Academic Interpretations Research Articles

Anatomy of the Republic of Korea’s Niche Strategic Engagement in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS): ROK’s Tailor-Made Strategy and its Security Policy Implication

Republic of Korea’s engagement in Southeast Asia could be generally understood as its Official Development Aid (ODA) strategy in most academic interpretation. Nonetheless, this article examines not only Korea’s traditional ODA approach toward Southeast Asia but also Korea’s uniquely tailor-made strategy toward Indo-China Peninsula in particular as well as what is to be done. In other words, this article intends to take further step beyond ODA interpretation of this particular subject over this region. This study specifically provides with multi-dimensional analysis of Republic of Korea’s involvement in Mekong River Sub-region as well as its regional and global security policy implication. The main thesis of this study is that Korea had no choice but to pursue Niche diplomacy toward the region because Korea did not possess full capacity enough to compete against Japan or China. In this sense, Korea’s own development experience is very unique and perhaps the only experience that no other country in the world has possessed. This article contends that Korea’s knowledge based capacity building projects toward Greater Mekong Sub-region such as KSP, CIAT, special Master’s degree training projects, local capacity building process, and etc. will continue to increase and diversify in terms of scale and contents. Again, based upon Knowledge based capacity building projects, Korea is in the process of producing a wide range of its unique tailor- made ODA programs for each member states of GMS. Unlike Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Korea also tends to put more emphasis on creating exclusive Master’s degree Training Program which is centered on trainees of ODA Recipient countries. In this regard, Korea’s approach is aiming at strengthening discrimination by introducing a systemic evaluation system for training projects. This program will also turn out linchpin of ROK’s new strategy toward Mekong River area.

TAFSIR AT-TANWIR MUHAMMADIYAH DALAM SOROTAN (Telaah Otoritas Hingga Intertekstualitas Tafsir)

This paper reviews Tafsir at-Tanwir (2015) written by the Tarjih dan Tajdid Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah. This research focuses on behind the scenes writing Tafsir at-Tanwir. Besides, it also examines the idea of progressing Qur’anic interpretation, in the form of direction and importance of interpretation, systematic and technical interpretation, and sources of reference of interpretation. This type of research is library research by relying on Tafsir at-Tanwir as primary data and other literature as secondary sources. Content review using the descriptive-analysis method is supported by historical and hermeneutic approaches. Based on the analysis conducted in this study, several results were obtained: first, the authors of the interpretation are academics and activists of Muhammadiyah, they work at leading Islamic universities in Indonesia, it is very appropriate to call this interpretation as “academic interpretation”. This interpretation is not only written by men but also involves the role of women writers. The performance of the interpretations of each team of interpreters varies, some are individual and some are collective, at most interpret 29 verses and at least 1 verse. Secondly, the importance of writing Tafsir at-Tanwir is to mobilize the puritan ideology of Muhammadiyah. In addition, to create responsive interpretations, generate dynamics, and contain the ethos of Muhammadiyah, in the form of an ethos of worship, economic, social, and science. Writing interpretation is very systematic. As a progressive interpretation of the Qur’an, Tafsir at-Tanwir also dares to refer to Arabic and English references, but unfortunately, some still refer to translated books.

Analisis Zakat Produktif Dalam Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Umat di Lazismu Banyumas

Zakat is maliyah ijtima’iyyah activity. As the third pillar of Islam, zakat has strategic social purpose regarding to increas such economic welfare of society. through potentiality of national zakat that reach at 217 billion rupiahs in a year, it is able to support and solve some economic problems. However, only 0.2% or around 6 billion of zakat had been collected in every year. This is clearly shown that there is lack of attention toward mechanism and distribution of that fund. Economic empowerment of umat program is one of alternative choices in order to manage fund of zakat which had funded from society intensively. This program relates with the efficient use of zakat in the terms of financial resources regarding to obtain such human welfare. This research is kind of field research with qualitative descriptive approach in order to analyse a productive zakat in terms of economic empowerment of umat in Lazismu Banyumas. In addition, the author uses observation, interview, and document research in order to collect data regarding to make such an academic interpretation which consist of data reduction, data presentation, creating conclusion and verification. Based on analysis and interpretation that had been done, this research delineates that Lazismu Banyumas is utilize the productive zakat program in order to support mustahik through some method such as financing scheme, hibah in the terms of trading tools, also giving such a capital in order to develope their sectors (agriculture, fishery and farm). Therefore, through those programmes there are some mustahik who are succeed which can improve their economic level.

The Renwang Ritual in the Tang and Five Dynasties: Based on P. 3808

The ritual of Renwang is one of the most famous and influential Buddhist rituals. It was established in the Southern and Northern dynasties of China. During this period, the ritual is said to have been meant to place an emphasis on academic interpretation. During the ritual, the master would explain whole Benevolent Kings sūtra, while another master would play the role of debater to pose many questions to the former master. Over time, this tradition changed gradually. Based on the Dunhuang document P. 3808, we find by the latter Tang dynasty a new ritual of Renwang very different from the traditional ritual. The new ritual was more a performance than an actual religion rite. During this new ritual, the master only explained one sentence of the sūtra, and correspondingly the debater just sang a sentence without any debate and questions. After the sermon, the ritual became a hymn, and the master sang many hymns to felicitate the emperor’s birthday and praise his merits.

"¿De nuevo recepción o contra la recepción? En el papel de la circulación de imágenes y diseños arquitectónicos en la reconstrucción de los paisajes urbanos monumentales del Oriente Próximo antiguo

It is often assumed that Mesopotamian architectural forms have had a deep impact on the urban development plans for contemporary cities like New York in the 1920s as well as on modern visual and architectural culture in the West. How much of this alleged impact is in reality based on “reconstructed” or “imagined” ancient architectural forms? And how much of these monuments “reconstructed” on paper by archaeologists and architects was in reality influenced by their own knowledge of modern and contemporary architecture and urban development?This article explores if and how twentieth-century architecture was influenced by the drawings of the pioneers of archaeology and, inversely, how much twentieth-century architecture affected these archaeological drawings and their influence on the academic interpretation of ancient Mesopotamian architecture.

Review: Rome Resurgent: War and Empire in the Age of Justinian, by Peter Heather

Peter Heather, Rome Resurgent: War and Empire in the Age of Justinian . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. xiii + 393 pp. ISBN 9780199362745. $29.95. Written with the characteristic pugilistic vim that has become the hallmark of his recent publications, Peter Heather's latest book is a political and military history of the reign of Justinian. The central aim of the book is to interrogate previous assumptions that instability caused by Justinian's storied military campaigns, and the strain that these campaigns placed on eastern imperial resources, eventually caused both the reversal of his military successes and, ultimately, the downfall of the eastern provinces in the face of Muslim conquest (pp. 7–9). Thus, the book attempts to provide a balance sheet for the successes and failures of Justinian's reign, primarily by focusing on the effectiveness and overall impact of his military policies. On the whole, Heather portrays Justinian as a political actor behaving in patterns that were well established for Roman emperors and, following a dominant theme from his previous work on the end of the western Roman Empire, he attributes the later contraction of the eastern Empire in the seventh century not to the long-term consequences of Justinian's policies, but to instabilities caused by “foreigners” (esp. pp. 3–6). Although the style and manner of citation indicate that the book was written primarily for a popular, non-academic audience, Heather's stance against a “revisionist discourse” (pp. 3–4) in academic interpretations of Justinian's reign suggests an academic audience was intended as well. Whether or not the book succeeds in its suitability for either a popular or academic audience is a subject to which this review will return in its conclusion. The book is organized into twelve chapters, including an introduction which attends to the preliminary business of framing Justinian's legacy in the wider context of modern studies of the sixth century, outlining some themes related to the exhaustion of western imperial power and explaining Heather's methodology for reading of …

Academic Interpretation of Folk Buddhism and a New Understanding of the History of Chinese Buddhism

Academic Interpretation of Folk Buddhism and a New Understanding of the History of Chinese Buddhism

Reflections from a school councillor inspired by Korczak’s heritage

In this short article inspired by Korczak’s life and works I want to present my opinions and views as a teacher and a tutor, working with today’s youngsters. Can Korczak’s thoughts truly inspire today’s generation of teachers? Is there a chance to apply them in today’s school? All my thoughts and reflections are both from participant’s and observer’s point of view. In this paper I will refer to selection of Korczak’s works (such as his getto diary) and their academic interpretations. I will discuss issues of children’s democracy reflected in educational practice, utilize children’s rights perspective looking into processual understanding of oneself as an educator and as a human being, before trying to find deeper understanding of a child or a youth. I will tie Korczak’s ideas with my personal experiences, stressing out their potentiality for a more sensitive and empathetic school environment, where youths of today are already the adults of tomorrow, living here and now.

Granice umocowania prokurenta samoistnego

DELIMITATION OF ACTIONS UNDERTAKEN BY AN INDEPENDENT PROXYThe article presents the scope of an independent proxy authorization and reviews the provisions where a controversy arises in academic interpretation. The paper primarily focuses on the exemplification of the acts performed by the proxy by regrouping those acts into judicial, non-judicial and commercial ones. Finally, the author draws attention to a catalogue of the activities that can be undertaken by an independent proxy provided that he receives the special power of attorney. The catalogue placed in the Civil Code is not clear for both: the judiciary and the doctrine, thus it should be changed by the legislator. This study provides the readers with de lege ferenda solutions on the legislative vacuum of the independent proxy regulation.

Konstruksi Tafsir Akademik di Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Negeri

This article discusses the development of writing academic interpretations at PTKIN, specifically the interpretation dissertation written at the Postgraduate School of Syarif Hidayatullah UIN and Su- nan Kalijaga UIN Postgraduate Program, using the sociology of kno- wledge approach. The results of this study indicate that the development of academic interpretations at PTKIN shows a significant increase in symptoms along with the changing social order of contemporary society with all forms of complexity and following the dynamics of the develop- ment of contemporary science, both in the East and in the West. Regarding social reality, academic interpretation seeks to find solutions to various social problems that occur in the community. This general- ly shows a shift in the paradigm of interpretation from normative to emancipatory. Regarding the reality of the development of contempo- rary science, academic interpretation seems responsive and dialectical. This shows an attitude of openness to the dynamics of the development of contemporary science. Overall, it can be concluded that the academic interpretation in PTKIN no longer revolves around the theocentric-ide- ological or ideological-opportunistic reasoning area, but has shifted to the anthropocentric-dialectical region.

The development of customs law in the scope of Eurasian integration

The subject. The paper is devoted to the main trends of the Russian customs law at the present stage.The purpose of the paper is to determine the place of customs law in the system of Russian law and to identify the features of its impact on the development of integration within the EAEU.The methodological basis for the study: general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, com-parison, description); private and academic (interpretation, formal-legal).Results, scope. Despite all the variety of social relations that make up the subject of customs law, their core is the relationship associated with the management of customs authorities, regulated by the rules of administrative law. In this regard, the allocation of customs law as an independent branch of law, in our opinion, is premature.Further development of integration within the EAEU has necessitated the development and adoption of a new codified legal act regulating public relations in the field of customs.Analysis of the provisions of the customs code of the EAEU revealed the following innovations, confirming the thesis on the simplification of regulation in the sphere of customs affairs:– reduction of terms of performance of separate customs operations;– priority of electronic Declaration form;– improvement of the Institute of customs control;– further development of the Institute of authorized economic operators.Conclusions. Customs law is a sub-branch of administrative law at present. A natural con-sequence of the integration processes is the transformation of the domestic customs law into an alloy of international law, integration law (acts of the EAEU) and national law.

中国共产党党内法规制度建设的学理诠释 : 列宁主义政党治理结构的现代化构造

中国共产党党内法规制度建设的学理诠释 : 列宁主义政党治理结构的现代化构造

The Transition of Academic Interpretation of Volunteer Firefighting as the Sub-Administrative Organization in Quasi-Public Organization

본 논문은「의용소방대 설치 및 운영에 관한 법률」의 제정 및 시행으로 인한 의용소방대 조직의 학술적 개념 변화를 논의하고자 수행되었다. 이를 위해 의용소방대와 관변단체의 정의, 기능, 그리고 구성원의 보상을 관계법령, 지방 자치단체 조례, 선행연구자료 등을 이용하여 비교 ·분석하였다. 연구결과, 의용소방대의 학술적 정의는 관변단체의 정의와 결부시켜 설명할 수 있었으며, 관변단체 중 행정말단조직의 기능을 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 조직 구성원의 보상은 행정말단조직의 대표적인 예인이·통장이 받고 있는 보상과 거의 흡사하였다. 결론적으로 의용소방대 조직의 학술적 개념이 자원봉사단체에서 관변단체의 행정말단조직으로 변화되었음을 확인하였다. 이 결과는 의용소방대 조직의 학술적 개념을 새로이 정립하는데 기여가 될 것으로 기대된다.The purpose of this study is to discuss an academic concept transition of volunteer firefighting after implementation of the ｢Volunteer Fire Brigade Establishment & Operation Act｣. For that, the definition, function, and support of member for the volunteer fire brigade and the quasi-public organization were compared and analyzed using laws and its implementing ordinances, local ordinances, references, etc. In results, we can consider the definition of the volunteer fire brigade in relation to that of the quasi-public organization. In addition, it showed that the volunteer fire brigade have the function of the sub-administrative organization in the quasi-public organization. The support of volunteer firefighting was very similar to that of the village foreman as example of the sub-administrative organization. In conclusion, an academic concept of the volunteer firefighting was translated from the general volunteer organization to the sub-administrative organization in the quasi-public organization. The result in this paper is expected to serve as a basis for the research of the volunteer fire department in Korea.

The Pentecostal Church in Slovakia and the Common Witness of Evangelical Churches in the Spirit of Partnership and Cooperation

AbstractThis study aims to describe the Pentecostal Church in Slovakia in the scope of current ecumenical cooperation and dialogue. The Apostolic Church is a member of the Union of Evangelical Churches in Slovakia, which established the Department of Theology and Christian Education (DETM) at the University of Matej Bel. Since 1994, individual churches have continued together in ecumenical cooperation in the education of their young spiritual workers. The curriculum includes academic interpretation and missiological reflection on selected parts of mission. It offers the practical efforts of the teachers and students, especially from the viewpoint of the churches' common witness in diversity. The curriculum of the study programme for theologians interprets the two mission documents Together towards Life (TTL) and The Cape Town Commitment (CTC) from a Slovakian evangelical theological view and applies it practically in context. This paper introduces DETM's educational programme in mission and ecumenism and examines how it embodies the values and concepts of those two mission documents through its activities. Special interest is focused on the topic of the practice of common witness in a spirit of partnership and cooperation.

Notes from the Editors, June 2018

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“With Whom no White Scholar can Compare”: Academic Interpretations of the Relationship between W.E.B. Du Bois and Max Weber

Max Weber (1864–1920) is considered one of the canonical founders of sociology, while W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963), author of The Philadelphia Negro (1899), The Souls of Black Folk (1903), and Black Reconstruction (1935), has only recently been included in the sociological canon. We provide a historical review of what we know of their relationship in order to first ask, what did Du Bois say about Weber, and second, what did Weber say about Du Bois? We then analyze the extant scholarly discourse of published English-language academic journal articles that substantively mention both Weber and Du Bois in order to address a third question: what did other scholars say about their relationship? We provide an analysis of the variation of scholars’ perceptions on the relationship between Du Bois and Weber to illumine the dominant assumptions about founding figures and the origin story of American sociology writ large. We argue that three mechanisms of white group interests configured the marginalization of Du Bois from both mainstream and sub-disciplinary sociological theory: (1) reduction or “knowing that we do no know and not caring to know” (when knowledge is perceived as irrelevant to white group interests), (2) deportation or “not wanting to know” (when knowledge is systematically exiled), and (3) appropriation or “not knowing that we do not know”) (when dominant knowledge usurps or assimilates challenges to that knowledge).

FUNCTIONS OF SELF-REGULATING ORGANIZATIONS: CONTENT AND PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTATION

The subject. The article is devoted to the description of the basic functions of self-regulating organizations: regulatory, control, organizational and security, jurisdictional.The purpose of the article is to explore the content features of self-regulating organizations, to identify problems in their implementation and offer recommendations for their solution.Methodology. The methodological basis for the study: general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison, description); private and academic (interpretation, formal-legal method).Results, scope. Under self-regulation this article is to understand the management activities carried out by self-regulatory organizations, and consisting in the development and establishment of standards and rules of professional activity, as well as sanctions for non-compliance or inadequate performance. Set forth in the Law on SRO powers to self-regulating organizations United by the author and summarized as to their functions – activities of the SRO. The main functions of the SRO as special entities, the following:– regulatory, which manifests itself in the development of standards and rules, conditions of membership in self-regulating organizations and other internal documents SRO;– control: self-regulating organizations exercise control over the professional activities of its members;– organizational and security: an example of this function is the maintenance of the register of members of the SRO, ensuring property liability of members of self-regulating organizations to consumers of goods (works, services) and other persons forming management authorities of the self-regulating organization, lodging of statutory documents and information on the official website of SRO;– jurisdictional: SRO consider complaints against actions of members of self-regulating organization and cases on breaches of its members of the standards and rules of self-regulating organizations, conditions of membership in self-regulating organization, apply disciplinary measures against its members.Conclusions. The combination of ongoing self-regulating organizations against their members functions determines features of the legal status of SRO.Analysis of peculiarities of self-regulating organizations of these functions has allowed the author come to the conclusion that, at present, administrative and legal status of self-regulating organizations in need of further refinement, since the content of normative legal acts regulating relations in the sphere of self-regulation, often contradictory and requires improvement.In the case of mandatory self-regulation SRO vested with the special administrative-legal status, carry out in relation to their member state authority, which means that the implementation of these authority relationships are vertical.

Herman Melville in Iran: Translations, Interpretations, and Receptions

Considering the reception of Melville's works in Iran from the 1950s to the present, this essay traces Herman Melville's position in Iran in three distinct areas: translation, academic interpretation, and popular reception. I will first examine the translations made of Melville's popular works Moby-Dick, Billy Budd, and "Bartleby, the Scrivener," focusing mainly on Parviz Dariush's 1965 translation of Moby-Dick, and listing the other translations in brief. Next, I will refer to the traditional and modern academic interpretations of Melville's works. Finally, I will illustrate briefly how Melville and his works have been received in the wider public arena and among ordinary people who might not have read his works in translation or be familiar with the scholarly studies carried out in the academy.

Understanding Religious Pluralism in Malaysia: A Christian and Muslim Debate

Religious diversity in Malaysia has led to the development of what social scientists refer to as “religious pluralism.” Comprising of major religions of the world such as Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Chinese Religion, Taoism, Sikhism and “others,” it has become a recent challenge for Malaysia to manage religious diversity and maintain social harmony. The discourse of “religious pluralism” started when some prominent Muslim scholars warned that Muslims in Malaysia are threatened by liberalism and religious pluralism, which can impinge into the faith of Muslims. The method used is based on semi-structured interviews with Muslim and Christian representatives who have been coloured with religio-political voices which was carried out in the year 2015. One of the objectives of this article is to present various academic interpretations of the term religious pluralism, exploring selected writings of social scientists. In addition, the article examines the current debate of religious pluralism in contemporary Malaysia, particularly with respect to the Christian and Muslim communities in the country. Finally, it will propose a number of recommendations on how the discourse can be used as an instrument for healthy coexistence in Malaysia. The findings also assert that different interpretations of religious pluralism among scholars have resulted in misunderstanding of the concept, particularly of members of Muslim and Christian communities in the country.

Alcances y límites de la noción de “repertorio de contestación” para describir, medir y explicar la conflictividad en Chile del siglo XXI

Este artículo tiene por objetivo hacer un análisis de las dinámicas del conflicto social en el Chile entre los años 2000-2011. Para ello se elaboran catálogos de acciones contestatarias a partir de las Cronologías del Conflicto Social de CLACSO, que sirven de base para identificar actores, acciones y adversarios. El objetivo específico es doble: por un lado, llevar al límite las bases teóricas en que se sostiene una parte importante de las interpretaciones académicas del conflicto social, evaluando su utilidad y posibles críticas; por otro, observar si quienes se movilizan responden a una dinámica heterónoma del conflicto o si más bien son sujetos con capacidad de acción autónoma. Con ello se espera contar con los elementos suficientes para realizar un esbozo del repertorio de contestación en Chile en el presente siglo.