AC Voltage Research Articles

Single-Phase Induction Motor Control Panel

Abstract: This research paper presents the design and implementation of a Single Phase Induction Motor Control Panel using Arduino technology. The control panel integrates various components such as connecting wire, DP Pole MCB, connector, AC voltage sensor, current sensor, power supply sensor, Arduino Uno, temperature sensor, and float sensor. The Arduino serves as the central control unit of the panel, enabling precise measurement and control of voltage, current, and temperature. The panel is designed for portability and ease of use, making it suitable for educational purposes and practical experiments in motor control applications.

Screening of single nucleotide polymorphism in matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and tetraspanin CD63 genes in Chlamydia trachomatis-infected tubal ectopic pregnancy patients.

Tubal ectopic pregnancy (EP) is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Studies have suggested that infection-induced inflammatory responses are major risk factors for EP. The aim of the present study was to find an association between MMP2 and CD63 gene variants and risk of EP during Chlamydia trachomatis infection in an Indian population. Fallopian tube samples of 120 EP and 120 tubal ligation women were collected. C. trachomatis was detected by PCR. The genotyping of MMP2 (rs17859882 G/T, rs7201A/C) and CD63(rs2231464 C/T, rs376086542 A/G) gene variants was done by qualitative real-time PCR using allelic discrimination method (VIC- and FAM-labeled). The frequency of GG or GT genotype of MMP2 G/T polymorphism (rs17859882) was 66.6% in infected EP and 36.7% in uninfected EP and 22% in tubal ligation controls (P < 0.0001), while the frequency of AC or CC genotype of MMP2 A/C polymorphism (rs7201) was 66.6% in infected EP and 20.6% in uninfected EP and 13.5% in tubal ligation controls (P < 0.0001). The frequency of CT or TT genotype of CD63 C/T polymorphism (rs2231464) was 74% in infected EP and 21.8% in uninfected EP and 11.8% tubal ligation controls (P < 0.0001), while the frequency of AG or GG genotype of CD63 A/G polymorphism (rs376086542) was 48.1% in infected EP and 41.3% in uninfected EP and 18.6% tubal ligation controls (P < 0.0001). The present study revealed a strong association between the presence of gene variants MMP2 (rs17859882 G/T, rs7201A/C) and CD63 (rs2231464 C/T, rs376086542 A/G) and risk of tubal EP during C. trachomatis infection.

Design of A GaN Based High Frequency Inverter for Electrosurgery

Electrosurgery performs cutting and coagulation procedures using high energy and high frequency electric current. It reduces bleeding during surgical interventions, shortens the operation time and accelerates the healing process. In this study, a GaN based high frequency full bridge class DE resonant inverter design is proposed for use in electrosurgery. The proposed inverter provides AC voltage at high frequencies and the switches operate with ZVS (Zero Voltage Switching) at low voltage stress. In addition, the use of GaN elements provides high efficiency and high-power density. The operating frequency is selected as 500 kHz for three different cutting modes of electrosurgery. After the technical analysis and simulation studies of the high frequency class DE resonant inverter, an experimental setup was designed and implemented in a laboratory environment. The efficiency performance over a variable load range is analysed. Finally, pure cutting, blend and coagulation modes are tested on the different loads, potato - chicken breast - liver, simulating real tissue. On the potato load for pure cutting mode, the output voltage is 39.9 V and the output current is 0.7 A while an efficiency of 35%.

Neuro-fuzzy-SVPWM switched-inductor-capacitor-based boost inverter for grid-tied fuel cell power generators, design and implementation

Hydrogen energy shows promise as a renewable energy source for various applications like battery and electric vehicle charging stations, as well as grid connections. However, high current ripple from fuel cells (FCs) and inadequate voltages for grid use pose challenges. This study presents a novel solution using neural fuzzy network control in a high-gain DC-DC boost converter to address these issues. The suggested converter charges in parallel and discharges in series, minimizing the current ripple range in the fuel cell network. Additionally, the switch-capacitor cell efficiently increases the output voltage.In this study, a Neuro-fuzzy system with 9 rules is trained meticulously over 50 epochs using hybrid optimization and grid partition methods, achieving a low training error of 0.045 with 522,064 samples. The neural fuzzy network, employing the weighted average method for Defuzzification, produces duty cycle values from 0.02 to 0.5 in response to input signals. Additionally, an innovative Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) approach within the inverter circuit enhances voltage generation precision and power quality for grid delivery, notably reducing current ripple and ensuring stable power supply. This combined with the neural fuzzy network in the converter efficiently converts hydrogen energy into AC voltage for seamless grid integration, revolutionizing boost converter efficiency and advancing hydrogen energy utilization across various energy sectors.

A Control Strategy for Achieving Constant Voltage Output with an Extensive ZVS Operating Range in Bidirectional Wireless EV Charging Systems

Variations in the coupling coefficient of loosely coupled transformers and dynamic loads have a significant impact on the overall performance of bidirectional inductive power transfer (BIPT) systems. However, a wide range of load and coupling coefficient variations are common in the actual charging process, which may cause the converter on both sides to operate in a hard switching state, resulting in switching noise, reduced efficiency, and potential safety concerns. In this paper, a triple-phase-shift control (TPSC) strategy is proposed to study the zero-voltage switching (ZVS) operating range and constant-voltage output (CVO) characteristics of the double-side-LCC (DS-LCC) topology. To ensure a CVO over the wide range of coupling coefficient variations, a dual-phase-shift control is introduced for AC voltage matching. Based on this, the third phase-shift angle control between the converters on both sides is introduced to ensure the ZVS realization. Meanwhile, the time-domain model is developed to analyze the rationality of the proposed third phase-shift angle and the ZVS operating range. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed TPSC strategy is validated through a 1.5 kW experimental prototype with an air gap of 100–150 mm.

Generation of Power from Footpath Using IOT

The present scenario, the requirement for energy has been increasing in a distressing rate and the availability of the energy resources are not abundant for sustainable development and the need of the hour is to establish an economical pollution free inexhaustible energy resource to compensate the increasing demands. Since, walking is the most common activity in human day to day life, whenever a person walks, he exhausts energy to the ground which goes as a waste. In order to preserve and make use of this energy we are converting it into electrical energy using piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectric effect is utilized by piezoelectric sensor producing output energy in the form of AC voltage. To produce energy in a large extent, in this model implementation of the piezoelectric sensor network along the footpath is carried out which is given to the lane of streetlights along with it the smart shoe is implemented for a small production that consists GPS tracking. In this proposed work model, GPS tracking has been added and also streetlights switching technique comparing with existing model

Experimental evaluation of virtual synchronous generators with high regulation performance to enhance AC–DC grid interconnections

In the recent years there has been a significant increase in the interest surrounding the interconnection of AC and DC networks due to its potential to improve the power systems reliability. Despite the potential advantages, however, the AC and DC grid coexistence can pose challenges if not appropriately managed. In this scenario, this paper presents an enhanced control scheme enabling the use of Virtual Synchronous Generators (VSGs) as elements of interconnection between AC and DC networks. The proposed solution enables VSG operation with both fast dynamics for DC voltage regulation and slow dynamics for AC inertia emulation. This approach accommodates the contrasting requirements arising from the distinct mechanisms of DC voltage regulation and AC frequency regulation. Simulation and experimental results obtained with a 8 kVA three-phase converter prototype are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed technique and prove its better performances with respect to the solutions currently presented in literature.

Osteoprotegerin gene polymorphisms in postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis

Aim – to investigate the associations of rs3134069, rs4355801 and rs3102735 polymorphisms in the TNFRSF11B gene with knee osteoarthritis in postmenopausal women.&#x0D; Material and methods. 483 postmenopausal women were examined, including 157 patients with knee osteoarthritis. The remaining 326 women had no signs of joint disease and formed the control group. All examined women were tested using real-time polymerase chain reaction for single nucleotide polymorphisms rs3134069, rs4355801 and rs3102735 in the TNFRSF11B gene.&#x0D; Results. It was found that genotypes distribution of polymorphisms rs3134069, rs4355801 and rs3102735 in the TNFRSF11B gene in the total group of examined women (n=483) corresponded to the Hardy-Weinberg law (p0,05). Analysis of the polymorphic variants frequency in the TNFRSF11B gene revealed an increased frequency of AC or CC genotypes of rs3134069 polymorphism in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OR=1,91; 95% CI: 1,10–3,32; p=0,030). Also, among patients with osteoarthritis, the allele C registration frequency of the above polymorphism was increased (OR=1,78; 95% CI: 1,06–2,99; p=0,040). For two other studied polymorphisms in the TNFRSF11B gene (rs4355801 and rs3102735) no association with knee osteoarthritis was found (p0,05).&#x0D; Conclusion. The increased frequency of genotypes AC or CC registration, as well as allele C of rs3134069 polymorphism in the TNFRSF11B gene in postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis indicates the important role of TNFRSF11B gene mutations in the osteoarthritis development and progression. Further research in this direction is of great interest both for a deeper understanding of the disease pathogenesis and for the development of personalized approach criteria in the prevention and treatment of knee osteoarthritis in postmenopausal women.

Grafting of voltage stabilizer onto EPDM surface and its inhibition effect on the breakdown of EPDM/XLPE interface

Surface discharge on the EPDM/XLPE interface is threatening the safe operation of power cable system and limiting the further improvement of its voltage level. To improve the electrical strength of EPDM/XLPE interface, the surface of EPDM was modified by grafting of voltage stabilizer 4-allyloxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone (AOHBP) based on liquid-phase impregnation and subsequent free radical grafting reaction thermally initiated by DCP. EPDM samples were modified by mixed reagents of DCP and AOHBP with different mass ratios of 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4, respectively. The SEM observation and XRD analysis results indicate that the crystals of AOHBP with a uniform distribution are covered on the surface of EPDM during the sample preparation process and then dissolved after extraction by acetone. The FTIR and ATR results show that the AOHBP molecules are successfully grafted onto the surface of EPDM samples, but there remain a lot of ungrafted reagent molecules on the surface of EPDM before solvent extraction. The grafting rate of AOHBP increases with the proportion of DCP in the mixed reagents. As for the unextracted modified EPDM samples, both the AC and DC breakdown voltage of the EPDM/XLPE interface are increased compared with pure EPDM, and further increased after the ungrafted molecules are extracted because the effect of voltage stabilizer on scavenging high-energy electrons is more efficiently utilized at a smoother interface. The interface breakdown voltage of the sample modified with 1:2 mass ratio of DCP/AOHBP mixed solution is the highest because of its highest grafting rate of voltage stabilizer. This work has proposed a new technical path to improve the electrical aging resistance of polymer insulating surface.

NÂNG CAO CHẤT LƯỢNG ĐIỆN ÁP RA NGHỊCH LƯU CẦU H NHỜ GIẢM TỔNG LƯỢNG SÓNG HÀI BẰNG CÁCH THAY ĐỔI THỜI GIAN PHÂN BỐ TRẠNG THÁI ĐIỆN ÁP 0 VÀ KHÁC 0

This article proposes a plan to improve the quality of the output AC voltage of the H-bridge inverter based on the change of the law of distribution of zero and non-zero voltage states of the inverter when controlling the H-bridge inverter. The results were surveyed, analyzed, compared, and evaluated by simulation model on Matlab-Simulink software. In which the fundamental harmonic level index and the total harmonic distortion (THD) are used to compare, analyze and evaluate the quality of H-bridge inverter output voltages in different switching modes such as pulse width modulation according to sine law (sinPWM), pulse width adjustment (SIR) and the proposed improved pulse width modulation law. The results show that the H-bridge inverter output voltage form with improved sequential switching law gives better quality than the original. This result has practical significance in the research and design of power conversion circuits for AC power transmission systems.

Electrical discharge reproduction in rod-barrier-plane system

The present paper deals with new modeling to reproduce the electric discharge in the rod-plane air gap system with rubber insulating barrier under AC and impulse voltage. This model considers the randomness character of discharge evolution which is governed by the electric field. The discharges shape obtained by this model are compared with ones given by experimental tests. The established model reproduces correctly the forms of discharges obtained by experimental tests under AC voltage. It is found that the behavior of the electrical discharge depends not only on the dimension (thickness and width) of the insulating barriers but on its positions in the air gap as well. It is to highlight that the mode of applied voltage is of key importance barrier. Experimental investigation shows that the developed arc can evolve on 1 to 4 channels. The generated discharges in AC voltage distinguish by the formation of a multiple-channel arc. Whereas, the discharge under lightning impulse voltage found to progress in a single channel whatever the barrier position and dimensions. The model confirms that electric field is the most important factor in the behavior of the rod-insulating barrier-plane system submitted to high voltage.

Investigating antitumor therapeutic efficacy using magnetic hyperthermia of Fe3O4 nanoparticles

Four sets of Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized using a one-pot hydrothermal method using ethylene glycol (EG) and water reaction mixture. The EG coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized using XRD (X-ray diffraction) and DLS (dynamic light scattering). The nanoparticles hydrodynamic sizes are in the range 60-100 nm and showed good dispersibility in water and cellular medium without any aggregation. The specific absorption rate (SAR) under an alternating magnetic field (AMF) was measured to evaluate the magneto hyperthermic effect of the nanoparticles under field amplitudes of 51.85, 43.87, 35.89, and 27.92 kA/m and field frequencies in the range 384.5-167.30 kHz. The nanoparticles synthesized using 30% EG showed the highest SAR value of 372.95 W/g, whereas the particles synthesized using 70% EG showed a SAR value of 217.12 W/g. SAR values show a linear dependency on the AC frequency whereas the field amplitude displayed a nonlinear effect on the SAR. Breast cancer cells (MDA) treated with the nanoparticles for 30 minutes under an AMF of frequency of 384.5 kHz and strength of 24.67 kA/m showed a 50% decrease in cell viability. The cellular viability further decreased to 25% after 24 h treatment under the AMF which is remarkable for the therapeutic application of the nanoparticles. The apoptotic cell death showed a dependency on the AMF frequency and strength combinations.

Understanding the Surface Discharge Activity With Nano Oil-Pressboard Insulation Under AC and Lightning Impulse Voltages

Understanding the Surface Discharge Activity With Nano Oil-Pressboard Insulation Under AC and Lightning Impulse Voltages

Feasibility Study of Three-Phase Modular Converter for Dual-Purpose Application in DC and AC Microgrids

The modern concept of a universal converter is intended as a power converter suitable for application in both dc or ac grids using the same external connectors. This novel family was recently proposed to allow an easier integration of renewable energy sources and energy storage systems, interfacing with dc/ac grids and/or loads with a minimum redundancy of power switches and passive elements. This kind of solution and applications are expected to be a reality in the nearest decade, as ac and dc low voltage distribution networks will coexist. Nevertheless, the initial solutions proposed as universal converter were focused on ac single-phase power conversion systems. In this sense, this article proposes and describes a new member of the universal converter family suitable for dc to dc and dc to ac power conversion (both in three-phase three-wire and in three-phase four-wire). The proposed power topology is derived as a modular extension from the single buck-boost bidirectional cell. Its main operation modes (buck and boost) are discussed, and a pulse-width-modulation technique is developed to generate the corresponding switching patterns. The proposed solution is successfully validated in open-loop mode both in simulation and experimentally with a laboratory prototype. The measured efficiency of the power converter was above 97% in the dc to ac mode and around 99% in the dc to dc mode.

Influence of AC and DC Composite Voltage on Positive Streamer Discharge

Influence of AC and DC Composite Voltage on Positive Streamer Discharge

The design of a linear voltage divider based on metal oxide arresters.

In recent years, linearization technology for nonlinear devices has become a hot topic in many fields. In this study, a linear voltage divider based on metal oxide arresters was designed by combining linearization technology and electrical measurement technology to solve the objective problems of online voltage monitoring. These problems include high difficulty in equipment installation, low measurement accuracy, and poor economic benefits. Based on a summary of linearization theory, the sufficient and necessary conditions for the linearization of the voltage divider were deduced in detail. The relevant circuit simulations were conducted, along with voltage divider experiments under power frequency AC voltage, operating overvoltage, and lightning overvoltage. The results revealed that the voltage divider was able to realize linearized measurements and meet the relevant standards of online voltage monitoring. The measurement errors were concentrated in the transition region between the pre-breakdown region (small current region) and the breakdown region (nonlinear region) in the volt-ampere characteristic curve. The main influencing factor of errors was the consistency of the nonlinear characteristics of the high- and low-voltage arms of the voltage divider. The voltage divider designed in this study can be applied in many scenarios, such as power plants, substations, high-voltage electrical equipment manufacturing plants, and high-voltage laboratories.

Harmonics mitigation technique for asymmetrical multilevel inverter fed by photovoltaic sources

A multilevel inverter is an electrical device that converts a DC voltage into a higher AC voltage by generating a stepped waveform with several voltage levels. Unlike traditional inverters that produce a square wave or a pulse-width modulated (PWM) waveform with only two voltage levels, multilevel inverters can generate waveforms with three or more levels, resulting in reduced harmonic distortion, improved efficiency, and decreased electromagnetic interference. The design and control of multilevel inverters are active research areas that aim to enhance their performance, reliability, and scalability. In this research, a 31-level asymmetric cascaded multilevel inverter is suggested. The proposed multilevel inverter (MLI) system employs four photovoltaic cells as dc sources with structure of (1:2:4:8) Vdc. The system is modeled by MATLAB/Simulink and total harmonic distortion (THD) values of the output voltage and current are 1.106% for resistive load, and 1.35% and 0.403% for inductive load. These outcomes demonstrate the recommended circuit's efficacy and demonstrate its suitability for medium- and high-power applications.

Cost optimization of oil type distribution transformer using multi-objective genetic algorithm

The demand for electrical energy is increasing day by day with the development of technology in the world. Distributing electric energy to all regions that need energy is a principal issue, and this necessitates the use of transformers to convert the voltage to the desired level. Accordingly, the use of transformers, one of the electrical devices converting AC voltage level at a defined frequency has grown significantly. In this study, design parameters of a 25 kVA, 33/0.4 kV, Yzn11, oil-type distribution transformer are optimized using the Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) technique by decreasing the weight of the significant materials and manufacturing cost. Electromagnetic analysis of the transformer is performed with ANSYS Maxwell based on the design results obtained from the optimization study for validation of the method. The experimental design parameters are also compared with the optimization results. It is observed that optimum results are achieved by using the proposed approach.

Interferometric characterization of high-frequency piezoelectric effects in hydroxyapatite thin films

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) qualities such as biocompatibility and piezoelectricity make it an excellent material for biomedical applications. Here, HAp thin film samples were fabricated onto silica substrates to study their piezoelectric behavior with optical interference. Thin solid films were deposited using previously synthesized HAp powder, sol-gel, and spin-coating techniques. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, Raman, and UV-Vis spectroscopies. The statical piezoelectric effect of the samples was studied by using a finite element method and computational software. Additionally, an experimental Bode analysis allows computing the internal electrical components of the films using high-frequency AC voltage. The electrical behavior is related to the equivalent circuit of a piezoelectric crystal, which indicates the range of frequencies where the electromechanical effect is maximum. A Sagnac interferometer was used to characterize the strain in the HAp as a function of the electrical input frequency. The displacement of the interferometric fringe pattern allows us to estimate the change in the thickness of the sample and compute the piezoelectric constant. The synthesis of HAp thin films with piezoelectric properties provides an effective way to produce sensors and actuators for technological applications.

PENGARUH VARIABEL CELAH UDARA TERHADAP FLUKS MAGNET PADA GENERATOR PERMANEN MAGNETIK AXIAL FLUKS

Generators that use permanent magnets do not require initial excitation to produce voltage. where the generator design is an axial flux type using a ceramic type permanent magnet (NdFeB), and uses two flanking stator rotors. For electricity use, the AC voltage is changed to DC voltage using a rectifier for charging the accumulator. The air gap in an axialflux generator is the distance between the rotor and stator. The air gap is also a place for the magnetic field to move through the coils in the stator which ultimately produces a magnetic flux value which will influence the amount of induced voltage produced. The faster the rotation produced, the greater the voltage produced, but the frequency value will also increase, so that this generator is only limited to 400 rpm rotation, at a frequency value of 50 Hz, producing an effective voltage of ± 22 V with an air gap distance ( δ) is 2 mm, the frequency measurement has an error of 10-20 Hz and an error percentage of 5-10%, with the results of the induced current measurement having the same voltage