime. The scientist's last home in the small village of Großbothen in East Germany, about 100 miles (160 km) south of Berlin, was left to decay after German reunification in 1989/1990. Wundt's other homes in Leipzig were destroyed during World War II. During the GDR period, when the house was owned by the public sector, an inscription in honor of Wundt was added. It then stood empty for many years and fell into disrepair. In June 2016, an association was founded at Schloss Altranstädt near Leipzig with the aim of acquiring the rights to use the Wilhelm Wundt House. Thanks to their efforts, the house has now been entrusted to a conservationist as of 2018. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Эмпатия как предиктор профессиональной успешности врача

The professional competence of the dentist requires the presence and development of appropriate communication skills and the ability to create a warm psycho-emotional contact with the patient. Research by renowned academic psychologists, scientific work in the field of medicine, and finally life experience prove that a trusting doctor-patient relationship has a positive impact both on the treatment process and on the immediate results of the treatment. Patients who experience a state of psychological comfort with their doctor are much more comfortable with dental procedures for which they are already a priori nervous. Subconscious tension and fear of procedures makes the patient consciously or unconsciously resist the actions of the doctor, which creates discomfort for both the patient and the doctor, which in turn can have a negative impact on the quality of treatment.
 The purpose and objectives of the presented article were to study the concept of "empathy" on the basis of developed scientific research, to analyze domestic and foreign literature on the topic under study, to conduct an experiment on the method of identifying the level of empathy by V. V. Boyko among dentists working in the state dental clinics and private clinics of the city of Moscow. Materials and methods: To determine the effectiveness of using empathy in communication between dentists and patients, testing, questionnaires, interviews, observation and an experiment were conducted among 10 dental clinics. The test was based on the analysis of the level of empathy according to the methodology of V. V. Boyko.
 The results obtained showed that the indicative level of empathy in the studied group of dentists corresponds to the average, which can be explained by the complexity of doctors' work. Medical workers receive various psychological traumas in the course of their activity, and involuntarily witness negative situations. In order to distance themselves as much as possible from this and avoid emotional exhaustion, they need to pay attention to their own feelings and emotions and avoid becoming overly involved in the problem. Therefore, when interviewed, many dentists emphasized moderate empathy, considering it to be the most appropriate due to the intensity of the field of work. Moreover, it was revealed that the manifestation of empathy in medical workers has its own peculiarities, and the level of emergence of empathy channels according to the method of V.V. Boyko's method varies, which is connected with professional differentiation.

Motivation: A Critical Consideration of Freud and Rogers’ Seminal Conceptualisations

Humans vary in many aspects of their psychology with differences routinely found in patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours, setting individuals apart across time and place. Though many psychologists have attempted to account for these individual differences, one area that has continued to generate interest and disagreement is the concept of motivation. Today, understanding behavioural motivation remains one of the most important questions facing personality theorists. In an attempt to better account for human motivation, the present exploration reviews seminal theoretical positions put forward by Sigmund Freud from a Psychoanalytical perspective and contrastingly, that of Carl Rogers from the Humanistic approach. Critical consideration is specifically applied to how verifiable each perspective may be and the degree of empirical support either account has attained to date. Whilst understanding human motivation is not a new endeavour, the present exploration provides a contemporary critical assessment of traditional psychological explanations.

A PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW ON THE PSYCHODYNAMIC COGNITION OF THE SUBJECT'S PSYCHE

The article reveals a psychodynamic approach to understanding the psyche in its entirety (“conscious/unconscious”). We emphasize on the interrelationships of the substructures of the psyche in their conscious and unconscious manifestations, as well as on the research possibilities of the “Active Social Psychological Cognition” method (ASPC). The specified method plays the role of both a search and research procedure in the in-depth cognition of the psyche, and practical perspectives of providing assistance to future psychologists in their personal psychocorrection. The palette of psychological and philosophical problems, which are not covered by academic psychology, is specified. The work clarifies the essence of psychological defenses of the psyche in their situational and basal manifestations (“vertical” and “horizontal”). The problem of the applicability of the methods of the psyche cognition in its integrity (“conscious/unconscious”) is also outlined, as well as the form and content of training of future practical psychologists. For the first time, the “Super-Id” substructure is introduced into the “Model of the Internal Dynamics of the Psyche”, which reflects the archaic influence on the psyche of the pre-Oedipal period of human development in its psychological parameters, which remain effective to this day. A comparative analysis of the methodology of traditional and psychodynamic approaches to understanding the psyche is carried out, which affects the specifics of training the future psychologist for their professional activity.

The Personalities and Inner Conflicts of Teachers in Three Modern Indonesian Novels Reviewed from a Literary Psychology Perspective

The thesis aims to analyze the teachers' personalities and inner conflicts in three modern Indonesian novels because the writer sees many inner conflicts experienced by the teachers through the characters in the novel. A qualitative approach was conducted in this study. The psychology approach is used to analyze literature exhaustively, the extrinsic and intrinsic sides. The data analysis can be concluded that there are three Modern Indonesian novels such as; Guru Aini by Andrea Hirata, Kembara Rindu by Habiburrahman El Shirazy, and Si Anak Special by Tere Liye. The technique of analyzing the data of this study was applied by observation, interview, and questionnaire. The writer analyzes qualitative data interactively and continues until finished and the data has saturated, starting with data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The validity of this research used theoretical triangulation. The study results showed that the teacher's personality was expressed in three modern Indonesian novels based on academic psychology, namely the personality of high commitment, enthusiasm for work, sincerity in work, high ambition, patience, and firm convictions. The teacher's inner conflict in three Modern Indonesian novels based on a review of academic psychology is the inner approach-avoidance conflict and avoidance conflict, and approach - approach conflict.

Integral Psychology: A new science of self, personality, and psychology

This paper outlines a theory of psychology based on Sri Aurobindo’s conceptualization of the human being. Starting with the basic notion of self and personhood in contemporary academic psychology, largely located in the lower levels of psychological functioning, the field of Transpersonal Psychology is used as a stepping stone to access the higher reaches of humanity. A brief outline of the Advaita Vedāntic perspectives on personality then paves the way for Sri Aurobindo’s neo-Vedāntic depiction of the person. The contribution of the integral approach to the transformation of emotions, and its role in psychotherapy is then outlined. It is the author’s contention that Sri Aurobindo’s system contains a comprehensive framework of psychology, which allows for both Western as well as Indian conceptualization of the psyche and provides a synthesis, which is more than a mere sum of parts, giving a vision for an optimistic and glorious future of humankind, paving the way for divine life to manifest upon earth.

Towards inclusive mentoring in academic psychology

Towards inclusive mentoring in academic psychology

Let's play pretend: Towards effective modelling in experimental psycho(patho)logy

Background and objectivesModels are omnipresent in science. We introduce a novel framework to achieve more effective modelling practices in general psychology and experimental psychopathology. MethodWe analyze three types of models that are common in psychology: laboratory models, computational models, and cognitive models. We then evaluate two common ways to assess the translational value of models (phenomenological similarity and deep similarity) as well as an arguably underappreciated way (functional similarity). Functional similarity is based on an assessment of whether variables (e.g., the administration of a pharmacological substance) have a similar effect (a) in the model (e.g., in a fear conditioning procedure) and (b) on the real-life target phenomenon (e.g., on real-life anxiety complaints). ConclusionsWe argue that the assessment of functional similarity is a powerful tool to assess the translational value of models in the field of experimental psychopathology and beyond.

Self and Others: Empirical and Neuropsychoanalytic Considerations of Superego and Conscience

Freud's mature theorizing about human morality entrenched the functioning of the superego in anxiety stemming from the fear of punishment, a view with which many later psychoanalysts took issue, producing a debate as to the distinction between superego and conscience. This debate would later be mirrored more broadly in academic psychology concerning distinctions between shame and guilt. This is an area where the clinical observations and theoretical discussions of psychoanalysis have subtly guided research in cognitive psychology and the cognitive and affective neurosciences. These areas, in turn, have both clarified and supported psychoanalytic theory and practice without negating the rich phenomenological and theoretical basis on which psychoanalysis rests.

Creativity: Celebrations and tensions

AbstractIn 1950, the President of the American Psychological Association emphasised the economic and political importance of creativity for US society. His account of creativity exhibits a number of tensions that can be identified in other psychologists' theories and conceptualisations of creativity. This paper considers the tensions from the perspective of critical discursive psychology. In the terms of that approach, the tensions derive from multiple non‐academic discourses around creativity, including popular discourses of creativity and art. The paper argues that conceptualisations of creativity from academic psychology have in turn entered wider discourses, invoked, for example, in recent celebrations of the global sector of the creative and cultural industries (CCI). The tensions within psychology's conceptualisations are significant, however, because they raise questions about the extent to which the psychology of creativity has a common reference and coheres around the study of a single phenomenon.

The degree course in psychology in Rome in the history of Italian psychology.

Italian academic psychology found its first location in the Anthropological Museum of the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the University of Rome, where in 1890 a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology was established. In 1905, the first three Chairs of Experimental Psychology at the Universities of Turin, Rome, and Naples were created. These were followed in the subsequent years by others, until 1930, in other academic institutions. After many years and a long period of crisis linked to the fascist regime, only after the World War II (WWII), with the rebirth of the country, did psychology gradually rebuild its status as a scientific discipline. Within this framework of the renewal of society and university studies, in 1971, two degree courses were instituted in Rome and Padua. Based on research in central and local academic archives and on an analysis of the secondary literature, the gestation phase of the 4-year degree course in Psychology, the progressive establishment of the Psychology Departments, and the 5-year reform of the courses up to the birth of the first Faculty of Psychology at an Italian university are reconstructed. The aim of this article is to propose a well-founded discontinuist historiographical reading of the process of sedimentation of psychological experimentation that, after being born in the Faculty of Sciences and later transferring to the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, also led to important developments in the Faculty of Education, with the recognition of an autonomous academic space of scientific discipline with a degree course, departments and finally the Faculty of Psychology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Maximizing the positive and minimizing the negative: Social media data to study youth mental health with informed consent.

Social media usage impacts upon the mental health and wellbeing of young people, yet there is not enough evidence to determine who is affected, how and to what extent. While it has widened and strengthened communication networks for many, the dangers posed to at-risk youth are serious. Social media data offers unique insights into the minute details of a user's online life. Timely consented access to data could offer many opportunities to transform understanding of its effects on mental wellbeing in different contexts. However, limited data access by researchers is preventing such advances from being made. Our multidisciplinary authorship includes a lived experience adviser, academic and practicing psychiatrists, and academic psychology, as well as computational, statistical, and qualitative researchers. In this Perspective article, we propose a framework to support secure and confidential access to social media platform data for research to make progress toward better public mental health.

The devil is in the detail: a critique of nine editorials published by the International Task Force on Benzodiazepines

SUMMARYSince 2018, the International Task Force on Benzodiazepines (ITFB), a group of academic psychiatrists and academic psychologists, has advocated that clinical guidelines should change to promote benzodiazepines from second- to first-line treatment for anxiety disorders, accept their use as maintenance treatment for anxiety conditions (in particular, panic disorder) and increase their use in gastrointestinal disorders. There is merit in much of what the ITFB argues, but in this article I analyse four major claims it has made in opinion editorials that I believe are not fully supported by the available evidence.

Naisvankien sopeutumisesta yhteiskuntaan Venäjällä

Definitions of social inclusion commonly include concepts like respect, diversity, shared goals and values, as well as a feeling of belonging to a community. Another term, which is similar in meaning and used more often in academic literature is resocialization. Generally, resocialization involves measures taken during and after a prison sentence to help ex-prisoners avoid recidivism. The term “resocialization” was introduced to the lexicon of academic psychology by American social psychologists Daniel B. Kennedy and August Kerber (1990) to signify an individual’s “secondary” entry into a sociocultural environment following either “defective” socialization (resocialization of ex-prisoners) or a change in sociocultural surroundings (resocialization of migrants). The resocialization of ex-prisoners is an important step on the way to decreasing recidivism rates, which in turn leads to a safer society. The sociologist Coline Cardi studies society’s perception of female-inflicted violence. Her work shows that society places far greater demands on women than on men, and that women are perceived more often as victims than as perpetrators of violence. This puts female offenders in double violation of the norm: by committing a crime, a woman contravenes the social norm as well as the legal norm. In Russia, where motherhood, marriage and family life are still considered the main instruments of self-realisation for women, incarceration can be a serious ordeal. The paper presented results of the pilot project on Nordic-Rus­sian co-op­er­a­tion for the so­cial in­teg­ra­tion, pre­ven­tion of mar­gin­al­isa­tion, and hu­man rights pro­tec­tion of fe­male pris­on­ers.  This project (1/8/2018 – 31/10/2019), funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers' Nordic-Russian co-operation programme, was led by me. Its ambition was to establish a Nordic-Russian network of experts, which would ensure exchange of experience and best practices.

Качественное тематическое исследование динамики уровня тревожности пациента в отношениях с родными и близкими: анализ единичного случая психоаналитического консультирования

Introduction. The model of studying a single case and considering this version of the study of psychotherapy were implemented for the first time within the boundaries of the psychoanalytic paradigm. Today, this type of research is recognized and has promising developments in various areas and schools of psychotherapeutic practice. While there is some disagreement among academic psychologists and representatives of psychotherapy practice regarding the effectiveness of this method, it has a rather strong argument in favor of its application. The advantages of this method include: close attention to the acquisition of concrete, practical, contextual knowledge, as opposed to universal theo-retical knowledge without taking into account the context; the use of more flexible re-search standards and obtaining detailed data on the problem being solved. Methodology and methods: a qualitative case study of a group of isolated cases was conducted in 2018-2022 and was part of a pilot study to assess the effectiveness of psychoanalytic counseling of patients with high levels of anxiety. Patient indicators were collected us-ing psychodiagnostic techniques and recording material for sessions of 5 patients. To implement a qualitative thematic analysis of the dynamics of changes in the level of anx-iety, diagnostic tools have been developed to assess the manifestation of anxiety indica-tors in the speech of patients, based on the theoretical provisions of psychodynamic psy-chodiagnostics of anxiety. Results and conclusions. The results of a qualitative case study of the dynamics of anxiety and its impact on patients' relations with relatives and friends in the course of psychoanalytic counseling are presented. Analysis of the mani-festation of anxiety in the speech of patients showed that its decrease is reflected in less pronounced references to excitement, tension and negative feelings towards relatives and friends, and the semantic analysis of patients' speech with the help of the text anal-ysis program showed subtle movements in the semantic structure of their statements. Changes in the semantic structure of patients' speech reflect the individual way of their awareness of the problems under discussion and are reflected in the emergence of new semantic connections of the central

Examination of the Licensure Differences of Mental Health Professionals in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Athletic Departments

The high rates of depression, anxiety, suicide, and other mental health disorders among collegiate student-athletes have resulted in the need for appropriate mental health services. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has released a best practices guide for mental health in college sport that includes licensed psychologists (LP), licensed clinical social workers (LCSW), and licensed professional counselors (LPC) as competent to provide mental health services to student-athletes. However, an examination of the differences between these three licenses is absent from the literature. This essay offers an overview on these differences to clarify the purview of each license as there is confusion surrounding the different types of professionals that can provide mental health services. A detailed description of what is means to hold an LP, LCSW, and LPC distinction is provided, followed by a discussion of the difference between mental health licensure and certification as a certified mental performance consultant (CMPC). This will assist administrators, athletic administrators, and student-athletes in making informed decisions about mental health care.

Psychology in national socialism: The question of "professionalization" and the case of the "Ostmark".

This article presents a contextualization and revaluation of competing narratives concerning the history of psychology in Nazi Germany. Since the 1980s, this debate revolves around the supposed "professionalization" of the discipline from Hitler's rise to power until the end of World War II. The question whether or not academic psychology has profited from collaborating with the Nazi regime during the war is not just of historical interest, but also carries strong political and moral implications. Recently, the established narrative concerning the professionalization of German psychology under National Socialism was called into question by Wolfgang Schönpflug. According to his argumentation, psychology did not benefit from the war, but had to suffer considerable losses on terms of personnel and quality in teaching and research. After reconstructing the historical context and the political implications of the debate, we propose to take a different perspective on the question of "professionalization." Three case examples of psychologists from Austria whose career advanced significantly during the war are provided to shed light on the multitude of opportunities that emerged for those who offered their psychological expertise during the war. In conclusion, it is argued that professionalization should be understood as a theoretical framework that stimulates further historical research on a local level, not as a dogmatic judgment about the state of the discipline as a whole. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Clustering of UK universities based on the research productivity of psychology departments

Higher education institutions in the UK have organised into mission groups for the advocacy of shared interests and ideologies. Although research productivity is claimed as a key point of difference between these groups, this claim has received relatively little empirical scrutiny. The current study examined the clustering of UK universities based on the research productivity of academic psychologists. It found evidence for the Russell Group’s (RG’s) claim that it represents leading, research-intensive universities, at least with respects to the discipline of psychology. Productivity metrics of a representative sample of 1339 academic psychologists were extracted from Scopus and Scimago database and were averaged to derive department level productivity indicators. Results from cluster analysis provided evidence in favour of RG’s research superiority claim. Cluster level averages of the cluster comprising RG universities were approximately 50–300% higher than those of the cluster comprising non-RG universities. As anticipated, the universities of Oxford and Cambridge surpassed all others to form separate clusters representing an ‘elite’ within the RG.

Changes in Hungarian academic psychology after the end of "people's democracy".

The paper surveys the last 30 years of Hungarian academic psychology. Around 1989-1990, the time of the great social changes Hungarian psychology was rather Westernized, but still a relatively small scientific field and applied profession. The opening and liberalization of politics made psychology in Hungary a booming profession and a rich research field. Education of psychologists was spreading, and becoming more Westernized in textbook usage and reading materials. Entrance numbers at two universities with 80 students were replaced by 2010 by 6 university programs and about 8000 incoming students. The training system is a Bologna type BA + MA + PhD system, The educational booming has its own problems. As all university subjects, psychology training is also underfinanced, with high teaching loads and a move by university management towards applied areas, neglecting basic research. The research activity is characterized by a fivefold increase of English language publications coming from Hungary over a 20 years period. University research was strengthened, and competitive grant systems were introduced, whth good success aretes by psychologists. Here again, managerial thinking questions many aspects of basic research and liberalized science management. These factors are peculiar to psychology, but they do have an impact on it. The paper gives some details about one chapter of academic psychology, cognitive psychology. Institutionally, support by the Soros foundation in the 90s for the university cognitive programs had as one consequence that three departments of cognition are active in Budapest today. Another aspect of insitutional development was the series of multidisciplinary conferences in Hungary (MAKOG), and Hungarian involvement in international graduate training programs in cognitive science. The most successful cognitive group, at Central European University (5 ERC grants, publications in leading journals) is recently chased out of Hungary by anti-Western and antiliberal legal moves. This would certainly have a detrimental effect on Hungarian cognitive psychology for quite a time.

Don't Judge a Book by Its Cover: A Case Study and Comparative Analysis of Popular vs. Academic Psychology Books

Many academic psychologists hold negative and stereotypical views about popular psychology books, even though there have been few formal investigations into these materials to understand their content, construction, purposes, or orientations, or their author’s credentials. This paper explores the origins of these views both within the Sociology of Scientific knowledge literature, and psychological literature. Through formal case study methodology, an extensive review and comparative analysis of books with the psychological construct of “Attention” in their title was undertaken to determine whether the current delineations between scholarly and popular materials and those who write them are as clear cut as those making such delineations seem to suggest, or if an alternative model of the relationship between academic and popular psychology literature could be offered. A bibliography of 145 books was compiled, followed by what turned out to be an arduous and at times impossible task of sorting these books into either popular vs. scholarly categories, revealing flaws in the dualistic nature of this activity that is often required of university students, instructors, and scholars alike. Six popular and six scholarly books (Table #3) revealed that while some of the popular books were less rigorous in referencing and representation of experimental or original findings, that they offered bibliotherapeutic benefits and were cited as often as scholarly materials in journal articles, books, and dissertations across multiple disciplines, thus suggesting that popularization is not simply a trickling down of knowledge from the scientific arenas to the public, but that science can be informed by professionals with expertise in applied areas. Meanwhile six books designated as scholarly only had a collective of 14 Amazon reader reviews. This project’s findings have implications for educators, researchers, librarians, and journal editors who may presently disqualify useful materials without fully understanding them, and for writers who could improve in their research and writing skills.