Acacia Catechu Research Articles

High-performance porous activated carbon derived from Acacia catechu bark as nanoarchitectonics material for supercapacitor applications

BackgroundThe increasing energy demands stemming from the extensive utilization of portable electronic devices are creating a huge energy deficit between demand and supply. In this scenario, it is not only sufficient to pursue and innovate the new renewable energy sources but also requires an ideal device for energy storage and conversion. MethodsIn this work, activated carbon (AC) was prepared from matured bark of Acacia catechu through a series of steps; pre-carbonization, carbonization, and activation. The AC was synthesized at different temperatures (400–800 °C) under inert atmosphere, using orthophosphoric acid as an activator. As-prepared sample (ACBH) was characterized by well-known characterization techniques. Energy storage capability was assessed in terms of Cyclic voltammetry, Galvanostatic charge-discharge, Electrochemical impedance, and Cyclic stability by three-electrode setup. Significant findingsThe ACBH-8 sample demonstrated superior electrochemical performance compared to other samples. The sample ACBH-8, as Negatrode, exhibited a specific capacitance of 282.4 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and retained 95.4 % cyclic stability under 10,000 cycles. The excellent energy storage performance by green-class negatrode materials from the bio-waste substance empowers commercial applications.

Reconstituted Bamboo Scrimbers Prepared from Bambusa tulda with Phenol Formaldehyde (PF) Adhesive for Structural Applications

Abstract: This study investigates the physical and mechanical properties of reconstituted bamboo scrimbers prepared from Bambusa tulda bamboo, also known as Indian timber bamboo or Bengal bamboo. The preparation involves varying pressure levels (21.0, 24.5, 28.0, and 31.5 kg/cm2 ) with phenol formaldehyde (PF) adhesive using a hydraulic hot press. The study explores the change in mechanical and physical properties of bamboo scrimbers under varying specific pressures, which significantly reduces moisture content, increases density, and enhances resistance to water absorption and swelling. Mechanically, it improves properties such as modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), compression parallel to the grain, hardness, and screw-holding capacity. The results position the reconstituted bamboo scrimbers in the super group (IS:3629-1986) in stress grading (MOR & MOE) at all tested specific pressures, surpassing raw bamboo strength properties as well as conventional standard timber, including Teak (Tectona grandis). The results demonstrate remarkable properties comparable to species like Sal (Shorea robusta), Khair (Acacia catechu), and Teak (Tectona grandis) in various mechanical properties. This research highlights the potential of bamboo-based materials over conventional timber in construction and for sustainable development. Future studies on different adhesives and pressure levels could further enhance their economic sustainability.

Acacia catechu (Katha) and its Medicinal Applications: A Review

Acacia catechu (Katha) and its Medicinal Applications: A Review

Concept and role of immunomodulatory medicinal plants used in Ayurvedic health care system

The statement “prevention is better than cure” and its applications is not a new for Ayurvedic health care system. The statement defines the aim and objectives of Ayurvedic health care system in a nutshell “swasthasya swasthya rakshanam aaturasya vikara prashamanam”. The immune system is certainly considered one of our most discreet biological systems withinside the body. Immunizations may be obtained by us actively or passively. Active immunization includes stimulating with an antigen to generate immunological defenses against a destiny exposure, rather than passive vaccination, which includes administering antibodies to someone who has already been exposed to an antigen. Both plant and animal sources produce immunomodulatory effects to boost the body’s immunological reactivity against infections by engaging the non-specific immune system. Herbal immunomodulators are substances that either activate or suppress innate and adaptive immune responses in the body. Different ailments including allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and other infectious disorders are caused by immune system failure. Therefore, regulating the many infectious illnesses requires significant immune response modification. Global scientific study is currently focused on how various medicinal plant components might alter the immune system. Numerous Indian and “Rasayana” and medicinal plants may have immunomodulatory characteristics. Some of these plants are Tinospora cordifolia, Morus alba, Acacia catechu, Allium sativum, and Mangifera indica. There are many more that are still undiscovered and offer space for greater study.

Insulin-Mimetic Activity of Herbal Extracts Identified with Large-Scale Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy.

Diabetes mellitus is a spreading global pandemic. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the predominant form of diabetes, in which a reduction in blood glucose uptake is caused by impaired glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation to the plasma membrane in adipose and muscle cells. Antihyperglycemic drugs play a pivotal role in ameliorating diabetes symptoms but often are associated with side effects. Hence, novel antidiabetic compounds and nutraceutical candidates are urgently needed. Phytogenic therapy can support the prevention and amelioration of impaired glucose homeostasis. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), 772 plant extracts of an open-access plant extract library were screened for their GLUT4 translocation activation potential, resulting in 9% positive hits. Based on commercial interest and TIRFM assay-based GLUT4 translocation activation, some of these extracts were selected, and their blood glucose-reducing effects in ovo were investigated using a modified hen's egg test (Gluc-HET). To identify the active plant part, some of the available candidate plants were prepared in-house from blossoms, leaves, stems, or roots and tested. Acacia catechu (catechu), Pulmonaria officinalis (lungwort), Mentha spicata (spearmint), and Saponaria officinalis (common soapwort) revealed their potentials as antidiabetic nutraceuticals, with common soapwort containing GLUT4 translocation-activating saponarin.

Impact of forest management on structure, composition, biomass and carbon stock in Chir-pine (P. roxburghii) forest, Western Himalaya

This study performs a comparative analysis of tree composition, biomass, and carbon stock across different management regimes namely, Van Panchayat forest (VP), Reserve forest (RF), and Civil & Soyam forest (C&SF) in the state of Uttarakhand, with a focus on P. roxburghii (Chir-pine) forests. Collectively, these management regimes cover approximately 60 % of the forest area in the state. In this assessment, a total five tree species (Pinus roxburghii, Quercus leucotrichophora, Myrica esculenta, Acacia catechu, and Pinus wallichiana) were identified across the management regimes. The Pinus roxburghii emerged as the dominant species across all management regimes, with relative density of 92.79, 94.39, and 92.31 % in Van Panchayat forest, Reserve forest, and Civil & Soyam forest respectively. However, co-dominant species are varying across the sites. The total tree biomass and carbon stock were notably higher in Van Panchayat forest (236.31 & 112.25 t ha−1) compared to Reserve forest (224.85 & 106.80 t ha−1) and Civil & Soyam forest (193.58 & 91.95 t ha−1). These findings suggest that Van Panchayat forests exhibit a superior status in terms of density, biomass, and carbon stock as compared to Reserve and Civil & Soyam forests. Pinus roxburghii emerges as a crucial species, underscoring its ecological significance in the region. These findings underscore the critical role of effective forest management practices in fostering sustainable biomass accumulation and carbon sequestration in the Himalayan Chir-pine forests. Thus, it helps to mitigate the impacts of climate change and biodiversity conservation, and sustainable management of forests.

STEROIDS AND TRITERPENOIDS IN ACACIA CATECHU BARK EXTRACTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

Objective: Plant-derived steroids and triterpenes have been recognized for a number of health benefits. As indicated in previous research, some of the phytosterols are essential dietary substances. This study was aimed at investigating the presence or absence of these phytochemicals in various test bark extracts from Acacia catechu plant samples. Methods: For this study, thirty samples of test plants were gathered in various seasons from the research location. Six different solvents were then prepared for each sample. Then the qualitative tests of the studied parameters were done using various standardized methods. Additionally, bibliographic analysis was done to validate and co-relate the present study with earlier findings. Results: Results showed the presence of test parameters in all solvent systems except aqueous extracts, though the colour intensity (quantity) was different in all other extracts. Based on the dark-colored reaction mixture, it can be claimed that the steroid and triterpene content was relatively higher in methanolic and ethanolic extracts. The comparative bibliographic study was also validating the beneficial applications of the same. Conclusion: Possibly, this preliminary study helped to find out the medicinal significance of native flora of Guna district and also serve as the base for further investigations.

Static and viscoelastic behaviour of Acacia catechu gum reinforced epoxy composite

Static and viscoelastic behaviour of Acacia catechu gum reinforced epoxy composite

Assessment of Reclaimed Mined Area of Sahastradhara, Dehradun by Soil and Vegetation Analysis

This study investigates the impact of forest area mining on reclaimed limestone mined areas in Sahastradhara, Uttarakhand, India. Initiated in 1989-90, eco-restoration efforts aimed at rehabilitating the mined areas resulted in restoration ages of 25, 24, and 23 years across different sites. The study comprehensively examined vegetation and soil physicochemical properties at various depths, revealing the dominance of species like Murrayakoenigii, Acacia catechu, Vitex negundo, Eupatorium adenophorum, Grevillea robusta, and Lantana camara. Soil analyses unveiled variations in moisture content, bulk density, and coarse fragment percentage across the sites, a rise in organic carbon, phosphorous, and nitrogen levels, showcasing soil improvement post-restoration. Correlation analyses unveiled interrelationships between soil properties, emphasizing the importance of organic matter in influencing soil acidity. Vegetation analyses at different sites revealed evolving plant communities, with prominent species contributing to the ecological richness. The Importance Value Index (IVI) and Shannon Weiner Index (H') provided insights into species dominance and biodiversity. The results showed that the soil pH was slightly basic, and the available phosphorus and nitrogen levels were within the optimal range for plant growth. However, the bulk density and electrical conductivity values were higher than the recommended range. This study contributes valuable insights into the intricate interplay between mining activities, vegetation dynamics, and soil health, guiding future ecological restoration endeavors in similar contexts. The study concluded that the eco-restoration work carried out in the area has been successful in restoring the vegetation, but further assessment is required to ensure the long-term success of the restoration efforts.

AQbD Assisted Method Optimization for Simultaneous Quantification of Potential Phytosterols in Novel Polyherbal Formulation by LC-PDA Method

Background: Herbal medications are preferred by individuals with cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) worldwide for their distinct benefits in preventing and treating illnesses and lesser side effects. A novel polyherbal formulation compiled of ten plants (Allium sativum, Rubia cordifolia, Garcinia cambogia, Terminalia arjuna, Acacia catechu, Helianthus annus, Vitis vinifera, Commiphora mukul, Linum usitatissimum, and Piper nigrum) was developed for treating cardiovascular diseases. As a part of standardization, marker analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) will be highly encouraged. Materials and Methods: In the present study, we selected lupeol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol and went for simultaneous quantification using design of experiments (DoE) software (AQbD-Analytical quality by design) to optimize the experimental parameters. The phenomenex RP C18 column, with 250 mm length, 4.6 mm internal diameter, 5 μm particle size, was preferred for the study. Mobile phase with methanol and 0.01% formic acid solution in water surged with a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. using a maximum detection wavelength of 208 nm. Results and Discussion: Under the specified circumstances, we determined the retention times of lupeol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol to be 14.056, 15.544, and 17.431 minutes, respectively, with the desirability of 0.975. The concentrations of lupeol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol in the extract were determined to be 30.72, 370.6, and 212.64 μg/10 mg, respectively. The linear range of 31.25 to 500 μg/mL was found to have an R2 value of 0.9972, 0.9976 and 0.9968, respectively. 0.2534, 0.754, 0.421 μg/mL and 0.7681, 2.29, 1.28 μg/mL were the limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantitation (LoQ) values, respectively. The RSD for precision was determined to be 0.92, 0.98, and 0.96%, respectively. Recovery experiments were conducted, and the accuracy of the suggested approach was between 99 and 102%. Conclusion: Using the modernized software tool- AQbD (analytical quality by design), the study was first scientifically validated for the quantification of three phytomarkers in the novel polyherbal formulation.

Bioinspired synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles and assessment of their cytotoxicity and antimicrobial efficacy

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are versatile and promising, with diverse applications in environmental remediation, nanomedicine, cancer treatment, and drug delivery. In this study, ZnO NPs were synthesized utilizing extracts derived from Acacia catechu, Artemisia vulgaris, and Cynodon dactylon. The synthesized ZnO NPs showed an Ultraviolet–visible spectrum at 370 nm, and X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the hexagonal wurtzite framework with the average crystallite size of 15.07 nm, 16.98 nm, and 18.97 nm for nanoparticles synthesized utilizing A. catechu, A. vulgaris, and C. dactylon respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated spherical surface morphology with average diameters of 18.5 nm, 17.82 nm, and 17.83 nm for ZnO NPs prepared from A. catechu, A. vulgaris, and C. dactylon, respectively. Furthermore, ZnO NPs tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Kocuria rhizophila, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Shigella sonnei demonstrated a zone of inhibition of 8 to 14 mm. The cell viability and cytotoxicity effects of ZnO NPs were studied on NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblast cells treated with different concentrations (5 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, and 50 μg/mL). The results showed biocompatibility of all samples, except with higher doses causing cell death. In conclusion, the ZnO NPs synthesized through plant-mediated technique showed promise for potential utilization in various biomedical applications in the future.

Influence of optimal alkali treated Areca catechu L. peduncle fiber for light weight polymer composites applications

AbstractThe chemical, physico‐mechanical, morphological, and thermal characteristics of alkali treated natural cellulosic sustainable eco‐friendly fiber from peduncle of Areca Catechu tree were investigated. Areca Catechu fruit peduncle fiber (ACFPF) treated with 5% (w/v) NaOH solution for 60 min is found as optimally alkali treated ACFPF (OAACFPF) witnessed an increase in cellulose content by 17%. Single fiber tensile test perceived that OAACFPF enhanced tensile strength by 12.9% and x‐ray diffraction analysis depicts crystallinity index of OAACFPF improved by 14.2% compared with ACFPF. Also, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis endorsed partial removal of amorphous contents from fibers due to alkali treatment. In addition, alkali treatment has enhanced thermal stability of OAACFPF from 226°C to 235°C verified through Thermogravimetric analysis. Likewise, Differential scanning calorimetry analysis confirmed improvement in thermal degradation temperature of OAACFPF after alkali treatment. Moreover, the rougher surface of OAACFPF confirmed through scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy is due to partial removal of amorphous contents thus ensuing in good interfacial bonding characteristics with the matrix during reinforcement for bio‐composite fabrication. The above findings validated OAACFPF as a worthy substitute to harmful synthetic fibers for development of eco‐friendly and sustainable bio‐composites.

A New Host Record for <i>Leptocentrus taurus</i> and Extended Host Records for <i>Oxycarachis tarandus</i>

During August 2022, membracids were found on the aerial apical parts of amaltas (Cassia fistula L.) and cutch tree (Acacia catechu Willd). These were identified as Oxyrachis tarandus F. and Leptocentrus taurus F. (Hemiptera: Membracidae). These were observed to feed on the apical portions of stem, making them rough and woody and brown which gradually dried, and the apical leaves were shed off. This is the first report of A. catechu as a new host for L. taurus and C. fistula is an extended host for O. tarandus.

Effect of plant based diets and GK3 decoction in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Numerous interventional studies have indicated that plant-based diets offer medical advantages, particularly in regulating glycemic levels, for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nonetheless, there have been no clinical trials conducted in context of Nepal, where reliance on plant-based foods is more common than in Western societies. This study aims to compare the impact of plant-based diets along with decoction of Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), Katuki (Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora), Khadira (Acacia catechu) and Kakamachi (Solanum nigrum), termed as GK3 decoction in patients diagnosed with T2DM among Nepalese population. Materials and methods: Participants diagnosed with T2DM were intervened with plant based diets and GK3 decoction (n = 36) for a duration of 12 weeks. Glycosylated hemoglobulin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FBG), 2-h post-prandinal glucose (2-h PPG), complete blood count, lipid profile, renal function test, liver function test, c-reactive protein levels were measured at days 0, 30, and 120, with the primary study endpoint being the change in HbA1c levels over the 120 days. Results: There was a statistically significant decrease of HbA1C levels of the participants by 9.0 % after intervention of plant based diets with GK3 decoction at week 12. Likewise, there was a statistically significant decrease in FBG, 2-h PPG, diastolic blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hemoglobulin and red blood cell counts, but increase in triglyceride levels in the participants after the intervention at day 120 when compared with day 0. Conclusion: Plant based diets with GK3 decoction was found to be effective for glycemic control among T2DM patients. However, there was onset of anemia in the participants after the intervention. Hence, the plant based diets with GK3 decoction to manage T2DM could not be recommended and further randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm the study findings.

Utilization of Kattha (Acacia catechu) extracted wood chips in combination with PF (Phenol-Formaldehyde) resin as a binder to produce a medium-density particle board

Utilization of Kattha (Acacia catechu) extracted wood chips in combination with PF (Phenol-Formaldehyde) resin as a binder to produce a medium-density particle board

UV- shielding and antioxidant properties of chitosan film impregnated with Acacia catechu modified with calcium carbonate for food packaging

Acacia catechu contains polyphenolic compounds such as catechin and tannins, which exhibit antioxidant and antimicrobial properties that have the potential to be used in food packaging applications. In this study, chitosan-based (CH) antioxidant films were developed with the incorporation of calcium carbonate (CC) and Acacia catechu (CT). The films were fabricated by the solvent-casting method, and the effects of the different concentrations of Acacia catechu were analyzed. The physicomechanical, antioxidant, and UV shielding properties of the films were determined. The addition of Acacia catechu and calcium carbonate has significantly increased the tensile from 2.30 MPa to 4.95 MPa, respectively, for neat CH and CH/CC/CT-4 film. At the same time, there is a reduction in the elongation at break from 26.75 % in neat CH film to 12.11 % in CH/CC/CT-4 film. The CH/CC/CT-4 film has shown the highest ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of 0.440 mg Trolox/g dried weight of the film and 2,2 diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of 93.05 %. The UV transmittance of CH/CC/CT-4 film was 0.46 %, the lowest compared to the rest of the fabricated films. These active properties depict that CH/CC/CT-4 film has the potential to be utilized for the packaging of light and oxygen-sensitive food products.

Role of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in the Livelihood in Sahariya Tribal Economy of Shivpuri district Madhya Pradesh, India

This study examined the role of NTFPs in tribal economy of Shivpuri district Madhya Pradesh, India. A multi-stage random sampling technique was employed to select sample Saharia Tribal, local villagers and households for field survey. Data were collected through structured interviews and non-participant observations and commercialization of NTFPs are the main drivers for socioeconomic development, poverty reduction and livelihood security of the tribes in the area. In the presented study, mainly how non-timber forest products are obtained by Sahariya tribals under Shivpuri district and what things they get from the forest. The product found in the forests are able to improve their economic condition and livelihood by selling it in the local market. Many major products are obtained from forests by the tribal peoples found in and around Chatori Kala village under Shivpuri district, such as Mainly Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) leaf which is used for making beedis Industry, Imli (Tamarindus indica) is used for making wine Industry, Mahua (Madhuca indica) flowers is used in the beverage industry. Kher (Acacia catechu) is used in the Kaththa Industries and Bamboo (Bambusa indica) is used in the building material, apart from this brooms, baskets, fans as well as other product used in the house are also made from bamboo and Palash (Butea monosperma) which is found in dominant species in Shivpuri district, is used for preparing puja and havan material and its roots are used in making rope and leaves are used in Dona Pattal industry. For many years, some indigenous tribal people have been living within the forest and fully depending on the forest products for livelihood. Since it has become a protected area, there is banned on the collection of NTFPs. Forest department forcefully displaced some tribal people outside the forest, but still many tribal people are living within the forest and depending on the forest for their livelihood. This study has made an attempt to examine the Socio-economic role of NTFPs in the livelihood of Saharia tribal people in the Chitorikala village area of Shivpuri District in Madhya Pradesh. The study found that almost all tribal people in the study villages collect NTFPs illegally and sold in local markets. The NTFPs contribute highest income shares to total household income. As there is no restriction on the collection of leaves, Stem, Seed, Root, Fruit, wood etc. They earned highest income by selling various leaves but they walk 05 to 10 km and spend whole day to collect leaves, Root and Tuber and other products. As the livelihoods of the tribal people of these villages depend on NTFPs, the study suggests that there must have markets and proper price for these products. Government should provide some financial benefits to self-help groups allow people to set up paper plate or cup factory to avoid traders’ dominance.

Traditional Drugs Originating from Selected Medicinal Plants: An Intervention for Anaemia

Background: Anaemia is the most common disease that affects mostly females and children and is most prevalent in developing countries. Among various causes sickle cell anaemia is one of them, which is a cause of concern. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) causes problems like blockage of blood flow, causing pain, and fatigue and also leads to death. Objective: With the advancement in science, diseases that were once considered unable to cure can be stopped or prevented and, in some cases, also be cured. As current therapies for the treatment of sickle cell anaemia are limited, like blood transfusions, bone marrow transfusions, etc., a non-surgical method where plant extracts or compounds were found effective in stopping, preventing, and in some cases reversal of SCD. In this review, we tried to gather information about those plants and compounds. Method: Numerous surveys in the literature were performed to determine the plants which have shown their potential against SCD. Relevant peer-reviewed publications were searched through various databases such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, Research Gate, etc. Results: A total of more than 50 medicinal plants such as Acacia catechu, Alchornea cordifolia, Anchomanes difformis, Khayase negalensis, Terminalia catappa, etc., have been identified based on their potential against SCD, and 15 compounds such as Butylurea, Glyceraldehyde, Potassium cyanate, urea, etc., have also been identified which could work against SCD. These plants acting on sickle cell anemia on various pathways are also discussed. Conclusion: In this review, an approach was made to study those plants which have an effect against SCD, with proper mechanisms and compounds that show potency against this disease. So that better treatment options could be available for future generations.

Comparative analysis of the carbohydrate and glycoside contents in bark extracts from Acacia catechu

This study aimed to investigate and contrast the amounts of carbohydrates and glycosides in several Acacia catechu bark extracts. Using samples collected over the course of two consecutive years, if any, the research also looked at how the seasons affected the same in the samples. This included a comparative analysis of six extracts using ethanol, methanol, aqueous solution, acetone, chloroform, and benzene to determine whether or not they contained glycosidic and/or carbohydrate components. The study's findings showed that soluble sugars and glycosidic chemicals were present in the sample regardless of the solvent system or the time of year it was collected. On the other hand, it was observed that all sample extracts were starch-free. The foundation for more research and the physiological effects of the same for the use of native plants for therapeutic reasons may be provided by this preliminary study.

Catechu (Senegalia catechu) based oxygen scavenger for active food packaging: A sustainable alternative

For the first time, a novel oxygen scavenging system (OSS) based on Acacia catechu (AC) and calcium carbonate (CC) was developed, and its oxygen scavenging ability was evaluated. At day 0, the oxygen content in the sample vials was 20.9%, which decreased to 12.7% and 8.3% over 20 days at 25 °C and 60 °C, respectively. The effect of concentrations of both components was analyzed by comparing final oxygen values (%) for AC1-CC1 to AC5-CC1 and control samples. The highest reduction (%) was recorded in samples AC1-CC1, which had an equal mass of both components compared to all other samples stored at the same temperature. The developed OSS demonstrated an oxygen absorption capacity of 10 ± 1.13 mL O2/g and 15.56 ± 0.51 mL O2/g at 25 °C and 60 °C respectively, whereas the reported oxygen scavenging rate for the same is 0.5 ± 0.05 mL O2/(g day) and 0.77 ± 0.02 mL O2/(g day). The observed rate constant values increased with increasing temperature from 0.02113 to 0.02350 (h−1) at 25 °C and 60 °C. Therefore, the findings of the present study demonstrated that AC–CC–based OSS with moisture activation is a suitable natural alternative to chemical-based oxygen scavengers for long-term stored foods with a moderate to high susceptibility towards oxygen.