AC Voltage Sensors Research Articles

Single-Phase Induction Motor Control Panel

Abstract: This research paper presents the design and implementation of a Single Phase Induction Motor Control Panel using Arduino technology. The control panel integrates various components such as connecting wire, DP Pole MCB, connector, AC voltage sensor, current sensor, power supply sensor, Arduino Uno, temperature sensor, and float sensor. The Arduino serves as the central control unit of the panel, enabling precise measurement and control of voltage, current, and temperature. The panel is designed for portability and ease of use, making it suitable for educational purposes and practical experiments in motor control applications.

Development of an Arduino-Based Monitoring System for Pico-Hydro Power Plants

One of the problems faced by people in remote areas is the unavailability of infrastructure for power distribution. The available rivers can be used to generate electrical energy. The developed systems must be inexpensive, easy to operate and reliable. It should be equipped with a monitoring system to display the output. This study aims to develop a pico-hydro power plant and its monitoring system to meet the power needs in remote areas. The power plant consists of a small turbine, a generator, a battery charger, and a battery while the monitoring system consists of a current sensor, voltage sensor, Arduino Nano, and a display. The system was tested in the laboratory and the river. The test of the DC voltage sensor, AC voltage sensor, and DC current sensor produces errors of 1.88%, 5.24%, and 1.25% respectively. The no-load test shows that the system generates a voltage of 12.77 - 16.6 VDC and 224 - 245 VAC when rotated at 696 - 1363 RPM. When loaded, the system generates voltages of 12 - 12.8 VDC and 225 - 247 VAC when rotated at 1332 - 1564 RPM. The developed system can be used by people in remote areas to meet their power needs.

Mode Predictive Direct Power Control Scheme with Fixed Operation Frequency for a Vienna Rectifier Based on Voltage‐Sensorless

Model predictive direct power control (MPDPC) is a suitable method for the highly nonlinear system of a three‐level Vienna rectifier. However, the traditional MPDPC suffers from irregular switching states, which can decrease current tracking accuracy and generate high current ripple and electromagnetic noise. Additionally, the use of sensors can increase system hardware costs and complexity. To enhance operational reliability and reduce the fault impact of AC voltage sensors, a double closed‐loop control strategy based on voltage‐sensorless MPDPC in the inner loop and sliding mode control (SMC) in the outer loop is proposed. First, the virtual flux model of the three‐phase Vienna rectifier is established in the two‐phase static coordinate system, and the second‐order low‐pass filter is used to improve the voltage observer to estimate the grid‐voltage. Meanwhile, an improved grid voltage observer based on the second‐order low‐pass filter is designed to improve the observation effect. Second, to solve the variable switching operation, current fluctuation and wide harmonic spectrum caused by the traditional MPDPC effectively, a double closed‐loop control strategy with constant switching frequency based on voltage‐sensorless MPDPC in the inner loop and SMC control in the outer loop is proposed. Based on the principle of SVPWM modulation, the modulation voltage of SVPWM is calculated directly, in order to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis, extensive simulation and matching experimental is presented to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis. © 2023 The Authors. IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering published by Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Design of an Economical Intelligent Frequency Meter

Abstract: Vigilantly monitoring the energy consumption of electrical appliances is a crucial aspect of effectively controlling energy usage and expenditures, hence optimizing financial and temporal resources. The utilization of electrical devices can result in various modifications to the characteristics of an electrical power source. Various aspects of an electrical power source undergo modifications when employed for the purpose of powering devices. There have been alterations in the items that necessitate documentation beside the cumulative measurement of meters. This paper discusses the design and implementation of an Arduino-based frequency meter specifically tailored for the measurement of frequency in a three-phase synchronous generator. Additionally, this method was employed to identify instances of malfunction in a three-phase alternating current generator, encompassing both low and high frequencies. The frequency meter that was suggested displayed the measured parameters and the protection condition of each data point directly on the liquid crystal display (LCD) screen. Additionally, a USB cable was employed to facilitate the printing of the Arduino software program in serial mode on a personal computer. A smart monitoring system was developed for various working circumstances using a Bluetooth module. The ZMPT101b AC voltage sensor has been utilized in conjunction with the frequency meter. The frequency was determined by analyzing the signal obtained from the AC voltage sensor, without the need for additional equipment such as a zero crossing detector.

Observer based model predictive current control of distorted grid connected single phase rectifier without AC voltage sensor

In this research, a grid voltage sensorless control scheme under the distorted grid voltage condition for a single-phase rectifier was proposed. For eliminating the grid voltage sensor, a time-varying state observer was designed, which provided direct, accurate, and fast estimation of the grid voltage without subsequent complex calculations, even for the presence of harmonics, a DC component, and frequency fluctuations, and it was implemented in the digital processor through Forward Euler discretization. In addition, the aforementioned observer would be partially reused in another observer to modify the input of the PI controller and then reduce the total harmonic distortion of the input current. To warrant robustness for the real world, the proposed observers were investigated in detail for load resistance variations and grid voltage fluctuations. Several simulations and experimentation tests were conducted to verify the effectiveness of proposed scheme. The obtained results indicated that the proposed observers had fast dynamic responses and low estimation errors. The proposed scheme decreased the THD of the input current.

Web-based low–cost rooftop solar power plant for household application

The global warming issue has been resolved through Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agreed upon by the world. One of the SDGs is affordable and clean energy. Green energy, such as solar energy, is a solution to realize it. Solar energy has massive potential as renewable energy in tropical countries. On the one side, solar energy is an excellent renewable energy. On the other side, solar energy has a low maturity level of technology. It is proven by the extravagant investment cost of building a solar power plant. Indonesia has an investment cost of up to 1200 USD per kWh, which is unsuitable for household applications. This investment cost will continue to be higher when it uses an IoT system for monitoring or managing the solar power plant. The low-cost solar power plant was designed using a hybrid system to reduce the investment cost. The industrial standard components include ACS712 as a current sensor, ZMPT101B as an AC voltage sensor, and ESP32 as a data processor and IoT module. The Blynk platform, connected to ESP32, is a web-based monitoring system. The success parameter consists of the DC voltage and current from battery and solar panel, AC voltage and current from single phase inverter. The low-cost solar power plant is designed in a 1.92 kWh battery pack with 1 kWh of AC continuous output power with total investment cost 1080 USD. The proposed solar power plant design decreases an investment cost by 14.29% up to 50.00 % per kWh.

Blynk 2.0 based Smart Electricity Monitoring Meter

Abstract: Electricity is one of the basic needs of this society. Currently we have to go nearby the conventional meter and note the electricity consumption which is a tedious task when bill payer is in distant place. Thus, to automate this process IOT takes place which can save time by automating remote data collection. This paper gives the development of a cost-effective NodeMcu based smart electricity which includes the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The NodeMcu board is employed element to coordinate the activities of the device and a Blynk server acting as a central server receiving all the data sent by the created system. Other components like AC voltage sensor (ZMPT101B), AC current sensor (SCT-013-030), LCD display which helps the user to read the values instantly from system and other RLC elements are used to measure the required quantities. Also, this paper has open source IOT server called Blynk 2.0 which is an analytic platform which can access the cloud and enables the user to live monitor the status of the meter using both Website and application.

Realtime Monitoring Design of Solar Cell Power Plant Based on IoT

Solar panels are electricity generators by utilize sunlight. Monitoring of electrical energy produced by solar cells is needed by consumers to find out how much power is produced. Previously, monitoring was done by looking at the voltmeter and ampere meter indications. This study was designed a prototype to monitor current, voltage, and light intensity through the Arduino Uno-based internet network. For the solar system panels, AC and DC current and voltage sensors are used, as well as calibrated light sensors, then a data transmission system integrated into the Blynk application, designing an Arduino Uno microcontroller-based system with the Blynk application on a Smartphone via a wi-fi communication module (esp8266). Parameters DC current and connection, AC current and connection. The highest light intensity is obtained at PLTS when exposed to sunlight and load at 02:30 and the lowest is at 09:30 due to weather. The results obtained are measurements from each sensor, used directly and displayed on the Blynk Application, monitored remotely from the internet network.

AUTOMATIC ENERGY METER USING IoT

Now, days the consumption of electricity has become a basic need in the human life. The major issue faced in consumption of electricity is increased in the past few years. The traditional system is unable to track the electric meters.in traditional system the man power needs to be employed to note down the meter readings. Monitoring and keeping track of the power consumption record becomes a tedious task. To overcome this problem automatic energy meter is introduced. The automatic energy meter uses internet of things which saves energy and time. The energy meter automatically collects the remote data. In this project Arduino based electric meter is introduced and the data are monitored using the Blynk applications. The automatic energy monitoring system uses two types of sensors they are current sensors and voltage sensors. The current sensor we have used is SCT-013 Non-Invasive Ac current sensor. The voltage sensor we have used ZMPT101B AC Voltage Sensor. The voltage sensor is the best because we can measure the AC voltage accurately with the help of the voltage transformer. The current and the voltage sensors are combined together in order to obtain the required parameters to calculate the amount of electricity consumed. The current sensor is interfaced with the voltage sensor. The data obtained from the sensors are collected and send to the Blynk application. The Blynk application dashboard views the voltage, current and the total unit of the power consumed in KWh. KEYWORDS: current sensors, voltage sensor, Arduino, Blynk application

Over Voltage and Under Voltage Protection System Using IoT

Sudden fluctuation in voltage may cause a serious problem in industries and home appliances. These fluctuations may significantly impact the power quality as well as the reliability of other voltage controlling devices. However, this paper discussed about designing for under voltage and over voltage protection to protect and extend the lifespan of home, office and industrial equipments. The AC voltage sensor module ZMPT101B is used in detecting a voltage of -6% of the rated voltage and it is recognized as under voltage while 10% of the rated voltage is recognized as upper voltage. The rated voltage of single phase is normally supply 230 V. Moreover, the sensor is attached with ESP 8266 WiFi platform so that the user can observe the voltage condition through Blynk application. As a conclusion, the combination of voltage protection system through Internet of Thing (IoT) device may contribute to the user.

Brushless Synchronous Generator-Unidirectional Rectifier for Offshore Wind Energy Conversion System

This paper presents the variable speed applications of a recently developed generator named Brushless Induction Excited Synchronous Generator (BINSYG) for offshore wind power applications. The machine is basically a Synchronous generator (SG) with its excitation fed from a three-phase Induction Machine (IM). Both the machines are embedded in the same machine frame and share the same magnetic core. The SG feeds power to the dc grid via a five-level Unidirectional Dual Flying Capacitor Active Neutral Point Converter. The converter is controlled such that the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the current flowing through the stator of SG is below 5% and at unity power factor at SG terminal. The excitation developed by IM-type exciter is adjusted using a new control strategy that is proposed for Voltage Source Inverter, such that BINSYG can operate at wide speed range necessary for Wind Energy Systems (WES). The complete system is controlled without using ac voltage sensors and speed encoders. The proposed WES with its control algorithm is first modelled in MATLAB/Simulink. Further, rapid control prototyping verification in the form of real-time results using OPAL-RT is presented for a small scale (5.5 kVA) BINSYG feeding power to a 750 V dc grid.

Prototype of Automatic Frequncy Control in Microhydro Power Plant with Dummy Load Based on Arduino Uno and Labview

Micro hydro power plants are small-scale power plants that use hydropower as their driving force. Hydropower can come from irrigation channels, rivers or natural waterfalls, which are used by utilizing the waterfall height (head) and the amount of water discharge. The main components of this plant are the turbine and generator. The load on the micro hydro generator will affect the value of the voltage and frequency generated. This research attempts to make a micro hydro generator with automatic frequency control using dummy load in the form of inductance which is obtained using variac. The generator output voltage and current will be read by Arduino as a control center using the ZMPT101B AC voltage sensor and ACS712 current sensor. The generator output frequency is read by reading the travel time of 1(one)full wave. This research is also equipped with a variable monitoring system for micro hydro generator using Labview. From the observations of the research data, it was revealed that the frequency output of the micro hydro generator with an automatic dummy load controller was close to the value of the mesh frequency, namely 51 - 52 Hz.

Optimal IP Current Controller Design Based on Small Signal Stability for THD Reduction of a High-Power-Density PFC Boost Converter

This paper presents an optimal design for the inner current-control loop of the continuous current conduction mode (CCM) power factor correction (PFC) stage, which can be used as the front stage of the two-stage AC/DC telecom power supply. The conventional single-phase CCM-PFC boost converter is implemented with proportional–integral (PI) controllers in both the voltage and current-control loops to regulate the output DC voltage to the specified value and to ensure the input current follows the input voltage, which offers a converter with a high-power factor (PF) and low current total harmonic distortion (THD). However, due to the slow dynamic response of the PI controller at the zero-crossing point of the input supply current, the input current cannot fully follow the input voltage, which leads to high THD. In this paper, we investigate a digitally controlled PFC converter with an optimally designed inner current-control loop using a doubly-fed control loops integral-proportional (IP) controller to reduce the THD and to offer an input current with a unity PF. For the economic design of a digitally controlled PFC converter, two isolated AC and DC voltage sensors are designed for interfacing with the microcontroller unit (MCU). PSIM software as well as experimental prototype was used to test the converter performance using the proposed designed current controllers and isolated voltage sensors. We achieved a high-power-density, digitally controlled, telecom PFC stage with a power factor more than 99% and THD of about 5.50%.

Sliding mode observer‐based AC voltage sensorless model predictive control for grid‐connected inverters

Recently, model predictive control has been widely used to control grid-connected inverters due to its advantages. However, the conventional model predictive control methods usually require two AC voltage and current sensors to sample the grid voltages and currents. Particularly, the DC voltage sensor is also required to calculate the values of the voltage vectors. The inverter will lose its stability once these sensors fail. Thus, in this study, to improve the operational reliability of the grid-connected inverters, a sliding mode observer-based AC voltage sensorless model predictive control is proposed. First, a sliding mode observer is designed to estimate the grid voltage. Next, a new adaptive compensation strategy is proposed to remove the phase and amplitude errors caused by the low-pass filter. The main novelty of this compensation strategy is that it is immune to the actual grid frequency. Therefore, the grid voltage can be identified accurately, even under frequency deviation conditions. Besides, the stability and parameter designing method of the sliding mode observer is also analysed to provide a theoretical basis for its implementation. Finally, based on the observed grid voltage, the AC voltage sensorless model predictive control is achieved. Detailed comparative experimental results show the validity of the proposed method.

Decoupling control of a dual‐stator linear and rotary permanent magnet generator for offshore joint wind and wave energy conversion system

Wind and wave energy are the main forms of offshore energy. In this study, a new joint wind and wave energy (JWWE) power conversion system, which simultaneously features wind power generation and wave power generation, is investigated. In the JWWE power generation system, a dual-stator linear and rotary permanent magnet generator (DSLRPMG) is employed to directly convert the wind and wave energy. The topology and operating principles of the power generation system are analysed, and the rectifier topology with two three-phase bridge converter is introduced for the JWWE power generation system. On the basis of the vector control method, the mathematical model of the DSLRPMG is deduced. The virtual flux direct power control method without any AC voltage sensors is applied for the power generation system. A new decoupling control method including flux decoupling and power decoupling is proposed and analysed. Meanwhile, an experimental setup is constructed, and the experiments are done. Both the simulation and experimental results show the validity and correctness of the control strategy.

A Model Predictive Control Method for Grid-Connected Power Converters Without AC Voltage Sensors

A model predictive control (MPC) strategy for grid-connected power converters is proposed in this article to reduce the current ripples without using ac voltage sensors. First, a sliding-mode observer is designed to estimate the grid voltage with an adaptive compensation algorithm. Thus, grid-voltage sensors are removed. The novelty of the proposed grid-voltage observation method is that it is inherent frequency adaptive without using the accurate grid angular frequency. By implementing the MPC strategy using the estimated grid voltage, the current ripples are reduced, especially under distorted grid-voltage conditions because of the low-pass filter used in the observer. Next, to further reduce the current ripples, a double-voltage vector-based MPC strategy is proposed based on the principle of the modulated MPC. Detailed theoretical analyses are also carried out to show its effectiveness for the first time. Finally, experimental studies are carried out to verify the validity of the proposed ac voltage sensorless MPC strategy.

Design of a smart control and protection system for three-phase generator using Arduino

Proper monitoring of electrical apparatus that has power consumption is a step towards efficient energy and saving management. Parameters of electrical power system have wide variations during operation of electrical devices. These changes in the parameters required to be measured using accrued meter. This paper presents design and implementation of AC multi-meter based on Arduino for three-phase synchronous generator. This meter measures the values of load current, terminal voltage and the frequency. In addition, it used to detect the abnormal operation of three-phase synchronous generator (overload, under and over voltage, and low and high frequencies). The multi-meter displayed the measured parameters and the protection status of each data directly on LCD, and serial print of the Arduino software program in PC via USB cable. A smart monitoring for these operation conditions designed using a Bluetooth module. Two sensors have been used with multi-meter; current sensor type ACS-712, and ac voltage sensor type ZMPT101b. The frequency has been measured utilizing the ac voltage sensor signal, i.e. it measured without using any external zero crossing detector hardware circuit.

An Improved Precise Power Control of Voltage Sensorless-MPC for PWM Rectifiers

In traditional model predictive control (MPC) methods, the power prediction of the state quantity is not only limited by the measurement of the voltage sensor, but also the open-loop control. In order to boost the overall prediction accuracy without AC voltage sensor, an improved sliding mode estimation-model predictive power precision control strategy without AC voltage sensor was proposed. In this paper, the voltage on the network side is dynamically estimated by using sliding mode sigmoid function, and the system stability is proved by the Lyapunov function. On this basis, the active power and reactive power at time k+2 are calculated through the designed rolling optimization prediction link with feedback correction, aiming to reduce power pulse vibration and accurate prediction. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed control strategy effectively suppresses the influence of grid-side harmonics on the prediction accuracy and improves the overall of the dynamic and static performance of the system.

AC Voltage Sensorless-Based Natural Frame Control of Cascaded H-Bridge Converter Based on Virtual Flux Observer

In this study, a novel natural frame control method without AC voltage sensors is proposed for single-phase cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel converter and implemented in the three-cell CHB converter platform. An improved virtual flux observer (VFO) is introduced to convert the estimated AC voltage signal into the virtual flux (VF) signal and then to vectorize it. The relationship between the instantaneous power and flux linkage is used to achieve independent control of the active and reactive currents. Compared with the conventional single-phase dq control, phase-locked loop (PLL) and coordinate transformation are unnecessary for natural frame control. Furthermore, only orthogonal voltages are required in the proposed control scheme, thus eliminating the time delay caused by constructing orthogonal current signals to improve dynamic performance. The simplification of the entire system is achieved by the omission of AC voltage sensors, the PLL, and coordinate transformations without deteriorating the steady-state and dynamic performances of the entire system. Simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of proposed control method.

Voltage sensorless predictive direct power control of three‐phase PWM converters

This study develops a voltage sensorless predictive direct power control (PDPC) strategy for three-phase pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converters using accurate virtual flux (VF) estimation. This proposed PDPC can realise simultaneous control of the instantaneous active and reactive power, and achieve a constant switching frequency operation by adopting an on-line corrective space vector modulation modulator. AC voltage sensors are removed by using the following two techniques. One is that an accurate VF observer is employed to compensate the magnitude and phase errors introduced by the first-order low pass filter. The other is that grid voltages are estimated using the VF based estimation of instantaneous active and reactive power as intermediate variables. In addition, the time delay existing in a real system is taken into account in the proposed control model. Comparative results demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed approach compared with the conventional look-up-table DPC and the conventional PDPC.