Academic Monographs Research Articles

Service innovation research in China: past, present and future

PurposeChina always acts as a large low‐cost manufacturing economy under globalization. However, her services are also active and innovative today although still small. The purpose of this paper is to exhibit the roadmap of service innovation research in China and to predict the future research trend.Design/methodology/approachA literature review was organized under a cross framework – innovation in services, and service innovation with manufacturing. All literature was selected from Chinese academic periodicals and monographs in the last decade. The search keywords include “service innovation”, “knowledge‐intensive business services”, and “new service development”.FindingsThrough the review of Chinese literature, two critical characteristics of service innovation were proved, i.e. organizational innovation and regulation environment; and for China, the marketalization of services is urgent for the motivation and accumulation of service innovation capability.Practical implicationsPolicy makers should take services as significant as manufacturing, and put them into the national and regional innovation systems. Regulation should be reduced to a low level to stimulate service innovation. Government should also encourage the development of the services infrastructure, including social credit system, independent intermediary, grid, and NGOs, etc.Originality/valueThe paper gives an insight into the perspectives of management, sociology, and economics in the service innovation field using the Chinese research track as an illustration.

From Cohen to Carson: The Poet's Novel in Canada (review)

Reviewed by: From Cohen to Carson: The Poet's Novel in Canada Robert McGill (bio) Ian Rae . From Cohen to Carson: The Poet's Novel in Canada. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2008. 400. $95.00 Why have so many contemporary Canadian novelists started out as poets? Ian Rae poses this question at the outset of his book but spends little time speculating about an answer, preferring to focus not on why authors have made the shift but on how they've done so. As successive chapters treat Leonard Cohen, Michael Ondaatje, George Bowering, Daphne Marlatt, and Anne Carson, Rae makes it clear that those who study these writers' fiction ignore the poetry at some peril. Tracking each author's transition from short lyrics to long poems and thence to the novel, Rae deftly illustrates how the writers' early preoccupations with language and narrative structure metamorphose along with changes in form, such that strategies and techniques first adopted for poetry are then productively brought to bear on fiction. Accordingly, From Cohen to Carson offers a persuasive map of continuities as well as innovations for each writer's career. However, what emerges even more strikingly is an implicit argument for a distinctive national tradition of the poet-novelist, one stretching at least as far back as A.M. Klein's 1951 [End Page 327] novel The Second Scroll. Rae is careful to emphasize that his authors don't form a 'monolithic school,' but he evokes amply a shared sense of artistic community and aesthetic mission. While recognizing biographical connections between the writers, Rae's interests are primarily formalist. He sees in his chosen authors a fascination with deconstructing varieties of narrative 'frames,' as well as a penchant for reiteration rather than chronological order. Rae's readings of novels such as Cohen's Beautiful Losers, Ondaatje's Coming through Slaughter, and Marlatt's Ana Historic are sturdy pieces of criticism building upon established scholarship. The book's highlight is a bravura reading of Carson's Autobiography of Red, a text that in this study could have been the fly in the ointment, since the book isn't self-evidently a novel. However, Rae argues Carson's text into relevance through the force of his analysis, offering exegesis that is at once impressively learned, keen to locate Carson in a Canadian poetic lineage, and scrupulously devoted to close reading. Having said that, most of Rae's book will be compelling principally for scholars studying the respective authors to whom each chapter is devoted. The exception is the final section, which offers a robust defence of Anne Michaels's Fugitive Pieces and Ondaatje's The English Patient against Stephen Henighan's now rather notorious charge in 2002 that such novels amount to little more than politically dubious purple prose. Rae takes a laudably even-handed approach in his response, identifying certain limitations of Fugitive Pieces even as he insists, pace Henighan, that these books must be understood not as shapeless products of aesthetic decadence, but rather as participants in a growing national tradition of novels that are conspicuously self-conscious about their use of form and language. Indeed, the possibility of reading From Cohen to Carson as a rigorous refutation of Henighan's polemic might be taken as a sign of success of both critics. Henighan has proven the galvanizing value of provocation, while Rae has demonstrated that academic monographs can serve as a manner of literary senate where sober second thought might hold the day. Robert McGill Robert McGill, Department of English, University of Toronto Copyright © 2011 University of Toronto Press Incorporated

Reply to letter by Jargin on “overestimation of Chernobyl consequences: poorly substantiated information published”

It was with great interest that we read Dr. Jargin’s comments (Jargin 2010) on our recent publication that appeared in the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (New York Academy of Sciences 2009). Apparently, Dr. Jargin criticism is based on four sections (Chapters II-3,5,7 and IV-13) of our book that in total includes 18 separate sections. If he had read those sections describing the task which the author wanted to accomplish with their publication, and the methods of the meta-review applied in the study, his two general questions (about the character of information used and about a seeming contradiction with the IAEA position) would have probably been unnecessary. Our book appeared as a reaction to reviews of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the World Health Organisation (WHO) devoted to the 20th anniversary of the Chernobyl accident (IAEA 2006), which are based on a limited selection of «international literature on the medical consequences of the Chernobyl accident» written in English. This restriction of literature does not seem justiWed to us, as IAEA and WHO representatives (“Chernobyl Forum”) have ignored thousands of Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian publications that deal with the negative health consequences of the Chernobyl accident. The main reasoning for us to publish (New York Academy of Sciences 2009) was—as is often mentioned in the text of the book—was to summarize those publications. In the Foreword, the Introduction and in Chapter II, it is mentioned that obliteration of those publications is not acceptable both from a moral and an ethical (note that in general, medical practitioners could only add short statements about their studies in numerous scientiWc and practical conferences) but also from a methodological point of view (when the sample number is very large, there is no necessity to use statistical methods developed for a small number of samples). In this respect, criticizing us with the fact that our conclusions are in disagreement with those of IAEA (2006) and the United Nations ScientiWc Committee on the EVects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR 2000) cannot but be surprising. The book itself was written as a counterpart to reports of oYcial experts that may be connected to nuclear industry. In this respect, it is for example quite instructive that—as mentioned in our book—following an agreement between IAEA and WHO dated to 1959, WHO should “consult” with IAEA when publishing materials on radiation health eVects. It is clear that any data on serious negative radiation eVects are not advantageous for nuclear industries, and it aVects WHO publications. The task we wanted to cope with was to provide a scientiWc and practical analysis of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident and a description of the ways to alleviate them, but not to write an academic monograph. To perform such an analysis, one should not only include scientiWc publications but also other sources of information such as interviews with oYcial persons (for example, about the number of thyroid cancer operations in diVerent years or that of perished or sick liquidators in diVerent regions), oYcial documents and other important documentary evidence. To give just one example, in chapter 2 of Alexievich (2006), an unusual observation that requires future conformation is A. Yablokov Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 33, OYce 319, 119071 Moscow, Russia e-mail: Yablokov@ecopolicy.ru

Writing From the Archive: Creating Your Own

The author hopes to address what counts as an historical record, especially in the area of media history, and to lay out how one creates one's own archive that might capture the media zeitgeist of the past, and might even reveal, however incompletely, how past audiences might have made sense of the media environments surrounding them. Using her own research, she focuses on 3 archives: one for a standard academic monograph that relies on existing and self-constructed archives, a second that is almost completely homemade on the representations of women in the media, and a third for an overview history of radio in the United States.

Now You See It, Now You Don’t: Santería, Anthropology, and the Semiotics of “Belief” in Santiago de Cuba

[First paragraph]Ritual, Discourse and Community in Cuban Santería: Speaking a Sacred World. Kristina Wirtz. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2007.xxiv + 253 pp. (Cloth US $ 59.95)Crossing the Waters: A Photographic Path to the Afro-Cuban Spirit World. Claire Garoutte & Anneke Wambaugh. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 2007. xiii + 258 pp. (Paper US $ 24.95)In recent years, the literature on Santería has grown by leaps and bounds. Check the call number BL2532.S3 in the Library of Congress online catalogue, and you will see that, as of January 2009, the number of acquisitions it includes has reached exactly one hundred, with thirty new additions since the beginning of the millennium! Of course, BL2532.S3 locates a somewhat heterogeneous array of publications – ranging, as they do, from full-fledged academic monographs to practitioners’ manuals and memoirs, or the type of flimsy booklet one is likely to encounter in dog-eared versions in the book market at Havana’s Plaza de Armas. But it is clear that even specialists are nowadays likely to throw up their hands in despair over the dwindling prospects of being able to keep up with this flood of representations of Santería.

Book Reviews

THE EDINBURGH COMPANION TO ROBERT BURNS. Edited by Gerard Carruthers. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009. 978 0 7486 3648 8. £70.00 (hbk). 978 0 7486 3649 5. £18.99 (pbk). There was a spate of very useful collections of essays on Burns published in the 1990s. Partly this was due to the two-hundredth anniversary of his death in 1996, which occasioned conferences that, in turn, produced published proceedings. But something about Burns also invites the multiplicity of interpretive angles that such volumes make possible, and, conversely, resists the unifying grand thesis that might inspire an academic monograph. In the collections edited by Kenneth Simpson, Burns Now (1994) and Love and Liberty (1996), and Robert Crawford, Robert Burns and Cultural Authority (1997), this quality led to the inclusion of a broad range of commentators, including contemporary poets, novelists and musicians. Gerry Carruthers's volume for the Edinburgh Companions to Scottish Literature series is equally broad in terms of the number of angles from which Burns is approached, but, floating free from any particular occasion, is more scrupulously academic. The result is a definitive survey of the present state of Burns Studies. Most of the essays here can be grouped under one of two headings. On the one hand there are those that address the ways in which Burns borrowed from or reacted against earlier poets and figured in the literary cultures that came after him. Rhona Brown makes a convincing case for Robert Fergusson as the crucial model for the satires. In 'Burns's Songs and Poetic Craft' Kirsten McCue argues that Allan Ramsay perhaps became a more important precursor when Burns turned to song writing and collecting. Steven McKenna links Burns directly to Virgil's Georgics, while Kenneth Simpson places Burns the narrative artist in relation to the various traditions on which he drew in this respect. Alison Lumsden reveals just how much Burns there is in the Waverley novels, suggesting the extent to which Scott's appropriation of Scottish folk tradition was mediated by the poet's example, not only as an inheritor of that tradition but also as its collector and editor. Potentially most interesting for readers of The Byron Journal under this heading is Fiona Stafford's essay on responses to Burns among Romantic poets and critics more generally. This essay identifies the publication of Dr James Currie's edition of the Works in 1800, with its revelatory biography of the poet attached, as something of an epoch in the period. Stafford makes the important distinction between the older generation (Coleridge, Wordsworth, Scott) that first encountered the poetry unencumbered by knowledge of Burns's personal life, and later generations that came to the poetry through the biography. But striking here is the extent to which Byron and Shelley responded in the same paradoxical way as Wordsworth: to reject the specifics revealed by literary biography as a distraction from the lasting value of a poet's works, while continuing to insist that this value was, in a more general way, the product of the poet's most intimate self. Of course, Burns himself had, from the beginning of his poetic career, advertised the connection between one aspect of his biography (his status as a labouring tenant farmer) and his poetry, perhaps thereby inviting the curiosity of his readers. …

Women Writing History: Looking Backward and Forward

Women Writing History:Looking Backward and Forward Durba Ghosh (bio) Kathleen Canning . Gender History in Practice: Historical Perspectives on Bodies, Class, and Citizenship (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006). 224 pp. ISBN 0-8014-8971-6 (pb). Kate Davies . Catharine Macaulay and Mercy Otis Warren: The Revolutionary Atlantic and the Politics of Gender (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). 336 pp. ISBN 0-19-928110-6 (cl). Julie des Jardins . Women and the Historical Enterprise in America: Gender, Race, and the Politics of Memory, 1880–1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003). 400 pp. ISBN 0-8078-5475-1 (pb). Devoney Looser . British Women Writers and the Writing of History, 1670–1820 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000). 288 pp. ISBN 0-8018-7905-1 (cl). Bonnie G. Smith , ed. Women's History in Global Perspective, 3 vols. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004–2005). 960 pp. Volume 1: ISBN 0-252-02931-3 (cl); 0-252-07183-2 (pb). Volume 2: ISBN 0-252-02997-6 (cl); 0-252-07249-9 (pb). Volume 3: ISBN 0-252-02990-9 (cl); 0-252-07234-0 (pb). Reginald Zelnik . Perils of Pankratova: Some Stories from the Annals of Soviet Historiography (Seattle: Donald Treadgold Studies on Russia, East Europe, and Central Asia, 2005). 152 pp. ISBN 0-252-07234-0 (pb). Devoney Looser's British Women Writers begins with a summary of "herstory," a mode of writing history that grew out of Second Wave feminism in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Bridging a political commitment between feminist activism and feminist scholarship, "herstorians" attempted to produce histories written by women about women (1–3). A generation later, the herstory movement may seem outdated, but it remains a reference point for explaining the emergence of the particular books in this review. Several of these books challenge this particular chronology of the emergence of herstory; Kate Davies, Julie des Jardins, and Devoney Looser [End Page 162] analyze women who felt themselves to be historians in periods when the writing of history by women was unusual. Reginald Zelnik's account of the life and work of Anna Pankratova treats her more as a historian and a committed Communist Party member than as a woman. All, though, reframe the project of herstory by arguing that women were always in one way or another engaged in writing history—collecting records, making arguments, and constructing narratives—well before they were recognized as historically significant and welcomed into the historical profession in the late twentieth century. While five of the titles reviewed focus on women writers of history in American and European contexts, the three volumes of Bonnie Smith's Women's History in Global Perspective, commissioned by the American Historical Association's Committee on Women Historians, chronicle another aspect of the early-twenty-first-century emergence of women's history as a field within the profession. The three volumes have distinct goals and ambitions, but they share a political commitment to integrate women's and gender history into the subdiscipline of global and world history, which has largely resisted critical feminist analysis. The essays in this series are synthetic accounts, written by distinguished feminist historians who address history writing and history making by women in both Western and non-Western communities. This review is organized somewhat chronologically and, in the spirit of dialogue, in pairs in order to read one scholar's methodologies against another's. Although the books themselves are wide ranging—three are academic monographs, one is a revised set of previously published essays, one a posthumously published book, and the final three a set of synthetic essays—each offers us rich possibilities for how one might write the history of women at particular sites and moments. Looser's British Women Writers takes up a broad timespan and a broader range of authors than does Davies's Catharine Macaulay and Mercy Otis Warren, which examines the correspondence of two women. Nonetheless, they have some significant overlaps, both in argument and in material. They both examine Catharine Macaulay, who was widely known in late-eighteenth-century Anglo-American circles. While Looser situates Macaulay among the other figures in her study, Davies examines...

On Nowadays' Research of the Spread of Chinese as a Foreign Language

China's economic strength in the international community to increase gradually, the Chinese culture in the world gradually is widely disseminating. In today's globalization, cultural soft power has become an important symbol of national power. How to shape the culture of China's soft power is the communication should be concerned about the issue, but also the national strategy on major issues. This article hopes to collect Chinese as a Foreign Language dissemination of academic research and academic monographs. Research, analysis and summary to find out and come to study trends, and based on the use of communications on the basis of the theory of the spread of Chinese law to discuss, In order to provide a big country reference for creating a real culture of Chinese soft power to provide a big country reference.

The role and future of the monograph in arts and humanities research

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to report on a project undertaken at University College London (UCL) examining the role and value of the academic monograph – considering continuing decline in sales and usage – and its possible survival in the digital age.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative approach was adopted, in which 17 arts and humanities academics were interviewed in‐depth on their experiences and views.FindingsThe monograph continues to be of great value in the arts and humanities field, and is seen as essential for career progression. Much concern was expressed about the decline in quality of this and other forms of writing, with pressures of the university Research Assessment Exercise foremost in contributing to this decline. Reservations were expressed about moving towards digital versions of the monograph, although print‐on‐demand was considered to be a viable option to enable the continuing publication of specialist works.Originality/valueThis is the first in‐depth study of the role, value and future of the monograph from the viewpoint of the scholar, and so gives a unique insight into the scholarly communication behaviour of arts and humanities researchers.

The Penguin Editions of Conrad's Novels: A Review Essay

The Penguin Editions of Conrad's Novels:A Review Essay Linda Dryden The Nigger of the "Narcissus" and Other Stories John H. Stape and Allan H. Simmons, eds. Gail Fraser, Introduction London: Penguin, 2007. xlv + 469 pp. £9.99$14.00 Lord Jim Allan H. Simmons , ed., and Introduction. John H. Stape, Notes and Glossaries London: Penguin, 2007. xliv + 354 pp. £8.99$7.00 Heart of Darkness and The Congo Diary Owen Knowles , ed., Introduction and Notes "The Congo Diary," Robert Hampson, ed., and Notes London: Penguin, 2007. xlvii + 136 pp. £6.99$8.00 Typhoon and Other Stories John H. Stape , ed., Introduction, Notes, and Glossaries London: Penguin, 2007. lii + 259 pp. £8.99$11.00 Nostromo Véronique Pauly , ed., Introduction and Notes London: Penguin, 2007. xliv + 490 pp. £8.99$14.00 The Secret Agent Michael Newton , ed., Introduction and Notes London: Penguin, 2007. xl + 269 pp. £7.99$11.00 Under Western Eyes Stephen Donovan , ed. Allan H. Simmons, Introduction London: Penguin, 2007. xlvi + 343 pp. £9.99$12.00 In 2007 the international literary community celebrated the one-hundred-fiftieth anniversary of the birth of Joseph Conrad. In the U.K. Conrad was celebrated in theatres, libraries, museums and art galleries. BBC Radio 4 dedicated a programme to the discussion of Conrad's best-known tale, Heart of Darkness, and Penguin published seven volumes of Conrad's works in their Classics series. It is hardly necessary to wonder why this Polish seaman turned writer of English literature should be so fêted one hundred and fifty years after his birth: during the eighty-four years since his death many of Conrad's best known works have never been out of print, dissertations appear with regularity, academic monographs abound, and every few years a new biography emerges. The Joseph Conrad Society (U.K.) was inaugurated in London in 1972 and flourishes to this day, inspiring similar such societies in America and Poland. There are three academic journals devoted to Conrad and annual essay prizes awarded by both the Joseph Conrad Society (U.K.) and the Joseph Conrad Society of America. International conferences, colloquia, seminars and study days devoted to Conrad abound, and many an academic career has been launched on the basis of research into this most fascinating author. Conrad was such a prodigious letter writer that it has taken the best part of fifty years to collect, catalogue and annotate his letters. The long-term general editor of this correspondence, Laurence Davies, has decided that, at nine volumes, the Cambridge Collected Letters of Joseph Conrad must come to an end, but he is aware that new letters will continue to surface for years to come. All of this offers only an overview of the activities surrounding an author who continues to capture the public imagination. It is true that in the years following his death Conrad's work fell somewhat out of favour. However, he maintained a core, if rather exclusive readership. As Virginia Woolf observed: "Schoolboys of fourteen, driving their way through Marryat, Scott, Henty, and Dickens, swallowed him down with the rest; while the seasoned and fastidious, who in a process of time have eaten their way to the heart of literature and there turn over and over a few precious crumbs, set Conrad scrupulously upon their banqueting table."1 Conrad never really disappeared from the literary scene, and the second half of the twentieth century saw interest in his work mushroom. Conrad's novels remain a regular feature on school and university syllabi because he figures as one of the greatest writers of English literature, an early literary modernist who influenced writers [End Page 197] from H. G. Wells to V. S. Naipaul. In the first decade of the twenty-first century it is clear that Conrad studies are healthier than they have ever been. Despite the familiar lament of "not another conference paper on Heart of Darkness!" it is undeniable that Conrad's enigmatic novella has entered into the popular consciousness, and many of his works continue to inspire filmmakers and television producers.2 What all of this tells us is that Conrad was a man both of his time...

ACLS Humanities E‐book: an examination

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to inform the reader about the collection development principles, the use of technology, the history, and usefulness of ACLS Humanities E‐book.Design/methodology/approachThe approach adopted is a brief history, overview, and review of ACLS Humanities E‐book.FindingsACLS Humanities E‐book combines a carefully selected collection of academic monographs related to the humanities with a straightforward user‐interface.Originality/valueThe paper offers information about the collection, most important, its collection development model and the considerable value and utility of ACLS Humanities E‐book for researchers and libraries.

Book Review for NanoEthics

Founded in 1996 the Europaische Akademie zur Erforschung von Folgen wissenschaftlich-technischer Entwicklungen (European Academy of Technology Assessment) is devoted to “the scientific study of the consequences of scientific and technological advance for individual and social life and for the natural environment” (www.europaeische-akademie-aw.de). The Academy is located in Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler, close to the former federal capital of Germany, Bonn, and financed by the local state government and the Federal Aerospace Center with regular project funding coming from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Its main approach consists in identifying important TA issues and setting up corresponding interdisciplinary project groups staffed with invited scholars from academia who regularly meet over a period of several years to produce a report. For the present report, a project group on “Nanomaterials, Nanodevices, Nanocomputing: Determination of Present Position and Perspectives” was established in July 2003, chaired by chemist Gunter Schmid and consisting of the 13 authors of the volume as members who are said to have met on a monthly basis up to December 2005. The members appear to be all Germans, although some are located at Swiss and Austrian institutions, with disciplinary backgrounds ranging from chemistry, physics, materials science, and electrical engineering to toxicology, philosophy, and business administration. The goal of the project group was not only “to evaluate the state of the art in nanoscience and nanotechnology”, but also to consider “—to some extent—philosophical, ethical, toxicological and, last but not least, economic aspects” (p. IX). The report has a clear and convincing structure: After a kind of executive summary including recommendations, a general introduction that summarizes the subsequent chapters (Chap. 1), and a philosophy of science introduction (Chap. 2), the bulk or more than half of the volume consists in a systematic and meticulous survey of selected nanotechnological research fields (Chap. 3), to be followed by a patent analysis (Chap. 4), discussions of risk analysis and management (Chap 5) and ethical aspects (Chap. 6), and some brief notes on knowledge transfer (Chap. 7). With the exception of Chapters 3 and 7, most of the content of the chapters appears to be written each by a single author, who are easy to recognize from the (self-) references and previous publications, despite the alleged collective authorship. This, and the unusually long list of book authors, makes the book another interesting publication experiment in between governmental and nongovernmental organizations reports with anonymously written texts that are quickly posted on the Internet, on the one hand, and academic monographs and anthologies with clear indication of authorship that Nanoethics (2008) 2:209–212 DOI 10.1007/s11569-008-0039-6

Defending life: a moral and legal case against abortion choice

Defending Life is arguably the most comprehensive defense of the pro-life position on abortion - morally, legally, and politically - that has ever been published in an academic monograph. It offers a detailed and critical analysis of Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey as well as arguments by those who defend a Rawlsian case for abortion-choice, such as J. J. Thomson. The author defends the substance view of persons as the view with the most explanatory power. The substance view entails that the unborn is a subject of moral rights from conception. While defending this view, the author responds to the arguments of thinkers such as Boonin, Dworkin, Stretton, Ford and Brody. He also critiques Thomson's famous violinist argument and its revisions by Boonin and McDonagh. Defending Life includes chapters critiquing arguments found in popular politics and the controversy over cloning and stem cell research.

Antidepressant medications and other treatments of depressive disorders: a CINP Task Force report based on a review of evidence

According to the World Health Organization, depression is one of the most debilitating disorders affecting humankind. The social and economic costs of chronic ill health resulting from untreated or inadequately treated depression are considerable and frequently underestimated. The CINP established the Task Force on Antidepressant Medications in 2004 to examine all aspects of therapy with antidepressant drugs. This was considered necessary as, despite the availability of effective antidepressants for the past 50 years, a substantial minority of depressed patients either remains untreated or under treated. As the only international organization devoted to the promotion of research, education and the applications of neuropsychopharmacology to the clinic, the main task of the CINP is to extend the knowledge of the drugs that are available with the aim of improving the management of mental disorders. The purpose of this Task Force document was not to produce an academic monograph nor a set of guidelines, but to provide mental health and other professionals with comprehensive and objective information about the different aspects of the use of antidepressants important in clinical practice. The Task Force consisted of 15 experts in psychiatry, psychopharmacology, public health, economics and family care. The majority of its members are senior members of the CINP. The Task Force was also advised to rely in the course of its work on advisors in different countries selected because of their outstanding expertise in the matters covered by the review. The report presented here was approved by the Executive Committee and the Council of the CINP at its meeting in Chicago in July 2006. As a service to those engaged in mental health care and to ensure maximum impact, the Task Force review is being published as a supplement to the CINP's journal, the International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. In addition, the information will later …

Small Government, Big Society?: What Role for the State in the Chinese Transition Process?

Qin Hui Small Government, Big Society? What Role for the State in the Chinese Transition Process? An American scholar asked confusedly: In China today, who on earth is holding sway, the left or the right? I answered him: In light of your criteria, neither. Because leftists will make detailed inquiries about the responsibili­ ties of the rulers; and rightists will try to restrict the power of the rulers. Both of them as such are suppressed in China. However, the rulers help sustain their own leftists and rightists, for they need the “leftists” to expand their ruling power and the “rightists” to shift their responsibilities. Therefore, it may very well be said that both the leftists and the rightists are holding sway today in China. — Notes by the author ON THE ORIGIN OF “THE BEST GOVERNMENT” AND THE JEFFERSON-MASON CONSENSUS THE ADAGE “THAT GO VERN M EN T IS BEST W H IC H GOVERNS LEAST” HAS been regarded as the classic expression of such concepts as “small government, big society” and “the night-watchman state,” among others, of classical liberalism. But so far intellectual history has never solved the question of who the author of this famous saying is. social research Vol 73 : No 1 : Spring 2006 29 What is known for sure is that Henry David Thoreau, a ninenteenth -century American thinker, offered a more radical statement of the same idea in his Civil Disobedience, published in 1849: “It is widely said that that government is best which governs least. Actually it can be carried out more systematically and completely—‘That government is best which governs not at all.’” From this, it is clear that the adage was already widespread in Thoreau’s age. Of all the American presidents, as far as I know, Benjamin Harrison, the twenty-third president of the United States and a Republican (in office from 1889 to 1893), was the first that is recorded and can be traced back to who explicitly declared it as the philosophy of his administration.1Of course, neither Thoreau nor Harrison was the original author of the saying. Up to the moment, it is a popular practice in the English-speaking world to attribute the saying to Thomas Jefferson, one of the found­ ing fathers of the United States of America. This is a widely held view both in academic monographs and among ordinary readers.2And this “Jeffersonian saying” has been cited even more frequently in Chinese writings. Yet it is nowhere to be found in any of the anthologies of Jefferson’s articles or his letters that are currently in existence. Neither can it be located in the ThomasJefferson Heritage Society, which special­ izes in collecting Jefferson’s writings, nor in the Thomas Jefferson elec­ tronic data bank in the Alderman Library of the University of Virginia. In 1999, Eyler Robert Coates, chairman of the Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society, published an answer on the net for the large number of people who were searching for the source of this saying. Coates says in his posting that “it is almost certain” that Jefferson never said anything like that. If Jefferson had said anything to that effect, how could he have held that there was “too small” a government? Coates said he believed that, in view of the consistency ofJefferson’s thoughts, had Jefferson written a statement of “the best government,” it could only have been something like this: That government is best which does the will of the people the most.3Not much later, Coates wrote two more articles, “Spurious Jefferson Quotes” and “That Government Is Best.. which are collected in a book he edited entitled TheJeffersonian 30 social research Perspective: Commentary on Today’s Social and Political Issues Based on the Writings ofThomasJefferson. In these two articles, Coates cited a number of Jefferson’s remarks on the responsibilities of government. And in a summary, Coates said: “The saying, ‘That government is best which governs least’ puts too much emphasis on the government as institu­ tionalized power, while Jefferson’s thoughts on government were more concerned with the government as a service provider that does the will of the people. Therefore, to arbitrarily make the government ‘govern the...

Bibliography and Discography on Music for Solo Wind Instruments and Orchestra (review)

Bibliography and Discography on Music for Solo Wind and Orchestra. By Hermann Haug. Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Hartel, 2004. [3 v. ISBN3-7651-0377-2. euro98.] Indexes, appendices. This set is a perfect example of the awkward and, one hopes transitional state in which reference publishing finds itself. For this is a database. It almost certainly was created as a database, and fine as it is in print, would be infinitely more flexible and useful if it were offered to the world in an online form. For instance, to use these books to gather information on all the wind concertos by a given composer, one must consult an index that gives only the number of concertos by a composer in each section of the set, and then flip to the individual sections to find the detailed information. Or, to find the works for a given combination of solo instruments, one must scan the Two or More Solo Instruments chapters, each of which is alphabetized by composer. One can readily imagine more complex queries that would be almost impossible using the print volumes, but quite simple in an online database. But if an author wants remuneration for his work, he has to publish it. And if issues of academic promotion and tenure are involved (admittedly not an issue in the present case), publication must be in a peerreviewed forum or issued by an established publisher of academic monographs. And publishers, like any other business, tend to want to do what they know they do well, which in this case means print information on paper and distribute it physically. Breitkopf and Hartel may well recognize that this bibliography would be extremely useful online. But commercial online publication means designing and maintaining a user interface, a place to host the data on the web, and the means to control access. Publication on the web also brings the expectation from users of some level of ongoing updating of the information. Selling the database on CD-ROM eliminates some of these concerns, but is still costly to do well, and the format is not a popular one with libraries. Many print publishers still find it much easier and economical to print a few thousand paper copies than to wrestle with the issues of online publication. There is the option of self-publication on the web, but this has drawbacks as well. The same issues of web hosting and interface design faced by publishers can be even more daunting for individual authors. And then there is the loss of one of the primary benefits of commercial publication: promotion. Even without aggressive promotion, reference works published by established houses appear in publisher catalogs, on vendor slips sent to librarians, may be featured in advertisements in professional journals, and are submitted for reviews in journals such as Notes. It is difficult for a self-published Web site, however well conceived, to become widely known to reference librarians without this promotional support. Music librarians should encourage publishers to think creatively when presented with reference works such as the set currently under review, to find ways to work with other publishers, online service providers, or academic partners to make such works available in the format(s) that will be most appropriate for their users, rather than most convenient for the producers. In addition, the Music Library Association (MLA) should help to promote useful, authoritative self-published Web sites, either by adding more Web reviews to Notes, or possibly creating an e-mail or RSS review source along the lines of the National Science Foundation's Scout Report, and aggressively seeking sites and inviting submissions for review, as we do with commercially published works. It is in the interest of those we serve to do so. To return to the work at hand: Hermann Haug is not a professional musician, but a retired research scientist with a love of wind concertos. He has endeavored to compile listings of all works for solo winds and orchestra, string orchestra or chamber orchestra which he could identify from other published bibliographies, music-in-print listings, biographical dictionaries, and library catalogs. …

The Gleam of Light: Moral Perfectionism and Education in Dewey and Emerson (review)

Reviewed by: The Gleam of Light: Moral Perfectionism and Education in Dewey and Emerson Michael J. McGandy Naoko Saito The Gleam of Light: Moral Perfectionism and Education in Dewey and Emerson American Philosophy Series. Foreword by Stanley CavellNew York: Fordham University Press, 2005. xvi + 210 pp. This book presents the reader with a tantalizing and sometimes frustrating mixture of philosophical enterprises. Saito examines the role of imagination in personal growth and education as presented in the philosophies of Ralph Waldo Emerson (who coined the expression "gleam of light" in "Self-Reliance") and John Dewey. She also joins in conversation the 19th century Emerson, the early 20th century Dewey, and the contemporary Stanley Cavell. Finally, Saito offers insights that will aid educators as they balance the sometime contrary aims of achieving educational standards and inspiring personal development. These are all worthy projects. There is no doubt that each project has relations to the other two and that each gains force and clarification from those relations. Yet it is evident that, within the compass of 160 pages, it is not easy to do all three things and do them well. It is then principally as a standard academic monograph addressing education and imagination in the works of Emerson, Dewey, and Cavell that The Gleam of Light should be considered. Libraries and scholars of American philosophy will want this book on their shelves as a resource on these crucial topics and as a new reading of these important figures in philosophy. Saito is at her best when she engages in textual analysis and comparison in order to bridge the gulf that Cavell claims (see Conditions Handsome and Unhandsome) exists between Dewey and Emerson. Scholars of Emerson and Dewey (and perhaps of Cavell) will find The Gleam of Light an interesting study that highlights important connections among Emerson's concept of imagination, Dewey's idea of impulse, and Cavell's theme of Emersonian moral perfectionism. The book is rich in presentations of texts well-known as well as obscure. The upshot of Saito's reading is that the Emersonian concern for the project of moral perfection is found to be quite alive in Dewey's pedagogical outlook and that questions regarding the goals of Deweyan education can be addressed from the standpoint of the cultivation of the native imaginative capacities of individuals. In sum: Education is a matter of identifing, cultivating, and, when necessary, retrieving the gleam of light intrinsic to each person. Readers interested in Saito's creative and fine reading of these three philosophers will have to be wary, however. In the course of drawing their works into relationship she cannot resist the anachronistic impulse to bring all three into conversation as if they were contemporaries fully aware of each one's respective body of writing. This is interesting rhetorically, but questionable in a work that is firmly grounded in the history of philosophy. Moreover, as it is only Saito who is in the position to create this three-way [End Page 303] conversation, her anachronistic gestures occur at times when she should forthrightly join that conversation and make her own claims. Taking a step back from Saito's close reading of the major texts of these three philosophers, readers will also find a larger argument for ameliorating differences between pragmatism and idealism via an aesthetic analysis of human experience and action. This might be Saito's principal contribution. Looking to Dewey's Experience and Nature and Art as Experience, Saito finds that these works lay more emphasis on individual experience and imagination. It is when one considers experience from the first-person standpoint (appropriately infused with aesthetic categories) that the apparent scientistic quality of Dewey's philosophy is constrained and the Emersonian theme of personhood is highlighted. The claim undergirding this approach is that while idealism and pragmatism differ widely when considered from the standpoints of epistemology and metaphysics, it is in aesthetics that there are grounds for conceptual reconciliation. This is a provocative thesis that bears further consideration by Saito and others. The Gleam of Light is less satisfying when one considers the book from the standpoint of pedagogical theory. Saito aims to contribute to the discussion regarding goal-oriented...

Micropolitics and Canadian Business: Paper, Steel and the Airlines

Micropolitics and Canadian Business: Paper, Steel and the Airlines, Peter Clancy, Peterborough: Broadview, 2004, pp. 336.Given the scarcity of work on business-government relations in Canada any new academic monograph in this field is certainly welcome. Yet, even if the field were crowded, Peter Clancy's wide-ranging and multi-layered study would be a useful addition to the literature. As the subtitle indicates, the book is essentially a study of three important Canadian industries chosen from different economic sectors. For each of these it examines the character of industry politics across a variety of dimensions with a substantial emphasis on internal structure and historical development. It deals both with business-government interaction in the process of policymaking and with the nature of industrial policy outputs in a way that is sensitive to the complex and heterogeneous forces operating within each industry.

The Open Book: Creative Misreading in the Works of Selected Modern Writers by Margaret M. Jensen (review)

MLR, 99.3, 2004 761 Following a valuable reading of 'Musee des Beaux Arts' and a discussion of Au? den's conflicted relationship with Yeats, we leave the English Auden and travel to America. At this point, Firchow's book seems to lose much of its original energy and purpose. In the last two chapters there is a great deal of speculation about how Auden relates to American literature (how he became an 'American' poet) and how he and his work related to German and Austrian literature, including an exegesis on various translations of Auden's poems into German. The idea of 'context' is thus stretched in differentdirections here, and there is less detail in this part of the book about Auden's reading and intellectual development. Although the book does not end strongly,Auden scholars will enjoy the work for its labour of love, and for the welcome contextual detail that Firchow adds to our knowledge of Auden's places and times. ADFA, University of New South Wales Adrian Caesar The Open Book: Creative Misreading in the Works of Selected Modern Writers. By Margaret M.Jensen. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave. 2002. xiii + 235pp. ?35. ISBN 0-132-29353-4. Margaret Jensen's book fails somewhere in between the categories of the literary biography and the academic monograph. Her project is appealing: to explore the in? teractions between a group ofwriters linked by a network of personal and professional relationships. As a critic of literary influence, her primary interest is in the 'creative misreadings' deriving fromthe relationships between Leslie Stephen, Thomas Hardy, John Middleton Murry, Katherine Mansfield, and Virginia Woolf. As such termino? logy suggests, the Bloomian paradigm of the anxiety of influence is at the centre of this book, but Jensen supplements Bloom's agonistic model of literary influence with Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar's view of a more reciprocal interrelationship be? tween women writers, and also draws on Julia Kristeva and Roland Barthes's theories of intertextuality to support her investigations. Jensen offersa convincing critique of Bloom's understanding of literary influence in terms of a psychic 'battle to the death', arguing that this model is inadequate to the complexities of personal/textual interac? tions. However, she is also cautious of the post-structuralist concept of intertextuality offered by Barthes and Kristeva, arguing that the textual connections she has uncovered could not have occurred withoutthe 'very real and personal encounters' between the authors concerned. This argument might have been more convincing had Jensen grounded her textual readings in more thorough research into the 'real and personal'. For example, at the beginning of her discussion of Mansfield and Hardy, she quotes a passage from Mansfield's journal in which lines fromHardy and Chekhov are followed by a comment of Mansfield's on those who write poems anticipatingthe death of one they love. Jensen embarks on an elaborate discussion ofthe significance of the Hardy quotation, apparently unaware that at this point in 1919 Mansfield had discovered a poem by her husband, Murry, which seemed to imagine life after her death. Failing to pick this up, Jensen misses the opportunity to explore the link between Murry's premature obituary for Hardy (discussed earlier in the chapter) and his premature mourning of Mansfield. She also develops a rather strained reading of the literary connections between Mansfield and Hardy, arguing that Hardy's poems 'gave Mans? field a language' in which to explore issues of mourning and loss. Again, contextual evidence would suggest that this was not the case: rather, it was Hardy who failed to appreciate Mansfield's language of loss, patronizingly suggesting that she should 'write more about' the sisters in her story 'The Daughters ofthe Late Colonel'. Jensen's account of the relationship between Mansfield and Woolf also involves some over-reading and over-stretching of points. She makes much of the fact that 762 Reviews when Woolf firstmentioned a potential meeting with Mansfield, she imagined meet? ing her in Cornwall. For Jensen, the setting is a crucial component in this 'fantasy meeting', but the prosaic fact is that Mansfield and Murry were staying in Cornwall that particular summer. This detail does not matter in itself,but it...

Taking stock of research methods and analysis on oppositional political terrorism

A variety of techniques are used by journalists, practitioners, experts, consultants, and scholars in conducting research on terrorism. This information appears in the context of journal articles, chapters in scholarly books, academic monographs, newspaper and magazine articles, and books for popular audiences. In general, this work can be divided into qualitative and quantitative approaches. A subtle but necessary distinction should also be made between research produced for popular audiences and that which is done for the academic or scholarly community. There is an understanding that work for this latter audience is more rigorous but may lack the excitement and sensational appeal to sustain a wider interest. Nevertheless, a symbiotic relationship exists between popular and academic writers; at various times they depend upon or use research from each other. Periodically, researchers conduct comprehensive reviews of the research on terrorism and the methods used by investigators. Since the examples from which they draw are illustrative, these writings are not meant to be comprehensive, but rather illustrative. Building on similar work by Schmid (1983) and Gurr (1988), I review salient contributions in both qualitative and quantitative approaches to terrorism studies.