Acacia Seyal Gum Research Articles

Maturation of demineralized arabinogalactan-proteins from Acacia seyal gum in dry state: Aggregation kinetics and structural properties of aggregates

The aggregation in dry state of mineral-loaded arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) from Acacia seyal gum (GA) generally occurs above 70 °C. This study focuses on the aggregation sensitivity of AGPs after their demineralization. The dry incubation in mild temperature (25 °C to 70 °C) of demineralized AGPs induced the formation of aggregates, not observed with GA. AGPs aggregated following a self-assembly mechanism for which temperature only modulated the aggregation rate. The activation energy was around 90–100 kJ·mol−1 that could correspond to chemical condensation reactions induced by the AGPs surface dehydration. The aggregation kinetics were characterized by the formation of soluble aggregates during the first times of incubation, whose molar mass increased from 1 · 106 g·mol−1 to 6.7 · 106 g·mol−1 (SEC MALS) or 12 · 106 g·mol−1 (AF4 MALS) after 1.66 days of dry heating at 40 °C. These soluble aggregates revealed they adopted a similar conformation to that of not aggregated AGPs with a νh value around 0.45. Above 1.66 days at 40 °C, the soluble aggregates grew up to form microparticles with sizes ranging from 10 to around 200 μm. This study highlighted the protective role of cations from AGPs whose demineralization increased their sensibility to dry heating and their chemical reactivity for aggregation.

Extraction of bioactive compound from Acacia seyal gum, in vitro evaluation of antitumor activity of its crude extract against leukemia

Today, many therapy drugs have been used to treat cancer patients. However, those drugs are not effective enough and usually have adverse side effects on human health. Different herbal medicine is rising in popularity because it is more compatible with the human body and has fewer side effects. Even while alternative herbal remedies effectively decrease symptoms in traditional medicine, many of them have yet to be scientifically proven. As a result, it's critical to keep looking for ways to recover its efficiency against cancer cells. Acacia seyal gum (ASG), known as Arabic gum, is a well-known traditional medicinal therapy with various restorative characteristics. In this study, the yield of ASG extract was optimized using experimental design followed by chemical characterization of a bioactive compound for the last yield, then the therapeutic potential of ASG crude extracts against leukemia cancer cells was investigated in vitro. The Raman Spectroscopy (RS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, and GC-TOFMS analyses were used to characterize ASG crude hydroethanolic extract bioactive components. The anti-leukemic activity of ASG crude extracts was investigated in vitro against tumoral Jurkat T-cell ALL, and K562 leukemia cancer cell lines, as well as nontumoral WIL2NS cells. The optimum extraction conditions resulted in a yield of 75.89% after 45 min of extraction at temperature 40 °C and solid/liquid ratio of 1:25 g/ml. The cytotoxicity assays of ASG and Taxol revealed that both treatments inhibited the growth of K562 and Jurkat T cancer cells and exhibited the lowest IC50 for K562 and Jurkat T cancer cell (IC50=10 g/ml and IC50=5.11 g/ml, respectively), and a negligible inhibition effect for WIL2NS cells (IC50=80 g/ml).

Extraction of bioactive compound from Acacia seyal gum, in vitro evaluation of antitumor activity of its crude extract against leukemia

Extraction of bioactive compound from Acacia seyal gum, in vitro evaluation of antitumor activity of its crude extract against leukemia

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Acacia Seyal Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS.

Acacia Seyal gum (ASG), also known as gum Arabic, is an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber. ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. Extraction of bioactive compounds from ASG is commonly performed using conventional extraction methods. However, these techniques have certain limitation in terms of extraction time, energy, and solvent requirements. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) could be used as an alternative technique to extract bioactive compounds in less time, at low temperature, and with less energy and solvent requirements. In this study, the UAE extraction of ASG was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid–liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. This yield was reasonably close to the predicted yield of 75.39% suggested by the design of experiment. The ANOVA revealed that the model was highly significant due to the low probability value (p < 0.0001). Raman spectrum fingerprint detected polysaccharides, such as galactose and glucose, and protein like lysine and proline, while FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of functional groups peaks value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol. GC-TOFMS spectroscopic detected the presence of strong d-galactopyranose, carotenoid, and lycopene antioxidant compounds. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the UAE technique is an efficient method to achieve a high yield of ASG extracts. The selected model is adequate to optimize the extraction of several chemical compounds reported in this study.

Active Fractions of Methanol Crude Obtained from Acacia Seyal Gum and their Antiproliferative Effects against Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Background: This study is on Acacia seyal gum, which is an exudate from Talha (Acacia seyal) tree. It provides a rich source of prebiotic that is used traditionally in folk medicine. Aims: The anti-proliferative effect (APE) of Acacia seyal gum (ASG) and Prebio-T-commercial (PTC) samples on human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines, and their antioxidant activities (AA) were investigated. Methods: The methanol crude extracts of both Acacia seyal gum and Prebio-T- commercial were fractioned into acetone and methanol, respectively. The anti-proliferative effect on human breast cancer cell lines for each fraction was examined using sulphorhodamine assay (SRB assay). Methanol crude extracts and their active compositions were analysed carefully using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique.

Structural studies of a new fraction obtained by gradient ethanol precipitation from Acacia seyal gum

AY60 was a fraction precipitated from Acacia seyal gum by 60% ethanol, and its detailed structure was elucidated by methylation analysis and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. AY60 (Mw~92.4 kDa) was found to be a highly branched polysaccharide, and the terminal residues accounted for about 29.76% of total residues, which were t-Araf (26.59%), t-Rhap (2.25%) and t-Galp (0.92%) respectively. The branching residues included →3,6-Galp 1→ (15.81%), →3,4-Galp1→ (13.59%) and →3,4,6-Galp1→ (11.25%). NMR spectroscopy (1H NMR, 13C NMR, 1H–1H COSY, TOCSY, HSQC and HMBC) confirmed that the backbone of AY60 was composed of 1,3-linked galactopyransyl residues substituted at O-4 and O-6 positions. The side chains were mainly composed of →4)-β-GalpA-(1→ (14.43%) and →3)-α-Araf-(1→ (2.25%), and terminated by arabinofuranosyl (Araf) and occasionally by rhamnopyranosyl (Rhap) or glacuronopyranosyl (Glap) residues.

Improvement of the foamability of sparkling base wines by the addition of Acacia gums

In sparkling wine, foam characteristics are one of the major attributes. The foam quality depends on wine components. Bentonite is added to the base wine to facilitate the riddling process, but causes a loss of foamability. Acacia gum can be used as additive in wine. We have studied if the addition of Acacia senegal gum (AsenG), Acacia seyal gum (AseyG) and different AsenG fractions could improve the foamability of different base wines treated with bentonite. The foamability differs depending on the gum or the gum fraction treatment but also on the wine, being these differences linked to some aspects of their respective compositions and molecular parameters. AsenG and AseyG increase the foamability (by Mosalux - sparging procedure), respectively, in five and seven out of eight base wines treated with bentonite. Therefore, AsenG and AseyG are potential treatments increasing the foamability of these wines.

Active Fractions of Methanol Crude Obtained from Acacia seyal gum: Antioxidant Capacity, using FTIR Analysis

The present study is on Acacia seyal gum (ASG), which is an exudate from Talha tree. It provides a rich source of polyphenolics compounds that are used traditionally in folk medicine. The study aims to determine the antioxidant capacity (AC) and functional groups of ASG and Prebio-T-commercial (PTC) samples. The methanol crude extracts of both ASG and PTC have fractioned into chloroform (CHF), hexane (HF), acetone (AF) and methanol (MF) using solvent-solvent portion. Both ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays for each fraction examined. Crude methanol extracts (CME) and its active compositions also analysed carefully using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) technique. The findings presented a wide variety of functional groups provided by the FTIR spectra (eights bands approximately. Regarding cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), the methanol crude extracts values are 888.6�4.57 mg TE/100g extract, for PTC as compared to 474.3� 2.23 mg TE/100g of extract for ASG. However, both methanol and acetone fractions revealed significantly (p = 0.05) high FRAP values ranged between 599.8�7.5 and 741.8�5.8 mg TE/100g fraction; for PTC and ASG, respectively. While CUPRAC showed insignificant (p = 0.05) same values 356.1�2.62 mg TE/100g of fraction; for MF of both PTC and ASG respectively. Therefore, in this study, methanolic fractions (MFs) are found to be more effective than acetone fractions (AFs), except for CHF and HF. Finally, the antioxidant activity of the active fraction has provided some evidence regarding its functional groups which may have used in traditional medicine.

Significant bioactive compounds in crude methanol extracts and their fractions of acacia seyal gum

Significant bioactive compounds in crude methanol extracts and their fractions of acacia seyal gum

Fractionation of Acacia seyal gum by ion exchange chromatography

Acacia gum is a complex gum exudate from trees of selected Acacia species (i.e. A. senegal and A. seyal). It is a continuum of molecular species showing diverse, sugar and protein composition, molar mass and charge density. Numerous studies have been conducted on several aspects of Acacia senegal gum (Asen), including its fractionation. Acacia seyal gum (Asey) has been less studied, although it has recently been gaining importance. Certain gum characteristics, such as the protein and polysaccharide composition and the molecular parameters, play a key role in the Acacia gums functionality and, hence, in their uses by food, pharmaceutical or materials industries. Our main objective is to obtain a fraction from Asey gum with high molar mass and high protein content, allowing future research works and industrial applications. Asey gum has been separated by ion exchange chromatography (IEC) into two different fractions, IEC-F1 and IEC-F2, which have been thoroughly characterized. Thus, we have succeeded to recover a protein-rich fraction with high molar mass and high intrinsic viscosity, the fraction IEC-F1. The Mark-Houwink-Sakurada analysis further indicated that fraction IEC-F1 presents more anisotropic conformation compared to fraction IEC-F2. From the partial specific volume (vs°) and the partial specific adiabatic compressibility (βs°) coefficients, a more flexible and less hydrated structure in the fraction IEC-F1 compared to Asey gum was suggested.

Gum Arabic More Than Emulsifier and Food Additive: A New Experimental Validation of Anti-Proliferative Against Colorectal Colon Cancer Cell lines: Part 2

The aim of this paper is to discover the cytotoxicity activity of Acacia seyal gum and Prebio-Tcommercial (PTC) samples on human colon cancer (HCT-116) cell lines; in addition, its polyphenolic properties are investigated. Approach: The methodology used in this paper involves fractionating methanol crude extracts of both Acacia seyal gum and Prebio-T-commercial, respectively. The cytotoxicity activity on human colon cancer cell lines for each fraction was studied using sulforhodamine B assay (SRB assay). Both samples, Acacia seyal gum and Prebio-T-commercial (PTC), were analysed precisely using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. Findings: Based on the analysis, more cytotoxicity activity was identified in the sample obtained from Acacia seyal gum (IC50=13.36µg/mL) compared to PTC (IC50=17.18µg/mL). Regarding the flavonoids content (FC), quercetin was the only flavonoids detected in the samples, found to be approximate of 4,640µg/100g for Acacia seyal gum, almost double the value of 2,560µg/100g for PTC. Implications: The implications of this study are the evidence of flavonoids content and anti-cancer activity for both Acacia seyal gum and PTC used in folk medicine, as well as anticipation of cancer cell growth. It is expected that the proposed methods will give a noble contribution to the possible use of their bioactive compounds as natural anti-cancer agents.

Gum arabic: an optimization of ultrasonic- assisted extraction of antioxidant activity

Gum Arabic (GA), also known as Acacia seyal gum (ASG), is a dried exudate from trees of Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal. It provides a rich source of non-viscous soluble fiber with significant health benefits and high antioxidant properties. Tonnes of raw GA are exported annually at a high cost with limited utilization in extraction form. Techniques for the extraction of the bioactive components of GA are available but the high extraction time and the capacity and quality of extraction hinders these procedures. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction is one of the most effective techniques for the recovery of antioxidant and phenolic compounds from ASG. A comparatively low extraction time has been reported for ultrasonication, but the influence of several extraction conditions such as temperature, time and ultrasonic power on the yield of extraction has not been thoroughly studied. This study investigates the optimal ultrasonic extraction conditions for maximum recovery of antioxidant and phenolic compounds from ASG using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) under the Central Composite Design (CCD). Three ultrasonic parameters, namely time in the range of (1-3 hours), power in the range of (1-3 level or 12 to 40 kHz) and temperature from (25-60 °C) were tested for their impact on antioxidant activity. The capacity of the extracts was determined by the scavenging activity of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, and total phenolic compounds (TPC). The results indicated that ultrasonic time, power and temperature had a positive impact on antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds. The optimum ultrasonic conditions were found to be a time of 3 hours, a power of 40 kHz, and a temperature of 42.50°C, under which, forty-eight bioactive compounds from the ASG extract were separated by Gas Chromatography coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS).

Study of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Crude Methanol Extract and Fractions of Acacia seyal Gum

Acacia seyal gum (ASG) is a dried exudate from tropical plants in the family Leguminosae. It has been used in the medication of eczema, inflammation, renal failure, and hypertension in folk medicine. This study presents methanol crude extracts (MCE) and different fractions of ASG in the form of raw (ASG) and commercial type Prebio-T, (PTC) using different solvents. Evaluations were performed to observe the biological activities of the extracts and fractions with certain bioassays procedure of anti-inflammatory, total phenolic content (TPC) and radical scavenging activity (DPPH). The only MCE was assessed against inflammatory reaction using carrageenan paw oedema (in-vivo). However, the antioxidant activities of MCE and its fractions were evaluated. As a result, the highest amount of TPC was observed in the Prebio-T, with an average of 694.68 ± 3.60 mgTE/100 g DW, compared to only 155.78 ± 2.58 mg TE/100 g DW for ASG Crude Extract. The highest DPPH value was seen in methanol fraction (MF) was 235.34 ± 1.57 mg TE/100 g DW for Prebio-T, compared to ASG without any significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). Both MCE of ASG and Prebio-T at 150 mg/kg dosage developed a mean and maximum percentage inhibition of 23.63% and 23.54% respectively, during the 24h observation of the acute inflammatory test. The chemical composition of the 57 phenolic compounds in methanol crude extract (MCE), and its active fractions were detected using GC-MS/MS. The major constituents in the ASG and Prebio-T MCE were iso vitamin C (42.37%), crypton (5.86%), hydroquinone (4.86%), triacetic acid lactone (2.67%), 2,4-Di-tert-butyl phenol (2.67%), cyanidin cation (2.05%), apigenin 7-glucoside (1.9%), benzoic acid (1.83%), (+)-α-tocopherol (1.58%), methyl catechol (1.42%), and 2,6-dimethylol-pcresol (2.16%). The PBT methanolic crude extract (MCE) was found to be the most potent inhibitor of oedema formation by inducing a maximum inhibitory effect of 23.54% at the 300 mg/kg dose, during 24h post-carrageenan injection. Both PBT and ASG methanolic crude extracts showed good anti-inflammatory activities at the same dose (300 mg/kg). The results of these studies support the potential use of ASG for treating inflammation.

Characterization and emulsifying properties of octenyl succinate anhydride modified Acacia seyal gum (gum arabic)

This study aimed to investigate the structure characterization and emulsifying properties of esterified Acacia seyal gum (gum arabic) with various octenyl succinate anhydride (OSA) contents (0, 1%, 2%, and 3% based on the weight of Acacia seyal gum) at different OSA incorporates (%OS, 0, 0.64, 1.09, 1.80). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed that OSA groups were introduced into the Acacia seyal gum (AS) molecular structure and possibly substituted the rhamnopyranosyl of AS. Static light scattering analysis showed that the molecular weight of OSA-modified AS (OS-AS) significantly increased. Meanwhile, the crystallinity of AS and OS-AS demonstrated no significant difference. In addition, rheological results revealed that the apparent viscosity of OS-AS was higher than that of AS and increased with increasing %OS. The emulsion activity of OS-AS increased nearly twice those of the original AS and its emulsion stability were also significantly improved. Results indicate that the OS-AS have potential applications for microencapsulation and emulsions that require long-term stability.

Molecular characteristics, association and interfacial properties of gum Arabic harvested from both Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal

The molecular composition of Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal gum exudate samples were studied using transmission electron microscopy. The molecules observed in both samples were found to have diameters of either ∼20 μm, ∼60 μm or ∼10 μm. These most likely represent the arabinogalactan (AG), arabinogalactan-protein (AGP) and glycoprotein (GP) molecules present in Acacia gum exudates. Micrographs obtained for gum solutions that had been left to stand for up to 5 days, indicated that molecular aggregation had occurred, this was particularly evident for the Acacia senegal sample. This aggregation process was attributed to intermolecular electrostatic interactions. The adsorbed layer thickness of the gums adsorbed onto polystyrene latex particles was determined using dynamic light scattering. For the Acacia senegal gum sample, it was found that the adsorbed layer thickness increased over time and after 14 days had a value of 61 nm. These findings are indicative of multilayer adsorption, through intermolecular electrostatic interaction. For the Acacia seyal gum sample the adsorbed layer thickness was only ∼3 nm and did not increase over time. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of a distinct, thick adsorbed layer for the Acacia senegal gum and the presence of a much thinner, more diffuse layer for the Acacia seyal gum sample. Emulsification studies showed that the Acacia senegal gum was more effective at stabilising limonene oil-in-water emulsions than the Acacia seyal sample and that this was because markedly more Acacia senegal gum adsorbed at the oil-water interface compared to the Acacia seyal gum exudate.

Detection of gum from Acacia seyal and species of combretum in Admixtures with A. Senegal using monoclonal antibodies

Monodonal antibody immunoassays have been developed for the detection of gum from Acacia seyal and combretum gum in commercial gum arabic (A. Senegal). Eight hybridoma cell lines were raised to gum from A. seyal that secrete monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that recognize, by ELISA, gum from A. seyal but not gum from A. Senegal; one of these antibodies (SY JIA1) also recognizes combretum gum. All the antibodies belong to the immunoglobulin class IgM. Plate trapped antigen‐ELISA (PTA‐ELISA) tests of heat, periodate, pronase and trypsin treated gums indicate that they all recognize heat stable carbohydrate epitopes. Two of these MAbs, SY HH3 and SY JIA1, have been identified as suitable for the detection of gum from A. seyal or combretum gum, in mixtures with gum from A. Senegal. The limit of detection of seyal gum in mixtures using SY HH3 in PTA‐ELISAs was 0.5% and the limit of detection of combretum gum in mixtures using SY JIA1 in competition ELISAs was 0.1%. The sensitivity of these immunoassays for the gum from A. seyal or combretum gum in mixtures is 10 to 100 times greater than any of the procedures currently in use.

Studies on uronic acid materials: Part XXVI. The aldobiouronic acids in gums from acacia species

Acacia seyal gum contains four aldobiouronic acids that have been characterised as 6- O-(β- D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)- D-galactose ( A), 4- O-(α- D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)- D-galactose ( B), 6- O-(4- O-methyl-β- D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)- D-galactose ( C), and 4- O-(4- O-methyl-α- D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)- D-galactose ( D). With these acids as chromatographic standards, the aldobiouronic acids present in a further seventeen species of Acacia gum have been investigated. Gums having positive rotations and significant methoxyl contents give aldobiouronic acids A- D, whereas gums having positive rotations and low methoxyl contents do not give significant proportions of acids C and D. Gums having negative rotations and significant methoxyl contents give acids A and C; one gum having a negative rotation and a low methoxyl content did not give a significant proportion of acid C.