Ac Conductivity Studies Research Articles

Synthesis and characterization of (1 − y) [0.996Na0.475K0.475Li0.05Sb0.05Nb0.95O3–0.004Bi0.95Nd0.05FeO3] + (y) [Co0.50Cu0.15Zn0.35Fe1.95Mn0.05O4] composites

In this study, polycrystalline (1 − y) [0.996Na0.475K0.475Li0.05Sb0.05Nb0.95O3–0.004Bi0.95Nd0.05FeO3] (NKLNSO–BNFO) + (y) [Co0.50Cu0.15Zn0.35Fe1.95Mn0.05O4] (CCZMFO) (where y = 0.0–1.0) composites were prepared via the solid-state sintering route at 1273 K and 1323 K. The XRD and FTIR analyses asserted that the individual phases belong to the orthorhombic and cubic spinel structure, respectively, and additionally confirm the coexistence of the individual phases. The dielectric constant was decreased while the dielectric loss increased with increasing CCZMFO content. The grain size was decreased with increasing CCZMFO content due to the pinning effect. The $$\left( {\varepsilon^{\prime}_{\max } \left( \omega \right) - \varepsilon^{\prime}_{\min } \left( \omega \right)} \right)/\varepsilon^{\prime}_{\max } \left( \omega \right) $$ ratio was increased with increasing CCZMFO content and tanδ exhibits suitable value at x = 0.4 and x = 0.3 at 1273 K and 1323 K. The complex impedance and electric modulus studies revealed a significant benefaction from the grain boundary contribution to the electrical conduction and exhibited non-Debye relaxation. The AC conductivity study asserted that the small polaron hopping is ascribed to electrical conduction. The permeability exhibits almost frequency-independent characteristics. A maximum magnetoelectric voltage coupling coefficient of ~ 1.35 V cm−1 Oe−1 was observed with 80% CCZMFO at 1323 K.

PREPARATION AND INVESTIGATIONS OF STRUCTURAL, OPTICAL AND CONDUCTIVITY PROPERTIES OF POLYANILINE/TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOCOMPOSITES

Nanocomposites of polyaniline (PANI) encapsulating titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by in-situ polymerization method in the presence of TiO2 NPs. The prepared nanocomposites were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), uv-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV), Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). An AC conductivity study of PANI/TiO2 nanocomposites was analyzing in between 1 Hz to 8 MHz and a particular temperature 500C. The P-XRD was explaining amorphous nature in PANI/TiO2 nanocomposites respectively. The particle size was observed and confirmed using HRTEM, which shows the formation of nanocomposites at around near in spherical shape in the nanoscale range. An FTIR study confirms the bonding and formation of the prepared samples. FTIR spectral obtained shows that TiO2 and PANI NPs are not simply encapsulated and a strong interaction obtain at the interface of PANI and TiO2 NPs. A UV- vis spectra was used to analysis the confined polymerization process of PANI doped TiO2. The UV absorption spectrum showed a blue shift as compared to the pure TiO2 NPs. AC conductivity measured indicates that the conductivity of PANI/TiO2 nanocomposites is decreased with TiO2 NPs. The AC conductivity of PANI/TiO2 nanocomposites has measured at a 146 S cm-1 . The AC conductivity property is obtained to be changed due to the combine of TiO2 NPs, which induced the formation of a coherent for charging transport in the base PANI chain.

Structural, dielectric and electrical properties of pyrochlore-type Gd2Zr2O7 ceramic

This work reports on the dielectric and electrical properties of a single-phase polycrystalline pyrochlore structured Gd2Zr2O7 ceramics with a highly dense and compact microstructure. X-ray diffraction along with Raman spectroscopic studies confirmed the formation of the pyrochlore phase; while the electron microscopy investigations showed the uniformly distributed and densely packed micrometer-sized grains. The relaxation phenomena and conduction processes in Gd2Zr2O7 analyzed using complex impedance spectroscopy which showed the appearance of low-frequency dielectric dispersion suggesting the dominance of conduction by oxygen ions. Observation of double semi-circular arcs in the Nyquist plots confirms that both grains and grain boundaries contribute to the electrical impedance of Gd2Zr2O7. The temperature-dependent ac conductivity studies on Gd2Zr2O7 followed the Jonscher’s power law exhibited a strong dispersive behavior at the low temperature (< 300 °C) over the whole frequency region; whereas a weak dispersive nature observed at the higher temperature in the higher frequency region. An enhanced conductivity with relaxation phenomenon at elevated temperature is attributed to the transition from prolonged hopping to short-range ionic transportation. The increase in the ac conductivity with temperature reveals that Gd2Zr2O7 pyrochlore has a negative coefficient of resistance. Because of the good control of the electrical transport properties of Gd2Zr2O7 ceramic on its structure, it could be further exploited for the development of advanced solid-electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cells.

Crossover from overlap large polaron to small polaron tunneling: A study of conduction mechanisms and phase transitions in a new long chain organic inorganic hybrid

AC-conductivity study of the new long chain hybrid [NH3 (CH2)8 NH3]Cl2 in the temperature range 210 K–420 K showed the following consecutive phase transitions:(PhaseVIII)T7=232.5K(PhaseVII)T6=253K(PhaseVI)T5=287.9K(PhaseV)T4=316.5K(PhaseIV)T3=330.7K(PhaseIII) T2=378.8 K(PhaseII)T1=399 K(PhaseI).Transitions are confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Room temperature X-ray powder diffraction indicated a monoclinic P21/c with crystallographic parameters a = 18.179 Å, b = 15.380 Å, c = 4.881 Å and β = 109.54(0), V = 1286 (Å)3, Z = 4. Frequency dependent ac-conductivity at different temperatures is interpreted in terms of the jump relaxation model and is fitted to super-linear power law σtot = σdc + A1ωs1+ A2ωs2. The fit parameters lnA1/s1 and lnA2/s2 are sensitive to the type of conduction mechanism. Temperature and frequency dependence of ac-conductivity indicated that in the low (T < 231 K) and intermediate (290 K–316 K) temperature ranges, conduction takes place via quantum mechanical tunneling (phases (VIII) and (V)). Crossover from large polaron to non-overlapping small polaron tunneling takes place associated with transition from phase (VII) to phase (VI). Correlated barrier hopping (CBH) prevails at high temperature (phases (I, II, III and IV)). Activation energy and its frequency dependence were calculated for the different phases. Minimum tunneling and hopping distances, effective barrier height WM as well as the density of states at the Fermi level (N(Ef)) were evaluated from ac-conductivity results.

Structure, magnetism and dielectric study of nano-crystalline Gd2CoMnO6

Structural, magnetization, phonon behavior, and dielectric response of nano-crystalline Gd2CoMnO6 have been presented in this paper. The study shows that the material crystallizes in P21/n phase group of monoclinic crystal structure. XPS measurement shows Co2+ and Mn4+ oxidation states are present in the sample. Magnetization study reveals that sample undergoes a ferromagnetic ordering of Co2+ and Mn4+ magnetic ions around Tc~132 K. Raman study shows the presence of spin-phonon coupling in Gd2CoMnO6. Dielectric study reveals that the sample shows large dielectric constant and strong dispersion in mid frequency range. The dielectric loss shows there are two relaxation processes present in the material with different relaxation time and which are driven by thermally activated relaxation mechanics. Further, the Nyquist plot and AC conductivity study shows that this sample is non-Debye's in nature.

A-Site Substituted BaTiO3: Analysis of Structural, Optical, Ferroelectric and Dielectric Nature

The well-known ferroelectric and dielectric materials based on barium titanate (BaTiO3) with the compositional formula Ba[Formula: see text]AEMxTiO3 [[Formula: see text] and AEM (alkaline earth metal) [Formula: see text] Ca and Sr] denoted as BTO, BCTO and BSTO are reported in this work. The solid-state reaction method was used to synthesize these titanates. The as-synthesized samples were characterized for structural elucidation via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), Raman inelastic scattering, energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). In addition to this, the samples were studied for optical bandgap, dielectric constant, dielectric loss, ac conductivity and polarization ([Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]) studies. The XRD data analysis revealed that all the samples have acquired a tetragonal structure (P4mm) and are single phased. The Rietveld refinement of Ba[Formula: see text]Ca[Formula: see text]TiO3 confirms XRD results. In FTIR spectra, the absorption modes appearing at about 400[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] and 500[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] are attributes of the vibration of Ti–O bonds and Ba–O bonds, confirming the formation of desired samples. The appearance of the Raman mode of vibration at about 310[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] is an indication of the tetragonal phase. FESEM micrographs of Ba[Formula: see text]Ca[Formula: see text]TiO3 reveal grain growth in the range of about 1[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m and its EDAX spectrum confirms the composition of the sample. The optical bandgap was found to be 3.35[Formula: see text]eV, 3.1[Formula: see text]eV and 2.65[Formula: see text]eV for pristine, Ca[Formula: see text]- and Sr[Formula: see text]-doped BaTiO3, respectively. Frequency-dependent dielectric studies infer the samples to be extremely good dielectrics in nature with very low loss values. Polarization against a field at 1000[Formula: see text]V witnesses the samples to exhibit low polarization effects with lossy character. The dielectric and [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] behavior of Ba[Formula: see text]Sr[Formula: see text]TiO3 was found exceptional among all the reported titanates.

Rietveld refinement, optical, dielectric and ac conductivity studies of Ba-doped SrSnO3

The samples SrSnO3 (SBS0) and Sr0.98Ba0.02SnO3 (SBS2) were synthesized using sol–gel route, followed by calcination at 1073 K. Rietveld refinement analysis of XRD data shows orthorhombic phase under $$Pbnm$$ space group. Lattice parameters, volume and density of the doped sample were found to be higher than undoped, due to higher ionic radii of Ba2+. Further, the Raman spectrum of samples was carried out to study the local structure. Optical properties of samples show intense absorption in UV range and transparent in visible to NIR region. The direct bandgap of samples was found to be 3.88 eV and 3.97 eV for SBS0 and SBS2, respectively, reflecting the semiconducting nature of a sample. Dielectric properties of the sample were explained in terms of interfacial and orientational polarization. Temperature-dependent conductivity analysis of the sample reflected an Arrhenius-type charge transport, with two conduction regions in SBS2 and single conduction in SBS0. In the present case, the activation energy value represents a mixed ionic and electronic conductivity of the sample, making it a promising candidate for mixed ionic and electronic conductor device application.

Shape control and associated magnetic and dielectric properties of MFe12O19 (M = Ba, Pb, Sr) hexaferrites

Single-phase MFe12O19 (M = Ba, Pb, Sr) powders composed of hexagonal grains were prepared by the citrate-nitrate process by adjustment of the pH to 7 and with an M-to-iron molar ratio of 1:11, a nitrate-to-citrate ratio of 1:1.5, and a heating temperature of 850 °C. The physical properties were comprehensively investigated by different techniques. Rietveld refinement shows that the samples can be indexed in hexagonal symmetry (space group P63/mmc), which was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The variation of the saturation magnetization of the MFe12O19 hexaferrite is explained mainly by the formation of a magnetically dead layer in the grains. The coercive field of the samples studied increases with increase of the average particle size, which originates mainly from the sum of all the changes in anisotropy energies. Dielectric results for the samples studied show the presence of short-range conduction of the localized charge carriers in the relaxation process and thus a departure from an ideal Debye-type behavior, was also confirmed by the results of ac conductivity studies.

Synthesis of rGO/CuO/Ag Ternary Nanocomposites Via Hydrothermal Approach for Opto-electronics and Supercapacitor Applications

The present investigation deals with the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/copper oxide (CuO)/silver (Ag) ternary nanocomposites (NCs) by hydrothermal method to improve the electrical behavior. In typical synthesis, ammonia was used as a reducing agent at room temperature. The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern revealed the existence of single-phase monoclinic structure and face-centered cubic (FCC) phase of CuO and Ag. Other phase impurities were also observed from the prepared rGO/CuO/Ag NCs. The surface morphology of rGO/CuO/Ag NCs was investigated by SEM and TEM analysis. The surface elemental composition of the prepared material was investigated by the EDAX analysis. The dielectric response of the materials was studied by dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and AC conductivity studies. The lesser amount of activation energy was attained from the synthesized rGO/CuO/Ag NCs, and it was proved that this type of material is the most emerging candidate for various opto-electronics application. The electrochemical behavior was studied by the cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. From this study, ideal capacitance behavior with high capacitance of about 575 F/g was achieved respectively for rGO/CuO/Ag NCs at the current density of 1 Ag−1in 0.5 M K2SO4 electrolyte solution. These superior electrochemical features demonstrated that the prepared rGO/CuO/Ag NCs are a potential candidate for next-generation supercapacitor systems.

Dielectric, ac conductivity and modulus studies of sol–gel BaZrO2.9 compound

ABSTRACT BaZrO2.9 compound was prepared by the sol–gel process. Electrical and dielectric characterizations of the materials were performed using complex impedance spectroscopy technique over a frequency range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz and in a temperature range from 305 K to 370 K. ac conductivity and dielectric properties have been studied in order to explore the relaxation mechanisms in this compound. It can be seen from the experimental data that the ac conductivity is proportional to ωn (n < 1) and the value of n is temperature-dependent and has a tendency to increase with temperature. The overlapping-short-polaron tunneling (NSPT) model can explain the temperature dependence of the frequency exponent. Finally, the relaxation properties of the investigated compound are presented in the electric modulus formalism; the equivalent circuit and modulus spectrum indicate the non-Debye type of frequency dispersion in this material.

Electrical, Dielectric Property and Electrochemical Performances of Plasticized Silver Ion-Conducting Chitosan-Based Polymer Nanocomposites.

In the present work, chitosan (CS) as a natural biopolymer was used to prepare nanocomposite polymer electrolytes (NCPEs) in order to reduce plastic waste pollution. The plasticized CS-based NCSPE has been prepared via the solution casting technique. The electrical properties of the films were investigated using AC conductivity, dielectric properties, electric modulus, and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The obtained results from the dielectric properties and electric modulus study confirm the non-Debye behavior of ion dynamics. The effect of glycerol plasticizer on ionic conductivity of the CS:AgNO3:Al2O3 system was investigated via AC conductivity and impedance studies. The conductivity of the samples was explained based on electrical equivalent circuits and Bode plots. The electrochemical properties such as transfer number measurement (TNM), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were carried out to inspect the sample suitability for electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) application. The highest conductivity was 3.7 × 10−4 S cm−1 with the electrochemical stability window up to 2.1 V at room temperature. Through the TNM study, the ionic conductivity of plasticized CS-based NCSPE was confirmed, and ion transport (tion) of the highest conducting sample was found to be 0.985. The activated carbon electrode with the highest conducting sample was employed in the EDLC device fabrication. Accordingly, it can be said that the highest conducting sample had capable performance to be applied in electrochemical device application.

Optical and A.C conductivity characterization of alkaline earth borobismuthate glasses doped with nickel oxide

Glasses with compositions 20BaO-10Bi2O3-(70-x)B2O3 – xNiO with x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 mol% were prepared by melt quenching technique. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) studies of prepared samples established their amorphous nature. Various physical parameters viz., density, molar volume, molar refraction, electronegativity, polaron radius and oxygen packing density (OPD), optical basicity (theoretical) and metallization criterion were calculated. The decreasing of metallization criterion gives that the prepared glass samples can be used as amorphous semiconductors and can be used in electronic and memory switching devices. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis has been carried out to measure the glass transition temperature. Spectroscopic studies and transport studies like optical absorption, FTIR and AC conductivity studies are taken to analyse the effect of concentration of nickel oxide. In optical absorption spectra two absorption bands at around 430 nm and 810 nm were observed and these are assigned due to the spin allowed transition of 3A2g(F)→3T1g(P), spin forbidden transition of 3A2g(F)→1Eg(D) of Ni2+ ions in octahedral co-ordination, respectively. Frequency dependence of dielectric constant and dielectric loss were studied.

Attenuation parameters of polyvinyl alcohol-tungsten oxide composites at the photon energies 5.895, 6.490, 59.54 and 662 keV

Abstract The growing demand for lightweight, non-toxic and effective X- and γ-ray shielding materials in various fields has led to the exploration of various polymer composites for shielding applications. In this study, tungsten filled polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composites of varying WO3 concentrations (0 - 50 wt%) were prepared by solution cast technique. The structural, morphological, and thermal properties of the prepared composite films were studied using X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The AC conductivity studies showed the low conductivity property of the composites. The X-ray (5.895 and 6.490 keV) and γ-ray (59.54 and 662 keV) attenuation studies performed using CdTe and NaI(Tl) detector spectrometers revealed a noticeable increase in shielding efficiency with increase in filler wt%. The effective atomic number (Zeff) calculated by the direct method agreed with the values obtained using Auto-Zeff software. The % heaviness showed that tungsten filled polyvinyl alcohol composites are lighter than traditional shielding materials.

Structural, optical, and electrical transport properties of some rare-earth-doped nickel ferrites: A study on effect of ionic radii of dopants

Different rare-earth (Ho, Gd, Sm, Pr, and La)-doped nickel ferrites were prepared through the sol-gel citrate auto-combustion method. Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the formation of an orthorhombic impurity phase for each doped sample. Structural parameters, including lattice parameter, crystallite size, microstrain, and different bond lengths, were calculated. Field emission scanning electron micrographs showed spherical grains and the existence of secondary phases for the doped samples. Elemental analysis of each component were performed using energy dispersive X-ray spectra. The shifting of the absorption bands of the Fourier transform infrared spectra depicted the rare earth-to-Fe substitution in octahedral sites of nickel ferrites. The optical band gap decreased with the smaller ionic radii of dopants. The study of ac and dc conductivity provided information about the conduction and dielectric relaxation mechanism and the effect of impurity phases. The electrical conductivity and dielectric study suggested that La- and Sm-doped samples showed the highest resistivity with high losses, whereas Ho- and Gd-doped samples showed moderate resistivity with minimum losses.

Frequency- and temperature-dependent dielectric features of multi-component electronic material: (Pb0.8Dy0.1Bi0.1)(Fe0.2Ti0.8)O3

A multiple cation containing sample as [(Pb0.8Dy0.1Bi0.1)(Fe0.2Ti0.8)O3] is fabricated by adopting the solid-state reaction process. The crystallographic structure, crystallite size, morphology, dielectric behavior, conductivity, polarization, impedance as well as electric modulus spectroscopy are experimentally observed for this fabricated composition. The crystal structure of the specimen is observed to be tetragonal from X-ray diffraction. The micrograph shows the presence of polycrystalline microstructure with uniform distributed grains. The impedance spectroscopy analysis as a function of temperature (100–450 °C) and frequency (1–1000 kHz) helps to signify the resistive and capacitive behavior of the compound. The nature of the prepared specimen and conduction mechanism is illustrated through AC conductivity study. The modulus analysis elucidates the existence of non-Debye dielectric relaxation nature in the synthesized compound. The compound possesses appreciable value of loss tangent and remnant polarization, i.e., 0.02 and 0.014 µC/cm2, with high value of dielectric constant at room temperature. The dysprosium doping entails stability with interesting electrical and dielectric properties. The preliminary capacitive characteristic has been elucidated, thus making it a stronger contender for functional device applications.

Influence of TeO2 on the UV, electrical and structural studies of Li2O–ZnO– B2O3 glasses

Glass system of chemical composition xTeO2-(30-x)Li2O–20ZnO–50B2O3 with x = 0, 5, 10,15 and 20 mol% was fabricated through melt quench technique and investigated by X-ray diffraction technique, UV-Absorption spectroscopy, AC conductivity studies, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. No crystalline peaks were found in the XRD spectra which confirmed the amorphous nature of the glassy samples. The effect of conditional glass former TeO2 on the physical parameters like density, oxygen packing density (OPD) and molar volume have been investigated. The density of the glass system increased from 2.88 g/cm3 to 3.46 g/cm3 with the increase of TeO2 content. Optical absorption spectroscopic studies were carried out on the glass system. The Cut-off wave length (λc) varied between 300 nm and 370 nm whereas, the optical band gaps (Eopt) decreased with the addition of TeO2 in the glass network. The Urbach energy (ΔE) and refractive index of the glass system also increased. The AC conductivity measurements were studied up to high frequency (35 MHz) at various temperatures and conductivity observed in the higher order (10−2 Ω−1cm−1). Cole-Cole impedance plots shown semicircle behaviour in which the radius of semicircle decreased with increasing the temperature. Mechanical properties of the glass system were calculated using Makishima-Mackenzie model and the Poisson’s ratio values (0.17–0.21) are suggesting that the glass network has high cross link density. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopic studies revealed that the glass consisted of BO3 and BO4 units along with TeO3, TeO4 units.

Studies of Structural, Dielectric and Electrical Characteristics of Complex Perovskite: Pb(Co1/3Mn1/3W1/3)O3

A lead-based multiferroic, Pb(Co1/3Mn1/3W1/3)O3, was synthesized by using a high-temperature solid-state reaction technique. Based on X-ray structural analysis, an orthorhombic crystal structure has been suggested for the material. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image exhibits a morphology with and uniform grains distribution. A detailed study of variation of dielectric parameters with frequency and temperature exhibits that Pb(Co1/3Mn1/3W1/3)O3 undergoes multiple phase transitions; first transition (Tc1) appeared at 436K (ferroelastic to ferroelectric) whereas second transition ( Tc2) appeared at 504K ( ferroelectric to paraelectric). Since the peaks of dielectric constant are broader and diffused, a diffusivity parameter (γ) has been estimated to the amount of disordering in the material structure.The contribution of grain,grain boundaries and electrode effect in electrical conduction mechanisim can be understood by frequency-temperature dependence of resistive characterestics using CIS spectroscopy (complex impedance spectroscopy). Impedance or Nyquist plots were modeled with an equivalent circuit having capacitance, resistance and related parameters. Studies of transport properties, ac conductivity, electrical modulus and magneto-electric (ME) effect of the materialis reported in this communication.

AC conductivity, electrochemical and magnetic studies of CoWO4/PbWO4 nanocomposites

Structural, AC conductivity, electrochemical and magnetic properties of CoWO4 and CoWO4/PbWO4 nanocomposites are reported in the present manuscript. Structural characterization and HRTEM images of the nanocomposites confirm interface formation. Room temperature (RT) DC conductivity (σdc) calculated from Jonscher power law, carrier concentration (N) and carrier mobility (μ) of the interfaced sample with maximum agglomeration (P2) are 6.7 times, 3 orders and 4 orders higher than that of CoWO4 sample respectively. Enhanced AC conductivity is also observed for P2 sample. These enhanced properties of P2 sample are due to the space charge layer (SCL) formation at the interface. Conduction models for all the samples are explained in detail. The specific capacitance (calculated from GCD curve) of the CoWO4 sample is 2.1 times larger than the CoWO4/PbWO4 nanocomposite for 1 A/g of current density. Paramagnetic behaviour at (RT) and antiferromagnetic nature below the transition temperature (TN) are observed for all the samples.

Structure, magnetic and dielectric properties in nano-crystalline Yb[formula omitted]CoMnO[formula omitted

Structural, magnetic and dielectric properties have been studied for Yb2CoMnO6. Nano-crystalline sample of Yb2CoMnO6 synthesized by sol–gel method and structural analysis shows that the sample crystallizes in monoclinic crystal structure with P21/n phase group. To understand the charge state of Co, Mn and Yb we have performed the XPS study. Magnetic study shows that the sample undergoes a paramagnetic to ferromagnetic phase transition around Tc∼56 K and an additional magnetic ordering at a lower temperature around 14 K due to ordering of Yb3+ magnetic ions. Temperature dependent Raman study reveals that spin–phonon interaction is present in this material. Further, we have studied the dielectric properties of this material. We observed that the material shows a relaxation behavior that obeys the thermally activated relaxation mechanism. Impedance spectroscopy reveals that the material shows non-Debye’s behavior. AC conductivity study is performed to understand the conduction mechanics which involve the quantum mechanical tunneling phenomenon.

Hydrothermal Growth of Undoped and Zn-Doped SnO Nanocrystals: A Frequency Dependence of AC Conductivity and Dielectric Response Studies

Hydrothermal Growth of Undoped and Zn-Doped SnO Nanocrystals: A Frequency Dependence of AC Conductivity and Dielectric Response Studies