Academic Problems Research Articles

Teachers as the agent of change for student mental health: the role of teacher care and teacher support in Chinese students’ well-being

IntroductionStudents in any academic setting typically encounter a wide range of academic problems and challenges, which may endanger their mental health. Since the mental health or well-being of students directly affects their classroom performance, factors helping students overcome their academic challenges need to be widely researched. Considering this, extensive research has been carried out to uncover the personal and situational factors that help students solve their academic problems and improve their well-being. Moreover, due to the invaluable role of teachers in students’ mental conditions, several investigations to date have assessed the impact of teacher communicative behaviors on student well-being.MethodsTo pursue this line of inquiry, the current research assessed the role of teacher support and teacher care in fostering Chinese students’ well-being. To do this, three self-report questionnaires were distributed to 338 undergraduate students. Then, Pearson product–moment and linear regression were performed through IBM SPSS Amos (Version 26) to analyze students’ answers to the self-report questionnaires.ResultsThe analysis outcomes divulged a series of strong and positive connections between teacher support, teacher care, and student well-being. The results also showed that teacher support and teacher care can significantly contribute to Chinese students’ well-being.ImplicationsTeachers and teacher educators may find these outcomes useful and informative.

An Overview of Mental Health on Stress Among Students in USM

Mental health of higher education students is deteriorating at an alarming rate. The Covid-19 pandemic has had a severe psychological impact on students, who are constantly burdened with various learning tasks as well as online lectures. This study explains the influencing factors that affect the mental health of students in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). We conducted an online survey via Google Forms. A total of 150 USM students participated in the online survey. The data gained was interpreted using IBM SPSS Statistic Software to produce meaningful results. The potential causes of stress among USM students that will be discussed briefly in this research are health issues, academic problems, financial difficulties, and family problems. We also consider the Covid-19-pandemic effects on the factors elaborated in this research. Stress can be treated and must be well managed so that it will not become worse. There are many ways and activities that can be done to avoid being stressed.

Attachment, Relationships, Academic Problems, and Negative Emotions in Student Veterans With Disabilities

In higher education, the student veteran population is growing. As we research and research and gain deeper insights into student veterans and the impact that their military service has on their lives, we begin to uncover connections, such as challenges in romantic and sexual aspects, as well as negative emotions, that may provide valuable insight to counselors. This study aimed to examine whether the relationship between unhealthy attachment and academic problems could be mediated by problems in romantic and sexual relationships, as well as negative emotions, among student veterans with disabilities. Data were collected from 129 student veterans with disabilities who receive counseling and accommodation services from college disability services. The findings revealed that, in student veterans with disabilities, the association between unhealthy attachment and academic problems was partially mediated by romantic and sexual relationship problems, as well as negative emotions. We discussed the implications for counselors and researchers.

The Dark Side of Multimedia Devices: Negative Consequences for Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood.

There is growing concern about the relationship between screen use by young children and negative effects on their development, as children with developmental and socioemotional impairments tend to have difficulties in their relationships and increased academic problems. The aim of our study was to analyse the relationship between the use of multimedia devices and paediatric symptoms in children below 5 years old. Data from 534 Portuguese parents of children aged from 18 to 57 months were collected via a self-report questionnaire. Children's daily exposure to multimedia devices was nearly 2 h per day. Paediatric symptoms were positively associated with watching television and screen time and negatively associated with parents' working hours. Touchscreen use was more frequent among girls and older children. Parents' working hours comprised the most significant predictor of paediatric symptoms. Our findings reinforce past findings on the adverse links between the use of multimedia devices and paediatric symptoms and also highlight the influence of other variables like the child's age and gender, as well as parental factors. The need to both create a more comprehensive framework regarding the long-term effects of multimedia device use and delineate effective strategies for prevention and intervention with parents and children is discussed.

‘When I get upset about my children’s problem, I can’t concentrate’- International students reflect on their roles as parents while studying in the UK

This article explores international student–parents’reflections about their children’s difficulties as temporary sojourners in UK schools, and the ways in which they attempt to support them in the process of settling down at school. The data is drawn from qualitative research interviews (Richards 2003; Hiller & DiLuzio 2004) with 25 student parents. The emerging themes focus on parents’ attempts to assist their children with academic and linguistic problems and with making and maintaining friendships. A major theme emerges about the role of host schools, and also about the parents’ emotional burden regarding their own compromised situation. The data reflects overall that the first year of sojourn is often more problematic than expected, and thus more research in this area is needed to address how universities interested in internationalisation can best support these student parents. Further, more research is needed into ways in which local schools, including both teachers and learners can best accommodate international children focussing on their unique competencies.

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AMONG SIXTH-GRADE STUDENTS AT BAGHDAD

Background: University students of different disciplines are subject to different psychological, social and academic problems and pressures, which vary according to their specialties, cultural , social and economic and backgrounds that affect their behaviour and psychological reactions. The study of nursing requires mental, psychological and physical effort and the presence of certain skills. This leads to problems and psychological stress. As a result of our country's changes, political, economic and health events and pressures, it has had negative and psychological effects on the individual, especially the student. Methodology: Descriptive design cross-sectional study was carried out Throughout the present study to knowledge the psychological problems of nursing students In college. Non probability "purposive" sample (n=74) students were included at setting (AL-BAYAN UNIVERSITY) the data collection process started from december 15th2020, up to 15th july ,2021.The statistical data up analysis were conducted Using the statistical package (SPSS). Results:the results shows the proportion of males and females participating in the study is equal, reaching (50%) for both gender. As for the level of education, the mentioned percentages showed that the percentage of college students for the fourth stage was higher than for students of the third, second and first stages, where the percentage of fourth stage students reached (50%), while the percentage of third stage students was (17.6%). And that psychological problems have the highest percentage, which is moderate among the sample answering the questions of the questionnaire. Study indicates us no significant relationship between psychological problems and socio-demographic data, at p-value, but in sample study there are have a psychological problems

Analyzing Students’ Habits of Mind and Disorienting Dilemmas During Covid-19 Outbreak: A Preliminary Study of Developing Instructional Framework for Teaching Agricultural English (ESP)

Students’ habits of mind (HoM) and disorienting dilemmas (DD) are challenging to investigate and have rarely been explored. Yet, in the past Covid-19 pandemic, students faced many academic and non-academic problems. For example, in Indonesia, 89 million parents lost their jobs, which influenced students’ emotions in their learning process. This paper applied explanatory mixed methods to address students’ HoM and DD in agriculture colleges in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Two hundred and eleven students voluntarily participated in the online closed- and open-ended survey responses. The first quantitative data were analyzed using the Rasch model of application while Nvivo12 was used for the analysis of the latter. The quantitative data were focused on how agricultural English students perceived HoM; meanwhile, the qualitative data explored a catalyst and a life crisis under the students’ DD. Then, the two research questions were comparatively discussed: (1) How do Agricultural students perceive their HoM and DD during learning English; and (2) What factors influence them in learning English? As illustrated in the Rasch map, the result showed that students were positively perceived HoM. The Pearson measure value was +1.13 logit, meaning that it showed the tendency of agree. However, some extreme findings were found from the person misfit. In terms of the students’ DD during this Covid-19 pandemic, the data showed that most students were frustrated in joining the English online classes. Unclear directions from teachers were one of the problems that stimulate students’ DD. From the perspective of HoM and DD, students were grouped into two when learning English in the pandemic: (1) those willing to improve their condition independently; and (2) those who did not care and had no initiative to find the solution.

A Different Perspective of Teachers on The Issue of Syrian Students in Türkiye: A Comparative Analysis

The purpose of this study is to comparatively examine the opinions of teachers who have Syrian students in their classrooms and those who have never been involved in educational activities with Syrian students. The study is based on the case study design, a qualitative research approach. The study group consists of primary school teachers who work at public schools and are divided into two groups considering the presence of Syrian students in their classrooms. In the research process, the data were collected using a semi-structured interview form and analysed through the content analysis method. As a result of the analyses, five themes were created to represent the problems experienced by the teachers who were instructing Syrian students. In this context, several codes were listed under the themes of “communication problems”, “disciplinary problems”, “adaptation problems”, “academic problems”, and “other problems”. The problems considered likely by the teachers who did not have any Syrian students were grouped under four themes, including “communication problems”, “disciplinary problems”, “adaptation problems”, and “academic problems”, and some codes were presented relevantly. Likewise, four themes were created to represent the solutions proposed by the teachers in both groups for the aforementioned problems, and several codes were listed under the themes of “academic measures”, “language education”, “harmonisation activities” and “other measures”. With these research findings, the problems and solution proposals expressed by the teachers were compared based on the presence of Syrian students in the classroom. Then the similarities and differences were listed. Consequently, it was revealed that the teachers in both groups mainly highlighted language issues as part of the communication problems faced in the education of Syrian students. It was also identified that the teachers in both groups expressed that the problems arising from the presence of Syrian students in the classroom would have highly adverse effects on other students. In addition, it was concluded that the teachers who had Syrian students mostly proposed solutions within the scope of academic measures and language education, whereas the other group of teachers generally offered solutions regarding language education and harmonisation activities.

Addressing Violence Against Parents and Peers and Violence in Schools through the Perspective of Ecological Theory

This paper examines violence against parents and peers and violence in schools using Bronfenbrenner’s ecological system theory. We aim to establish connections between these forms of violence, perpetrator characteristics, and conclusions about the influences at different ecological layers. Through in-depth empirical research, we reviewed police, prosecutorial, and court files on child-parent violent crimes. Out of the total closed cases, 46 were included for further analysis, with nine cases addressing violence or misconduct in schools. Our findings highlight the link between violence against parents, early adolescent misbehaviour, and academic problems. Outward manifestations of these issues include discipline problems, truancy, association with problematic peers, substance abuse or addiction, and violent behaviour. Boys exhibit a progression from psychological to physical abuse against their parents and others. These results confirm other conclusions on the early onset and persistent nature of violent and delinquent behaviour. Notably, mental health issues and substance abuse play a significant role at the microsystem level. In conclusion, we recommend policy upgrades with a systematic approach to address youth violence, appropriate care of young people’s mental health and the public delegitimation of various forms of violence.

Doctoral Student Experiences in Indonesian Postgraduate Programs: A Phenomenological Investigation of Challenges

This research answers academic anxiety that departs from a study of the complexity of the problems faced by doctoral students in Indonesia. The existing phenomenon is that doctoral students in Indonesia who are scattered in various public and private universities with various fields of knowledge still face many technical and non-technical problems caused by problems that are both academic and non-academic in nature. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach with the phenomenological study method developed by Edmund Husserl. Data collection techniques use literature and field studies through interviews, documentation and observation. The primary data source is postgraduate students, and the secondary data source is the Postgraduate Director, Head of Study Program and administrative staff. Data analysis in this qualitative research consists of three streams of activities that occur simultaneously, namely data reduction, data presentation, drawing conclusions or verification. Data checking in this research is based on four criteria, namely, degree of trustworthiness, transferability, dependability, and certainty. The findings from this study include the theoretical level regarding the conceptualization of the Portrait of Doctoral Programs in Indonesia as an Educational Phenomenon and dissertation as Research Identity of Doctoral Programs (Standards and Characteristics). This research also found academic and non-academic problems for doctoral students in Indonesia. The implications of the results of this research are to provide recommendations for ideas for the academic community for making decisions and academic policies as well as formulating a quality education system and improving the quality assurance of postgraduate doctoral education in Indonesia.

Drawing a Home: Insights on Child Attachment from the Bird’s Nest Drawing Test

Background: Attachment is a fundamental aspect of human development. Insecure attachment is associated with various negative outcomes, including mental health problems, relationship difficulties, and academic problems. Bird’s Nest Drawing (BND) is widely known as a projective test to assess attachment. Study aims: This review aimed to (1) critically assess BND and its interpretation toward various attachment styles and (2) examine BND's strengths and operational challenges and (3) provide insight into the cultural and contextual factors that may affect the interpretation of the test results. Method: This study is a literature review with a narrative synthesis approach. Eligibility criteria were accessed through the SPIDER framework. We focused on studies investigating the relationship between BND and attachment theory, with no age restrictions for participants. The authors followed Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal checklist to evaluate chosen literature's quality. A narrative synthesis was performed to extract information that can be compared or integrated. Result: Ten studies met the eligibility criteria. The results suggest that texture, colors, and narration following the drawings are strongly associated with attachment security, while other variables show weaker associations with attachment. Conclusion: The BND test is beneficial to explore individuals’ perception and attachment relationships, particularly with their primary caregiver. However, further studies are needed to assess interrater reliability for some themes and cultural context in BND interpretation.

Gauging trauma-informed pedagogy in higher education: a UK case study

IntroductionA substantial amount of evidence suggests a negative association between traumatic experiences and mental health among primary and secondary school students. These vulnerable students are at an increased risk of academic, social, and emotional problems. However, there is limited evidence on the connection between traumatic experiences and student mental health in higher education, especially regarding trauma-related content in classrooms. This study aims to explore students’ experiences with traumatic material in a UK university setting and to understand educators’ perceptions of trauma-informed pedagogy.MethodsEight students from the University of Manchester and seven educators (from the humanities and social sciences departments) participated in one-on-one semi-structured interviews. The analysis adopted an inductive thematic approach.ResultsFour major themes emerged from the interview data: Inclusion and delivery of trauma-related content in higher education; Effects of trauma-related content on class attendance; Availability of support systems for handling trauma-related content; Perceptions on trauma-informed education.DiscussionThe implications of this study for future research and current teaching practices are discussed. Recommendations are provided for teaching sensitive material. Limitations of this study, such as sample size and demographics, are acknowledged. Additionally, a conceptual framework for trauma-informed pedagogy is introduced, laying the groundwork for an upcoming concept paper.

자해를 하는 사람들의 온라인 활동에 대한 내용 탐색

Objectives This study aims to understand the characteristics of self-harming people by analyzing the contents of comments uploaded by self-harming people to YouTube videos related to “self-harm,” and to find effective counseling intervention by confirming the characteristics of their online activities.
 Methods Comments on the top 9 videos derived by searching for the keyword “self-harm” on YouTube were collected. Among them, topic modeling was conducted with comments from users who reported that they had self-harm experience. Topic modeling is a method of deriving core topics from big data and reviewing and pre-senting optimal documents representing the derived core topics. Through this, 10 topics and 20 sub-topics were selected.
 Results Selected topics include “Psychiatry and medication started with fear of self-harm.”, “Response to the content of the video.”, “Difficulties faced in consulting with self-harm.”, “Reaction to the video you uploaded.”, “Self-harm related bullying, academic problems.”, “The will to commit suicide and the hesitation caused by family.”, “Self-harm that was attempted suicide.”, “Parents' reaction to self-harm.”, “Short-term and long-term effects of self-harm.”, “The emotions that others react to self-harm.”.
 Conclusions Measures should be prepared to increase accessibility to medical and counseling interventions to reduce self-harm behavior, and to solve ethical difficulties that may be experienced when counseling self-harm participants. Self-harming people were being comforted by the empathy they got online and were praying for ev-eryone's recovery. Based on this, a counseling intervention method that can help self-harming people was pre-sented, and opinions on the significance, limitations, and future research were presented.

Hard-to-treat or hard-to-catch? Clinical features and therapeutic outcomes of help-seeking foster care youths with mood disorders.

The high level of emotional problems in youths placed in foster care contrasts with the limited use of evidence-based treatments. This study aims to better characterize the clinical features and therapeutic outcomes of foster care youths with mood disorders. A secondary analysis of data collected in the context of a French-Canadian clinical research network on pediatric mood disorders in four sites was conducted to compare three groups of patients with depressive or bipolar disorder: those without exposure to child welfare intervention (WCWI, n = 181), those who received non-placement psychosocial intervention (NPI, n = 62), and those in placement interventions (PI, n = 41). We observed a very high rate of academic problems in patients in the groups NPI/PI compared to those in the WCWI group. Patients in the PI group had more disruptive behavioral disorders (OR = 6.87, 95% CI [3.25-14.52]), trauma-related disorders (OR = 3.78, 95% CI [1.6-8.94]), and any neurodevelopmental disorders (OR = 2.73, 95% CI [1.36-5.49]) compared to the other groups (NPI/WCWI). Among inpatients, the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scale and the change in the Children Global Assessment Scale during the hospital stay did not differ across the three groups. We observed a higher prescription rate of antipsychotics in the PI group compared to the NPI/WCWI groups, but no significant difference for antidepressants and mood stabilizers. These findings support the view that, when provided with dedicated support, fostered inpatient youths can improve in a range comparable to other inpatients. Undetected neurodevelopmental disorders and academic problems are likely important contributors of the burden of mood disorders in these youths.

Matheuristics for scheduling of maintenance service with linear operation cost and step function maintenance cost

We study a problem of scheduling machine maintenance activities in discretized periods, under the constraint that a maximum of one activity can be scheduled for each period. The scheduled maintenance activities will be repeated in a cyclic policy with a given cycle length.The problem is to find a scheduling policy specifying which activity is executed in each period in order to minimize the total cost.Two kinds of costs are assumed: operation and maintenance costs. Both of them depend on the number of periods since the last machine maintenance service. The operation cost occurs during the periods in which a machine is not maintained and increases linearly. The maintenance cost takes place in the periods in which a machine is maintained and is defined as a step function. The steps in the maintenance cost function could be justified by the fact of considering the machine element's substitution when this machine is run for too long without being maintained. This cost structure reduces the gap between the academic problem and the industrial reality.In this paper, the scheduling problem with linear operation cost and step function maintenance cost is defined and formalized. In addition, different matheuristic algorithms are proposed for its resolution. Lower bounds for the objective function are proposed and the computational results show an average deviation from the optimal solution lower than or equal to 3.19%.

Legalization and retail availability of recreational marijuana and adolescent use in schools.

Legalization of use and retail sales of recreational marijuana in U.S. states and the associated potential increase in access to marijuana and normalization of its use by adults could lead to increased use by adolescents. Studies have found that states with legal recreational marijuana have higher rates of adolescent use and frequency of use compared to states without legal use. We examined changes in student office discipline referrals (ODRs) for substance use offenses in Oregon middle and high schools before and after the legalization of recreational marijuana relative to comparison schools in other states. We found that rates of substance use related ODRs in middle schools increased by 0.14 per 100 students (30% of the mean) with legalization relative to comparison schools. This increase was moderated by the presence of a marijuana outlet within one mile of the school. We found no statistically discernible changes in high school ODRs. Marijuana use in adolescence has been linked to negative health and social consequences, including academic problems, mental health issues, and impaired driving. Potential adverse impact on adolescents and investments in school-based prevention programs could be important considerations for policymakers and public health officials when evaluating marijuana legalization.

Рsychoacoustic testing to assess the functional maturation of the central audiotory system

The age-appropriate development of the central auditory system is crucial for a child’s normal auditory and speech development. If there are any issues with this development, it can lead to central auditory processing disorders (APD) and problems with psychoverbal and general development. Psychoacoustic testing is an informative and accessible diagnostic tool for identifying signs of APD. This testing can be performed on children as young as four years old, provided there are normative data available for different age groups. The purpose of this study was to assess the functional state of the central auditory system using psychoacoustic methods in healthy children of different ages. Materials Methods. We examined 125 healthy full-term children between the ages of 4 and 17 years who had normal peripheral hearing and no speech, language, cognitive, or academic problems. The children were divided into five age groups: 4–5 years 11 months, 6–7 years 11 months, 8–9 years 11 months, 10–11 years 11 months, and 12 years and older. In addition to traditional audiological examinations, all children underwent tests to assess the functional state of the central parts of the auditory system, including tests for the perception of rhythmic sequences of stimuli, Random Gap Detection Test, monaural low redundant speech testing in quiet and in noise, alternating binaural speech testing, dichotic digits test, and a simplified version of the Russian matrix sentence test in noise (RUMatrix). The results showed that the tests used were sensitive to the functional state of various structures of the central auditory system, and signs of maturation in the “bottom-up” direction were demonstrated as the children grew older. The rate of evolutionary processes varied depending on the age group of the subjects. It was also shown that the morphofunctional development of the central auditory system is not completed by adolescence. Conclusion. These findings can be used to differentiate between the immaturity of the central auditory system, APD, and speech-language disorders of different types in children of different ages. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of early detection and intervention for any issues related to the central auditory system in children.

외국인 유학생의 교수학습지원에 관한 요구 분석 및 프로그램 설계 방안

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the needs of foreign students for teaching and learning support, and to draw implications for the design and development of teaching and learning support programs based on the survey analysis results.
 Methods A demand survey was conducted targeting 63 foreign students at H University in Gangwon. Afterwards, based on the results of the analysis of the survey, FGI was conducted and analyzed for the working staff of the department in charge of supporting foreign students and teaching and learning support experts.
 Results First, it was found that there was a lack of awareness and experience of participation in the teaching and learning support program that supports the study of foreign students. Second, as a result of analyzing the level of understanding of the learning content, the polarization phenomenon between students who understood the learning content well and those who did not was remarkable. It was found that they felt a greater barrier in understanding the contents related to the class than in general Korean comprehension skills, and in particular, it was confirmed that the difficulty was great in the listening area of Korean. Third, self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, and ability to perform tasks were evaluated positively, and students who actively participated in school activities had higher self-efficacy, interest, and pleasure. The most necessary study strategy for international students was investigated as a time management strategy. Fourth, the type of learning they prefer the most is online individual learning. It was confirmed that foreign students acquire important information through the school website and SNS. Fifth, when difficulties arise in academic and university life, it was investigated that academic problems were solved through peers or seniors and juniors, but sharing of personal problems was not shared. In particular, it was investigated that they did not ask for help with their professors both academic or personal problems. Sixth, as a result of examining the area of greatest difficulty in academics through an open-ended questionnaire, it was investigated in the order of language difficulty, economic difficulty, and major class difficulty. Based on these survey results, FGI of experts and practitioners was conducted. As a result, mentor's constant education was strengthened. Second, It is necessary to produce and provide major related data and the production and data types were diversified and visualized. Third, mid-and long-term supplementary Korean language input (In-Put) program is needed.
 Conclusions First, it is necessary to systematically design and operate a teaching and learning support plan by comprehensively considering the analysis of the needs of foreign students and the current situation in the university in order to adapt and improve their studies, which is the fundamental problem of foreign students. Second, it is necessary to provide visual data and diversify types. Third, it should be considered to connect regular curriculum with the extra-curriculum. Fourth, it is necessary to strengthen the analysis and evaluation feedback process of the existing programs. Fifth, it is necessary to deepen, diversify, and continuously expand research on foreign students.

Challenges and Adaptation Strategies of Students with Disabilities in Higher Education in Bangladesh

Education is a fundamental human right to which every human should have access. However, in Bangladesh, people with disabilities continue to be denied access to education in a variety of ways; even with the widespread expansion of higher education, they have limited access to it. Also, those who have crossed various barriers and got admission to different higher education institutions face various challenges, including infrastructural barriers and other academic and administrative problems that affect their chances of growing up as average students. Considering this aspect, this article is intended to determine the challenges faced by students with disabilities and their adaptation strategies in higher education in Bangladesh. It applied a mixed-method approach in which quantitative and qualitative data were collected from four leading public universities in Bangladesh. The results indicate that students with disabilities still face a variety of challenges on their campuses. However, to overcome these challenges, they apply adaptive strategies such as using assistive devices, bilingual books, and the help of friends, which are not favorable enough for them to cope with the situation and continue their studies.

A mechanics-informed deep learning framework for data-driven nonlinear viscoelasticity

A mechanics-informed, data-driven framework for learning the constitutive law of a nonlinear viscoelastic material from stress–strain data using deep artificial neural networks (ANNs) is proposed. In this framework, each ANN architecture is designed and its input and output are selected such that fundamental laws of mechanics and thermodynamics relevant to nonlinear viscoelasticity are strongly satisfied by the resulting data-driven constitutive model. The framework itself extends a previously developed mechanics-informed methodology for the data-driven constitutive modeling of nonlinear elasticity to account for the dependence of the stress on the entire strain history. It is grounded in an additive decomposition of the strain energy density and an internal variable approach to viscoelasticity. Collectively, these are characterized by three potentials whose ANN representations are taught the second law of thermodynamics, various stability conditions, consistency (preservation of rigid body modes), and the recovery of elastic limits. The proposed mechanics-informed deep learning framework for data-driven nonlinear viscoelasticity is illustrated and its performance is assessed for one academic problem where synthetic data is generated by a nonlinear convolution; a coupon-level application associated with a multi-scale homogenization of a viscoelastic woven fabric material; and two representative finite element analyses performed using the material law generated during the previous application, to highlight different features of the framework.