Acacia Nilotica Research Articles

English

Acacia nilotica is a medicinal plant used in Niger republic for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the A. nilotica pods collected from Niger republic. The phytochemical contents were examined by colorimetric methods. Antioxidant activity of the methanol extract was screened using DPPH, ABTS and H2O2 free radical scavenging inhibition assays. Cytotoxicity potential was assessed using the in vitro MTT assay. The phytochemical screening of the plant extract revealed the presence of higher amounts of total phenolic, flavonoid and condensed tannins in the extract. IC50 values for the scavenging of DPPH, ABTS and H2O2 were found lower though manifesting potential antiradical capacities. The extract showed no cytotoxicity against five different cell line models. Taken together, the present results suggested the therapeutic potential of the methanol extract of A. nilotica pods. Further studies to isolate and characterize the bioactive compounds and to investigate their possible cytotoxic effects in vivo are in view. Key words: Acacia nilotica, methanol extract, antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity potential, polyphenol contents.

Assessment of tannins extracts of Acacia nilotica ssp Adansonii pods and Azadirachta indica bark on leather processing

Despite the fact, world leather industries are built on chromium tannage system, there is a growing interest of metal free tannages (chrome). This is primarily owing to the rising demand for chromium free tanning in the leather industry. The goal of this research paper was to evaluate the influences of vegetable tannins materials on the retannage of leather, by using Acacia nilotica ssp Adansonia pods (hydrolysable tannins) and Azadirachta indica bark (condensed tannins), and estimating the absorption and physico-mechanical properties of leather. The results indicated that this system of free chromium tannage give us products with tear strength of 80 N/mm, tensile strength of 55.5 N/mm2, and elongation at break (75.3%). A vegetable re-tanning produced strong leather with durable properties. On other hand, vegetable pre-tanning (condensed tannins) probably stiffens the fiber network of collagen molecules, blocking the bigger molecules from diffusing into the fibers of collagen.

Assessment of tannins extracts of Acacia nilotica ssp Adansonii pods and Azadirachta indica bark on leather processing

Assessment of tannins extracts of Acacia nilotica ssp Adansonii pods and Azadirachta indica bark on leather processing

Diversity and ecological importance of plants in traditional agroforestry of Sudano-sahelian domain of Cameroon: case of Meri in the Mandara Mountains

Sudano-Sahelian domain is the poorest in biodiversity because of the climate which is unfavourable compared to the equatorial climate. The unsustainable agricultural practices associated with this climatic roughness are among the main factors of habitat destruction, hence the destruction of biodiversity in this phytogeographic environment. In order to valorize and conserve sudano-sahelian plant resources, a study was carried out in seasonal agrosystems in the Mandara Mountains. The Diversity and the floristic diversity were assessed. Inventories of woody plants were done in 16 plots (100 m x 100 m) grouped in 4 localities/villages. The circumference of the trunk of all the inventoried plants (circonference ≥ 10 cm) was measured. In total, 64 species grouped 45 genera and 27 families were inventoried. The highest FIV was obtained for Mimosaceae (FIV = 104.51) and Combretaceae (FIV = 51.22), the other families had FIV < 30. Diversities in the localities (Shannon index ranging from 2.82 to 2.86 bits) were lower than diversity in whole stand (Shannon index = 3.09 bits). Acacia albida (IVI = 53.52, RI = 6.25), Acacia nilotica (IVI = 9.18, RI = 18.75), Acacia seyal (IVI = 5.19, RI = 43.75), Anogeissus leiocarpus (IVI) = 41.82, RI = 0), Balanites aegyptiaca (IVI = 14.23, RI = 12.50), Diospyros mespiliformis (IVI = 9.91, RI = 37.50), Tamarindus indica (IVI = 16.35, RI = 12.5), and Ziziphus mauritiana (IVI = 9.52, RI = 31.25) were observed in all localities. There were considered as characteristics and represent the floristic background of the stand. Traditional agrosystems can be considered as tools for the conservation of wild species useful to local populations. It would be imperative to conserve in situ wild species, source of genetic diversity for their sustainable use.

Influence of Acacia concinna and Vachellia nilotica seed nanopowder on the properties of short Turkish hemp–reinforced epoxy composites

The study intends to examine the physical, mechanical, and moisture (water) absorption properties of Acacia concinna seed powder (ACSP) and Vachellia nilotica seed powder (VNSP) individually incorporated with short Turkish hemp (STH) natural fiber–reinforced composites (NFRCs) hybridized with epoxy matrix. ACSP and VNSP of size 30–40 nm were amalgamated with epoxy matrix in varying weight proportions (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 wt%), and the composite laminates were stacked manually followed by hydraulic compression molding. The fabricated NFRC nano-filled samples were tested for their density and void content, tensile, compression, flexural, and impact strengths along with hardness and water absorption characteristics. The incorporation of 7.5% ACSP and VNSP improved physicomechanical properties viz., 15.27% and 16.64% increase in the tensile strength, 16.39% and 16.41% increase in the flexural strength, 20.15% and 20.19% increase in the impact strength, 11.38% and 11.41% increase in the compressive strength, as well as 15.17% and 15.21% increase in the hardness, compared to non-filler composites. On the basis of the results acquired from various compositions of ACSP and VNSP, STH-based NFRCs were fabricated with the best proportion (7.5 wt%) of both the seed powders, and their physiomechanical properties were determined. The composites were analyzed using an atomic force microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope to determine their suitability for diverse applications. Using scanning electron microscopy, we analyzed the bonding nature at the fiber/matrix interface. On the basis of the results obtained, it was found that the combination of ACSP and VNSP improved the performance of the fabricated STH-based NFRCs. In addition, these composites had a higher moisture resistance, which might have implications for marine and automobile structural applications.

Multivariate discrimination of selected taxa of the Fabaceae family

Abstract. Abdulrahman MD. 2022. Multivariate discrimination of selected taxa of the Fabaceae family. Nusantara Bioscience 15: 227-232. Nigeria is among the most interesting and diversified countries globally regarding tropical vegetation and medicinal plants. The taxonomy of the Fabaceae family is not entirely clear, to organize species into manageable groups that are helpful for taxonomical, conservational, or pharmacognostic study. This study aimed to discriminate the leaves of Dialium guineense Willd., Detarium microcarpum Guill. & Perr, Tamarindus indica L, Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile, Abrus precatorius L., Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, Erythrina senegalensis DC. and Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. based on the mineral elements contents coupled with multivariate analysis. Three samples of each wild-growing species were collected. Unsupervised multivariate analysis using SIMCA-P (V.14.1, Umetrics Sweden) was employed. Five model groups were formed based on their mineral element contents. The species were fully discriminated along the PC1, accounting for 39.3% of the variation. Evidence from this study showed that a combination of mineral element analysis and chemometrics yielded a powerful classification method. Taxonomic identification of plants through biological research combined with chemometrics is an excellent method for preventing the adulteration or consumption of plants with excessive contents or harmful ingredients. However, a mix of molecular and developmental datasets is still necessary to explicitly examine their connections.

Phenolic composition of ten plants species used as ethnoveterinary medicines in Omusati and Kunene regions of Namibia.

The therapeutic benefits of phenolic compounds found in plants are well known. The purpose of this study was to determine the phenolic content of ten plant species used as ethnoveterinary treatments in Namibia's Omusati and Kunene regions. The plants of concern were Aloe esculenta, Fockea angustifolia, Boscia albitrunca, Combretum imberbe, Acacia nilotica, Colophospermum mopane, Acacia erioloba, Ziziphus mucronata, Ximenia americana, and Salvadora persica. An LC-MS approach was used to identify the compounds. To analyse high-resolution UPLC-UV/MS, a Waters Acquity ultra-performance liquid chromatograph (UPLC) with a photodiode array detector was connected to a Waters Synapt G2 quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MS). The current study identified a total of 29 phenolic compounds. Flavonoids (epicatechin, (-)-Epigallocatechin, and rutin,) were the most abundant, followed by 2R, 3S-Piscidic acid. Methylisocitric acid was found in all species investigated, with the highest quantities in A. esculenta and X. americana leaf extracts. There were differences in composition and quantity of phenolic compounds in aerial and ground sections between species. The overall findings of the present study would act as a standard for subsequent investigations into the pharmacological potentials of plants species utilized as ethnoveterinary remedies. Priority should be given to isolating, purifying, and defining the active compounds responsible for these plants' activity.

English

Acacia nilotica (Linn) is an important medicinal plant, found in Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent as well as in Sokoto State, Nigeria. It has been utilized to treat wounds and intestinal disorders among other uses. It has been estimated that nearly 6 million people suffer from chronic wounds worldwide. Even though several conventional drugs are known to increase healing in different kinds of injuries, most are complicated, expensive, and limited in activity. Hence, in this study the stem back crude methanolic extract of A. nilotica was evaluated for wound healing activity using the wound excision model. The plant's stem bark was extracted by maceration using distilled water and methanol to obtain a crude methanol extract (CME). The CME was screened phytochemically and prepared into ointment before subjecting to wound healing assay using the excision wound model in Wister albino rats. The results showed the presence of rich phenolic phytoconstituents, especially of tannins and saponins which were attributed to aid wound healing based on literature. Consequently, the wound healing activity of 10% CME was comparable significantly (P<0.05), to that of povidone-iodine (5% w/w), while that of 2.5 and 5% were less. The study demonstrated that topical application of CME hastens wound healing and thus provided proof of its folklore use for wound healing. Key words: Contraction, epithelisation, extract, phytoconstituents, povidone iodine, wound.

Elucidating the antifungal activity and mechanism of action of bioactive phytochemicals against fungal dermatitis isolates.

Dermatophytosis has been the most common cause of superficial fungal infections which invade the keratinized tissues of body such as nail, hair, and skin, respectively. Although these infections are treatable and many commercial drugs are available that can be applied topically (clotrimazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, miconazole, voriconazole) on the infected areas but they have very low efficacy and has high probability of relapse. To increase the efficacy of treatment, the patient receives supplementary oral medicines for prolong duration that leads to hepatotoxicity. Previously, it has been reported that some wild medicinal plants possess antifungal capacity due to the presence of bioactive molecules. In present study, these phytochemicals (viz. tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids) derived from three test plants [Acacia nilotica (babul), Catharanthus roseus (sadabahar) and Ricinus communis (Arandi)] are used as sources of direct medicinal agents to develop an antidermatophytic drug formulation against the clinical fungal isolates associated with affected population. The mechanism of their antifungal potential of partially purified phytochemicals were analyzed using agar well diffusion method, food inhibition assessment and DNA cleavage analysis. The data revealed that the alkaloids are the most potent component possessing antifungal property that is recommended to be used to formulate topical ointment for the dermatophytic infection after competent regulatory approvals. This can be used as promising source of alternative treatment approach and as a competent substitute for chemically synthesized hepatotoxic drugs that are available in market.

Comparing the efficacy of forage combinations with different hydrolysable and condensed tannin levels to improve production and lower methane emission in finisher lambs

For determining the efficiency of forage combinations with varying tannin levels in small ruminants, an experiment was conducted on 36 finisher Malpura lambs. Animals were divided into 3 groups (T1, T2 and T3) of 12 each and fed ad libitum complete feed blocks consisting 65, 30 and 5 parts concentrate, roughage and molasses, respectively.The roughages added were 15 parts Vigna sinensis hay and 15 parts Ziziphus nummularia leaves in T1, 15 parts Vigna sinensis hay and 15 parts Acacia nilotica leaves in T2, 15 parts Ziziphus nummularia leaves and 15 parts Acacia nilotica leaves in T3 feed blocks. The content of total tannin was 0.78, 2.37 and 2.9 (g/100 g dry matter) in feed blocks of T1, T2 and T3 group, respectively. Dry matter intake was reduced (P < 0.05) with increasing level of tannins in the diet. Nutrient digestibility and balance of nitrogen were higher in lambs of T2 group as compared to T3. However, total volatile fatty acid production and population of methanogens and protozoa were reduced in T2 and T3 groups than T1. Loss of metabolizable energy through methane was 3.1 and 1.8% lower in T2 and T3, respectively than T1 which subsequently resulted in higher (P < 0.05) microbial nitrogen synthesis in T2 and T3 groups. The average daily gain and feed conversion ratio was significantly improved in T2 and T3 groups as compared to T1. In Longissimus thoracis muscle, higher (P < 0.05) content of n-3 fatty acids was observed in T2 and T3 groups, whereas in adipose tissue lower (P < 0.05) content of saturated fatty acids and higher (P < 0.05) mono unsaturated fatty acids were found in T2 group. From the present findings it can be concluded that feeds blocks consisting Vigna sinensis hay and Acacia nilotica leaves with tannin level of 2.37% is most promising in terms of methane mitigation, higher microbial nitrogen synthesis and weight gain, improved feed conversion and enhanced functional carcass attributes in finisher lambs.

Nesting Biology and Ecology of a Resin Bee, Megachile cephalotes (Megachilidae: Hymenoptera).

We report the nesting biology and ecology of Megachile cephalotes Smith, 1853 for the first time in Pakistan. Wooden and bamboo trap nests were deployed at three different locations in Bahawalpur district, Pakistan, from January 2020 to May 2021. A total of 242 nests of M. cephalotes were occupied in all three locations with the maximum abundance in the Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies. Megachile cephalotes remained active from March to September (the spring and summer seasons). In a nest, females made 7-8 brood cells each having a length of 1.2-2.3 cm. Plant resin was used to construct cells and mud or animal dung to plug the nest entrance. A vestibular cell was also made between the outermost brood cell and the nest entrance that ranged from 1.4 to 2.5 cm in length. No intercalary cells were observed in the nests. The males took 65.3 days to become adults, while the females took 74.78 days. The sex ratio was significantly biased toward females in all three locations. Grewia asiatica was the predominant pollen grain species found in the brood cells. Megachile cephalotes were observed collecting resin from Acacia nilotica, Prosopis juliflora, and Moringa oleifera. Three cleptoparasites of this species were also recorded: Euaspis carbonaria, Coelioxys sp., and Anthrax sp. This study set up a background to encourage new studies on artificial nesting and provides tools for proper biodiversity management and conservation.

Enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, growth and yield of wheat through soil urea hydrolysis inhibition by Vachellia nilotica extract.

Soil urease inhibition slows down the urea hydrolysis and prolongs nitrogen (N) stay in soil, resulting in an increased N uptake by plants. Apart from several chemical urease inhibitors, the urease inhibition potential of plant extracts is rarely reported. In our previous study, the soil urease inhibition by Vachellia nilotica leaf extract was reported; however, its role in relation to growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under pot and field conditions remains unknown. The acetonic extracts of 10, 20, and 50g Vachellia nilotica leaves were given code names viz. Vn.Fl-10, Vn.Fl-20 and Vn.Fl-50, respectively, and coated on 100g of urea individually. The enhancements of growth (total number of tillers, number of productive tillers, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, and 1000-grains weight) and yield (biological yield, straw yield, and grain yield) parameters of wheat by Vn.Fl-20 and Vn.Fl-50 coated urea treatments were compared with uncoated urea in a pot experiment. The experiment indicated that the Vachellia nilotica extract coatings were effective at improving N persistence in soil, as reflected by increased grain and straw N concentrations as well as uptakes. The reproduction of the aforementioned results, at the half and full recommended dose of urea under field conditions, reconfirmed the effectiveness of Vachellia nillotica coatings. Moreover, the Vn.Fl-20 and Vn.Fl-50 coated urea, at the half as well as full recommended dose under field conditions, proved equally effective in terms of higher biological, straw, and grain yield, and grain N uptake. The increments in the total number of tillers, number of productive tillers, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, straw yield, grain yield, grain N concentration, grain N-, and straw N uptake along with nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) components, i.e. nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP), nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE), partial nitrogen balance (PNB), and nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) of wheat highlighted the superiority of Vn.Fl-20 coating over the hydroquinone (Hq) coating on urea at the full recommended dose under field conditions. Given the findings of this study, Vachellia nilotica leaf extract coating (Vn.Fl-20) can be used as a natural urease inhibitor to reduce urea hydrolysis and enhance wheat productivity.

A Comparative Antimicrobial Potential Of Camellia Sinensis And Vachellia Nilotica Formulation Based Mouthwash And Commercial Mouthwash

Background: Camellia sinensis (Green tea) has good antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and it is used for evasion of periodontal disease development. Microbial dysbiosis of oral microflora containing gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobic microorganisms and these organisms can bring about the advancement of cariogenic dental plaque on the teeth and commencement of dental caries. Green tea leaves contain a high convergence of fluorides, which contribute towards its cariostatic activity alongside different parts present in the tea. Vachellia nilotica (Babul) contains rich content of fiber and proteins. It has good antimicrobial activity. It is very helpful for treating mouth ulcers.&#x0D; Aims: To compare antimicrobial potential of Camellia sinensis and Vachellia nilotica herbal formulated mouthwash and commercial mouthwash.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: The plant extract was prepared with 1g dried green tea leaves and 1g powder of Babul mixed with 100ml distilled water and boiled for 10 minutes, at 60-80°C on a heating mantle. The extract was filtered using Whatman No.1 filter paper. Further the herbal formulation of Green tea and Babul and commercial mouthwash was subjected to determine the antimicrobial activity.&#x0D; Results: Antimicrobial activity of green tea extract and Babul formulated mouthwash has good Antibacterial activity as there is a high zone of inhibition in Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus aureus. Commercial mouthwash has good Antibacterial activity as there is a high zone of inhibition in Streptococcus mutans.&#x0D; Conclusions: Green tea and Babul herbal formulated mouthwash has good antimicrobial activity when compared to commercial mouthwash.

Phenolic profiles, antioxidant, antiquorum sensing, antibiofilm and enzyme inhibitory activities of selected Acacia species collected from Benin

Gum arabica is a local commercial nutraceutical and food preservative collected mostly from acacia plants. HPLC-DAD analysis identified gallic acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, coumarin, rutin and rosmarinic acid in hydroethanol extracts of all three acacia species with ferulic acid being the most abundant component in Acacia ataxacantha (45.25 ± 0.33 mg/g) Acacia sieberiana (130.3 ± 0.65 mg/g) and Acacia nilotica (125.50 ± 0.51 mg/g). Extracts displayed good antioxidant capacities in β-carotene-linoleic acid, DPPH•, ABTS•+, CUPRAC and metal chelating assays and extracts were more active than the standards used in the DPPH•, ABTS•+ and CUPRAC assays. Extracts inhibited violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum CV12472 at MIC and sub-MIC concentrations as well as quorum sensing in C. violaceum CV026 under externally supplied acylhomoserine lactone. The extracts showed antimicrobial activity with MIC values ranging from 0.1562 mg/mL to 2.5 mg/mL on Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Typhi, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans with excellent biofilm inhibition at MIC and sub-MIC concentrations especially against E. coli. Extracts showed inhibitions on some enzymes with A. Sieberiana and A. Nilotica having very good anticholinesterase, antidiabetic (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) and antiurease activities. The results indicate the relevance of acacia in food applications.

Chemical characterization and the effect of a polyherbal varnish coating on the preservation of Ayous wood (Triplochiton scleroxylon)

Research on the potential of natural substances to improve the durability and preservation of the physical properties of wood is nowadays an important concern. The objective of this work was to characterize and evaluate the effect of an ecological varnish formulated from Jatropha curcas seed oil and vegetable resins on the improvement of the resistance to biodeterioration agents (fungi and termites) and the preservation of the physical properties of Ayous wood. The varnish was formulated and characterized before being tested on Ayous wood. The properties of the formulated varnish (FV) were compared with those of a reference varnish (RV). The density of the FV was 0.99, while that of the RV was 1.6. FV showed better absorption (0.63) compared to 0.03 for RV, while the transmittance of RV was 94.5 % compared to 23.7 % for FV. The MALDI results showed that the FV contains oleic, linoleic, stearic, and palmitic acids probably from Jatropha curcas and unsaturated fatty acids from the resin of Aiélé (Canarium schweinfurthii, Engl.), such as 2-methyl-5-propan-2-yl cyclohexa-1,3-diene, 1-methyl-4-propan-2-yl cyclohexa-1,4-diene, (1 R,4 S,6 S)− 4,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [4.1.0] hept-2-ene. Catechin oligomers reacted with one molecule of 2-[(1 S)− 4-methyl cyclohex-3-en-1-yl]propan-2-ol were also detected, these derived from the reaction of the Vachellia nilotica tannin extract hardener with one of the main components of the Aiélé resin. Some resinite oligomers derived from the added rosin were also identified. All these significantly reduced the water absorption of the wood. The application of FV changed the color parameters of Ayous more than RV. RV showed a glossiness of 60GU (Glossines Unit), against 35GU for FV. According to ISO/CIE 11664–6 norm, Ayous wood was significantly protected against atmospheric aggression with ∆E * <4 after 4 months of exposure. All varnishes significantly protected the wood against all fungi tested with a mass loss of less than 5%. Finally, FV was more protective for Ayous wood against termites with a mass loss of 2 % against 40 % for RV. FV is an effective alternative for the preservation of Ayous wood and possibly other wood species.

Simultaneous effect of activated carbon and chlorophyll pigment from leaves of acacia nilotica on the enhancement of electron transfer in DSSC applications

A well-defined attempt has been made to confirm the impact of green dye with activated carbon on the performance of Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) compared to the natural red dye as sensitizer. Green dye from the leaf of Acacia Nilotica combined with the activated carbon derived from coconut Shell and red dye from beet root with activated carbon extracted using ethanol have been used to fabricate dye-sensitized solar cells. The pH of the extracts confirms the acidic nature of the dyes. The chlorophyll pigments in the green dye and activated carbon particles have pronounced effect for the efficiency of the solar cell. It is found that the solar cell with green dye and activated carbon has given an efficiency of 0.69% with fill factor, open circuit voltage and short circuit current density of 0.5361, 0.65 V and 2.0 mA cm−2. The red dye with activated carbon as sensitizer has given the efficiency of 0.504%. Analysis of the green dye with activated carbon in DSSC has proven the enhanced electron injection with low charge transfer resistance of 58 Ω and higher rate of reduction of redox couple I−/I3 −.

Antiviral Potentialities of Chemical Characterized Essential Oils of Acacia nilotica Bark and Fruits against Hepatitis A and Herpes Simplex Viruses: In Vitro, In Silico, and Molecular Dynamics Studies.

Acacia nilotica (synonym: Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H.Hurter and Mabb.) is considered an important plant of the family Fabaceae that is used in traditional medicine in many countries all over the world. In this work, the antiviral potentialities of the chemically characterized essential oils (EOs) obtained from the bark and fruits of A. nilotica were assessed in vitro against HAV, HSV1, and HSV2. Additionally, the in silico evaluation of the main compounds in both EOs was carried out against the two proteins, 3C protease of HAV and thymidine kinase (TK) of HSV. The chemical profiling of the bark EOs revealed the identification of 32 compounds with an abundance of di- (54.60%) and sesquiterpenes (39.81%). Stachene (48.34%), caryophyllene oxide (19.11%), and spathulenol (4.74%) represented the main identified constituents of bark EO. However, 26 components from fruit EO were assigned, with the majority of mono- (63.32%) and sesquiterpenes (34.91%), where trans-caryophyllene (36.95%), Z-anethole (22.87%), and γ-terpinene (7.35%) represented the majors. The maximum non-toxic concentration (MNTC) of the bark and fruits EOs was found at 500 and 1000 µg/mL, respectively. Using the MTT assay, the bark EO exhibited moderate antiviral activity with effects of 47.26% and 35.98% and a selectivity index (SI) of 2.3 and 1.6 against HAV and HSV1, respectively. However, weak activity was observed via the fruits EO with respective SI values of 3.8, 5.7, and 1.6 against HAV, HSV1, and HSV2. The in silico results exhibited that caryophyllene oxide and spathulenol (the main bark EO constituents) showed the best affinities (ΔG = -5.62, -5.33, -6.90, and -6.76 kcal/mol) for 3C protease and TK, respectively. While caryophyllene (the major fruit EO component) revealed promising binding capabilities against both proteins (ΔG = -5.31, -6.58 kcal/mol, respectively). The molecular dynamics simulation results revealed that caryophyllene oxide has the most positive van der Waals energy interaction with 3C protease and TK with significant binding free energies. Although these findings supported the antiviral potentialities of the EOs, especially bark EO, the in vivo assessment should be tested in the intraoral examination for these EOs and/or their main constituents.

&lt;i&gt;Acacia nilotica &lt;/i&gt;- A Mild Steel Corrosion Inhibitor in Sulphuric Acid Medium

Plant extracts have become an essential renewable resource and eco-friendly for many applications by using corrosion inhibition. In this study, the inhibitive activity of water concentrates of the Acacia nilotica with 0.5M H2SO4 stock solution at different concentrations, was studied using the Gravimetric Method. To know the improved impact on the consumption of mild steel, extracts of the plant were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM confirmed the formation of a protective layer on the surface of mild steel. Different techniques like UV-Visible and weight-loss analysis were studied to detect the organic natural compounds in the extract. Langmuir isotherm was fitted well for this study with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.999.

Carbon Sequestration Potential of Roadside Trees in Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Trees along roadside play an important role in climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration. Vehicular pollution is not only responsible for environmental degradation but also cause various health issues to inhabitants resides in the vicinity of such roads. Present study was conducted to observe the role of trees grown along roadside and their underneath soil are efficient in carbon storage at four different sites of Multan city, Punjab, Pakistan. Four sites covering whole Multan city were chosen namely Khaniwal road (S1); Nangshah road (S2); Shujaabad road (S3). and Boson road (S4). The most abundant of the tree species viz-a-viz, Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus camadulensis and Vachellia nilotica were sampled having 10 trees across 04 sites and measured for their diameter and height, whereas, underneath each tree soil samples were extracted at two depths viz., (0-20) (20-40) were recorded during the field visit. The study calculated biomass using allometric equations while soil organic carbon and organic carbon was assessed using Walkely Black method. Although species have different height and diameter, hence, their sequestration rate was also different. Data revealed that in all four sites the carbon sequestration rate remained higher in E. camaldulensis for biomass (Above ground, Belowground and total biomass), carbon and soil organic carbon estimation. as compared to D.sissoo and V. nilotica at all four sites. This research concluded that E. camaldulensis species may be be planted along the roadside due to its higher carbon sequestration rate in maintaining health roadside ecosystem.

Bioactives and Pharmacology of Acacia Nilotica: A Review

This review article aims to provide details on the primary phytochemicals found in Acacia and its numerous pharmacological activities. For those working on the creation of new pharmaceutical products, this review is helpful.