Reports Of Abuse Research Articles

Tramadol-Induced Organ Toxicity via Oxidative Stress : A Review Study

Background: Tramadol (TR) is a synthetic opioid-like centrally acting analgesic used for moderate to severe pain management in various diseases. Numerous investigations have supported the association between tramadol use and increased levels of oxygen-free radicals. Mass production of reactive oxygen species produces secondary toxic compounds. This could damage the internal components of the cell and ultimately causes organ damage. There exists a growing trend of tramadol abuse and the increasing reports of poisoning, abuse, and mortality due to this drug. Thus, the present study aimed to review the animals and human studies on the effects of acute and chronic exposure of tramadol in inducing organ toxicities through oxidative stress. Methods: Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Scopus bibliographic databases were searched for studies that investigated oxidative stress as a mechanism of toxicity by tramadol. A manual search of reference lists of the retrieved articles was conducted. Data were collected from 2000 to 2021 (up to June 2021). Results: From 28 articles concerning experimental and human studies of TR-induced oxidative stress organ damage, which included in this review, the occurrence of lipid peroxidation, alteration in the levels of total antioxidant capacity, and other oxidative stress biomarkers in many organs such as the brain, liver, kidney, adrenal and lung in the experimental studies of tramadol exposure have been observed. Conclusion: Oxidative stress could be considered the most critical toxic mechanism in TR-induced tissue damage.

Facilitating Children’s Informal Disclosures of Sexual Abuse: The Role of Online Counsellors at a National Children’s Helpline

ABSTRACT The literature on disclosures of child sexual abuse makes clear that in the absence of physical indicators of abuse, children need to articulate their abuse in order to prevent further harm. However, many struggle to verbalize their abuse. Previous research has recognized the interactional nature of disclosures but has focussed only on what the children say, rather than considering the role of the other interlocutor. To provide a novel perspective on disclosures, this research addresses the question ‘To what extent do counselors facilitate children’s disclosures of sexual abuse?’ Online text-based conversations in which sexual abuse was disclosed (n = 40) between children (aged 10–18 years old) and Childline counselors were analyzed. Whilst some children do use explicit terms to describe sexual abuse, these are predominantly used to seek definitions and clarification. Furthermore, counselors play an instrumental role in recognizing that a disclosure is being made, and then eliciting and reframing the disclosure as sexual abuse. The findings offer an explanation for why some victims of sexual abuse report having attempted to disclose but feeling like their voices were not heard.

Indiana Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner Training Initiative: Positive Impacts for Medical Forensic Care

ABSTRACT Background Indiana ranks among the highest in the nation for child abuse and neglect reports. Already facing a persistent shortage of sexual assault nurse examiners (SANEs) to serve patients across the life span, residents with medical forensic needs were often being referred to other hospitals across the state for care or simply were not receiving medical forensic examinations because of lack of access to trained examiners. The Indiana SANE Training Project was established to evaluate the forensic nursing workforce throughout Indiana and work to expand access to qualified SANEs through training and collaboration with stakeholders, with a focus on rural and underserved areas of the state. Methods The Project gathered information from nurses who participated in activities during the first Project year. This information was evaluated for service gaps and ongoing training needs. The project coordinator then convened a workgroup of stakeholders and subject matter experts to evaluate and respond to the most immediate need—limited access to pediatric medical forensic providers. Results From September 2018 to December 2019, nurses were trained by the Project (n = 160). Of those, 86% indicated that their hospital did not provide medical forensic examinations to pediatric patients. The Pediatric SANE Intensive was launched in October 2020 and trained pediatric SANEs (n = 28). Upon completion, participants reported 47% increase in confidence and 56% increase in competence related to caring for pediatric patients. Discussion Statewide collaboration is a critical component of establishing a consistent approach to care, strengthening multidisciplinary partnerships, increasing access to medical forensic services across the life span and in rural and underserved areas, and promoting the Indiana Guidelines for Medical Forensic Examination of Pediatric Sexual Abuse Patients.

Beauty is skin deep: Addressing racism within ‘The Beautiful Game’. A critical review of male english football and social media-based racism through the lens of counselling psychology

Social media-based racism is growing exponentially with new social media platforms developing at a rate that research struggles to keep up with. Football is an active participant on these platforms which has subsequently led to well documented media reports of racial abuse. However, research has been limited within English football when attempting to understand the extent of social media-based racism, social media behaviour, racism campaigns, programmes and legislation to tackle online racism within the industry, which this paper addresses. The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical review of the literature on social media-based racism within male English football through the lens of applied psychology. Opportunities for applied psychology from a social justice perspective to challenge social media-based racism through therapy, research, and training are highlighted. Micro and macro approaches to address social media-based racism are examined, with proposed future developments discussed.

Long-term Safety and Efficacy of Esketamine Nasal Spray Plus an Oral Antidepressant in Patients with Treatment-resistant Depression- an Asian Sub-group Analysis from the SUSTAIN-2 Study.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of intranasal esketamine in patients with treatment-resistant depression from the Asian subgroup of the SUSTAIN-2 study.MethodsSUSTAIN-2 was a phase 3, open-label, single-arm, multicenter study comprising a 4-week screening, 4-week induction, 48-week optimization/maintenance, and 4-week follow-up (upon esketamine discontinuation) phase. Patients with treatment-resistant depression received esketamine plus an oral antidepressant during the treatment period.ResultsThe incidence of ≥ 1 serious treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) among the 78 subjects from the Asian subgroup (Taiwan 33, Korea 26, Malaysia 19) was 11.5% (n = 9); with no fatal TEAE. 13 Asian patients (16.7%) discontinued esketamine due to TEAEs. The most common TEAEs were dizziness (37.2%), nausea (29.5%), dissociation (28.2%), and headache (21.8%). Most TEAEs were mild to moderate in severity, transient and resolved on the same day. Upon discontinuation of esketamine, no trend in withdrawal symptoms was observed to associate long-term use of esketamine with withdrawal syndrome. There were no reports of drug seeking, abuse, or overdose. Improvements in symptoms, functioning and quality of life, occurred during in the induction phase and were generally maintained through the optimization/maintenance phases of the study.ConclusionThe safety and efficacy of esketamine in the Asian subgroup was generally consistent with the total SUSTAIN-2 population. There was no new safety signal and no indication of a high potential for abuse with the long-term (up to one year) use of esketamine in the Asian subgroup. Most of the benefits of esketamine occurred early during the induction phase.

Family history of psychosis in youth at clinical high risk: A replication study

Having a first-degree relative with a psychotic disorder increases an individual's risk for developing psychosis to 10% compared to 1% in the general population. The impact of being at family high-risk for psychosis (FHR) has been examined in samples of youth who are at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR). The second North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS-2) identified very few clinical differences between CHR individuals with and without FHR. This paper aims to confirm these results in a new CHR sample, NAPLS-3. The NAPLS-3 sample consisted of 703 CHR participants, of whom 82 were at FHR (CHR+FHR), and 621 were not (CHR+FHRneg). The Family Interview for Genetic Studies was used to determine the presence of a first-degree relative with a psychotic disorder. The groups were compared on social and role functioning, positive and negative symptoms, IQ, cannabis use, and trauma. At baseline, the CHR+FHR group reported a statistically significant increased severity of positive and negative symptoms, lower IQ scores, and increased reports of trauma, psychological and physical abuse. There were no differences in transition rates between the two groups. This study supports some of the already reported differences in trauma, physical and psychological abuse between CHR individuals with and without FHR.

Opioid-like adverse effects of tianeptine in male rats and mice.

Tianeptine is a mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist with increasing reports of abuse in human populations. Preclinical data regarding the abuse potential and other opioid-like adverse effects of tianeptine at supratherapeutic doses are sparse. The present study evaluated tianeptine in a rat model of abuse potential assessment and in mouse models of motor, gastrointestinal, and respiratory adverse effects. Abuse potential was assessed in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats using an intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure to determine effects of acute and repeated tianeptine on responding for electrical brain stimulation. Male ICR mice were used to determine the effects of tianeptine in assays of locomotor behavior and gastrointestinal motility. Male Swiss-Webster mice were monitored for respiratory changes using whole-body plethysmography. In rats, acute tianeptine produced weak and delayed evidence for abuse-related ICSS facilitation at an intermediate dose (10mg/kg, IP) and pronounced, naltrexone-preventable ICSS depression at a higher dose (32mg/kg, IP). Repeated 7-day tianeptine (10 and 32mg/kg/day, IP) produced no increase in abuse-related ICSS facilitation, only modest tolerance to ICSS depression, and no evidence of physical dependence. In mice, tianeptine produced dose-dependent, naltrexone-preventable locomotor activation. Tianeptine (100mg/kg, SC) also significantly inhibited gastrointestinal motility and produced naloxone-reversible respiratory depression. Tianeptine presents as a MOR agonist with resistance to tolerance and dependence in our ICSS assay in rats, and it has lower abuse potential by this metric than many commonly abused opioids. Nonetheless, tianeptine produces MOR agonist-like acute adverse effects that include motor impairment, constipation, and respiratory depression.

Predictors of Prosecutorial Decisions in Reports of Child Sexual Abuse.

A retrospective examination of 500 child sexual abuse reports to prosecutor's offices analyzed case progress and predictors of attrition, including details about alleged perpetrator(s), victim(s), their families, and other case characteristics. Less than one in five cases proceeded to prosecution. For the full sample, we describe all outcomes and differentiate prosecutors' decisions to (a) intake/close, (b) investigate/close, or (c) prosecute; these stages comprise a 3-level dependent variable. Because it is important to understand which variables are associated with progress to each stage, we examined unique predictors of the decision to "investigate," and to "prosecute." Our multivariate analyses examine 325 cases with a perpetrator aged 16 and older. Caregiver support and perpetrator age were significant predictors across all outcome variables, while other factors were barriers to the "prosecute" decision only. Results highlight the complexities of case characteristics that are important at different stages of prosecutorial decision-making and inform future interventions.

Operation provide: a multi-agency response to increasing police engagement in cases of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT Because of the lockdown conditions imposed in the United Kingdom to control the spread of the COVID-19 virus, police services responded to the risk of increased domestic abuse and intimate partner violence in a variety of ways. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a multi-agency pilot program put in place to increase the engagement in both the criminal investigation and safeguarding actions of the police and other agencies for victims of intimate partner violence. In this program, independent domestic violence advocates and independent sexual violence advocates work side by side in a police patrol capacity, conducting joint incident response to reports of domestic abuse in an effort to provide enhanced, immediate victim support. The early findings indicate significant overall increases in engagement with criminal prosecutions. The level of engagement of repeat victims in respect of safeguarding and criminal investigations also greatly increased. In addition, individual offences of controlling and coercive behaviour, harassment, threats to kill, affray and malicious communications showed significant rises in engagement. The findings indicate that improved victim support at an earlier stage improves the likelihood of agencies protecting, preventing and reducing cases affecting victims of intimate partner violence. Areas of further research include victim and practitioner perspectives and a more comprehensive data analysis to evaluate if these early findings remain at greater volumes and over time.

Community disadvantage, family socioeconomic status, and racial/ethnic differences in maltreatment reporting risk during infancy

BackgroundChildren are reported for maltreatment during infancy at elevated rates; research has established persistent racial/ethnic differences in the likelihood of reporting to the child protection system (CPS). ObjectiveTo model the influence of race/ethnicity and community disadvantage in CPS reporting during infancy. Participants/settingA population-based dataset consisting of more than 1.2 million children born in California between 2012 and 2014. Vital birth records were probabilistically linked to administrative CPS records. American Community Survey data were used to measure community disadvantage. MethodsFor each child, we coded sociodemographic information from the birth record, assigned the child to a community using their residential address at birth, and captured maltreatment reports from child protection records. We employed a modified Poisson regression model to examine an infant's likelihood of being reported to CPS by race/ethnicity across levels of community disadvantage and after adjusting for individual-level covariates. ResultsInfants born in neighborhoods with the most concentrated disadvantage were reported to CPS at 7 times the rate of children born in the most advantaged neighborhoods (12.3% vs. 1.8%). After adjusting for individual-level covariates, we found that both Black and Hispanic infants born on public insurance were significantly less likely than White infants to be reported for maltreatment overall — and Black and Hispanic infants had a statistically equivalent or lower likelihood of reporting at the two extremes of neighborhood disadvantage. Among privately insured families, Hispanic infants continued to have a lower likelihood of reporting, but Black infants were reported at higher rates than White infants. This Black-White difference persisted in the most advantaged neighborhoods, but disappeared in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods. ConclusionsCapturing individual-level differences in socioeconomic status and associated risk factors is critical to understanding sources of racial/ethnic differences in CPS reporting, including when there is unwarranted variation or disparate treatment. Our findings suggest an elevated likelihood of maltreatment reporting among privately insured Black infants not explained by differences in observed risk or neighborhood, but no such differences were documented for Black or Hispanic infants on public insurance.

The Association of Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Units and Reports of Child Abuse and Neglect

Poverty broadly and financial stress owing to housing insecurity specifically are associated with an increased risk of child maltreatment. Therefore, it is possible that a program designed to increase access to affordable housing such as the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit program could reduce child maltreatment. The purpose of this study is to examine the association of the availability of housing units through the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Program with the rates of child maltreatment reports, including reports for physical abuse and neglect, at the state and county levels. Data were from the 2005‒2015 National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System and the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Program database. Generalized estimating equations were conducted in 2021 to calculate rate ratios and 95% CIs, adjusting for relevant confounders. At the state level, ≥25 compared with <25 Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Program units per 100,000 population was associated with a lower rate of overall child maltreatment (i.e., neglect and physical abuse; rate ratio=0.96, 95% CI=0.93, 0.99), neglect (rate ratio=0.96, 95% CI=0.94, 0.99), and physical abuse (rate ratio=0.96, 95% CI=0.93, 1.00) reports. Similarly, at the county level, ≥1 compared with 0 Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Program units per 100,000 population was associated with a lower rate of overall child maltreatment (rate ratio=0.94, 95% CI=0.92, 0.97), neglect (rate ratio=0.96, 95% CI=0.93, 0.98), and physical abuse (rate ratio=0.94, 95% CI=0.91, 0.98) reports. Increasing access to affordable housing may be an effective strategy to reduce child maltreatment at both the state and county levels.

Risk of Postneonatal Infant Mortality Associated With Prior Founded Allegations of Child Abuse

This study examined the association between prior reports of child abuse and subsequent postneonatal death and differences by cause of death, using data from the Chicago Infant Mortality Study (CIMS). CIMS included all sudden, unexplained infant deaths up to 1year of age in Chicago (November 1993-April 1996), and age, race-ethnicity, and birthweight-matched living controls. Information on prior child abuse reports and outcomes was obtained through the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) State Central Registry for each case and control. Conditional logistic regression modeling determined the odds of postneonatal death when there was a founded prior allegation. Families with founded allegations were almost 4 times more likely to have a child die during the postneonatal period (aOR = 3.79, 95% CI, 1.56, 9.10). Child protective services involvement is an opportunity for education on safe sleep messaging to help reduce the incidence of potentially preventable infant deaths.

Newspapers' Treatment of Child Abuse Cases in Lahore

According to research, the careless use of words in news coverage on child abuse has been brought to light. It was discovered that the language used in the crime story has a significant impact on reducing the severity of the crime and, as a result, has a substantial impact on how the readers perceive the nature of such crimes. The purpose of this research was to conduct a detailed investigation on how incidences of child abuse are reported in Pakistani media. Its primary emphasis is on understanding how news articles about child abuse are framed and promoted in the media. The reports of child sexual abuse that appeared in four daily newspapers (two English and two Urdu) between January 2016 and January 2018 were studied for the frames and language used to convey the events. A summary of the results was presented in the form of graphs and tables. To get an accurate count, we surveyed a total of 2718 people across both English-language and Urdu-language newspapers. According to this study, a total of 706 cases of child sexual abuse were reported in Lahore during the years (2016-2010) and 355 cases of CSA (Child Sexual Abuse) were reported in Lahore during the years (2010-2010). How the newspapers covered the news about child abuse did and does have a sound impact in underlining the importance of this matter on both the governmental and public scale. Sensitized coverage is problematic because it tends to portray child abuse more as a political issue than as a grim reality, affecting everyone across society. It is time to strictly implement anti-child abuse laws so that crimes against children could be effectively prevented.

Recurrence of Substantiated Maltreatment Reports between Low-Income Parents With Disabilities and Their Propensity-Score Matched Sample Without Disabilities.

Using the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect dataset, 127 low-income parents with disabilities and a propensity score matched sample of 254 parents without disabilities were compared for the rates of repeated substantiated child maltreatment allegations and potentially distinct risks for substantiated child maltreatment recurrence. The number of substantiated child maltreatment allegations was not significantly higher for low-income parents with disabilities (M = 1.17, SD = 1.83) than their matched sample (M = .93, SD = 1.44) (t = -1.29, p = .197). Findings from the negative binomial regression indicated that parental disability was also not a significant predictor for repeated substantiated child maltreatment allegations among low-income parents after controlling other risk factors (Exp(B) = 1.16, p < .353). In both groups, black parents were more likely to have repeated substantiated maltreatments than white parents. For parents with disabilities, being an older parent, receiving SNAP benefits, having a daughter, and having a child in continued out-of-home care significantly increased the risk for repeated substantiations while having a GED or higher education degree and living with a larger number of family decreased the risk. For parents without disabilities, family instability was the only additional risk factor for repeated maltreatment substantiations.

Survivors of domestic abuse and sexual violence within sexual health services, how we responded, who is missing and what should be done?

Reports of domestic abuse (DA) and sexual violence (SV) continue to rise across the UK, and sexual health services are well situated to offer a safe setting for disclosure. We performed a retrospective analysis of all safeguarding proformas completed between April and September 2019 across three sexual health clinics in London. 158 patients reported current and/or historical DA and/or SV during the collection period. 70% of cohort identified as female, 28% as male and 2% as transgender. 25% of the cohort identified as gay men. Black and Asian attendees were disproportionately represented in the survivor cohort. 86% were offered a same-day appointment with the health advisor team and assessment for onward referral to specialist services. Almost half of the cohort were asymptomatic at the time of attendance and disclosure. With changes to access due to ongoing COVID-19 restrictions, asymptomatic survivors may not receive opportunities to disclose as they are directed to online platforms. Healthcare services must adapt routine enquiry practices to ensure safe disclosure is possible to make all contacts count and expand these practices into other healthcare specialities to provide further disclosure opportunities for survivors not attending sexual health services.

A Case Report of Pregabalin Abuse During Pregnancy and Global Developmental Delay in Infants

A Case Report of Pregabalin Abuse During Pregnancy and Global Developmental Delay in Infants

Intergenerational trauma: Parental PTSD and parent-reported child abuse subtypes differentially relate to admission characteristics in the autism inpatient collection.

Autistic youth experience high rates of maltreatment. Little research has considered how distinct abuse dimensions differentially relate to meaningful outcomes, nor taken an intergenerational approach to consider how caregiver trauma and child maltreatment are related. This study sought to identify how parent-reported child abuse subtypes and parent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) relate to each other and to admission characteristics upon inpatient service entry. Autistic youth (N=527; 79% White, 21.3% girls, mean age=12.94 years) participated in the autism inpatient collection. Parents reported on child abuse subtypes (physical, sexual, emotional) and their own PTSD, child behavior and emergency services, and parenting stress. Youth of parents with PTSD were nearly three times more likely to have parent-reported physical and emotional abuse. Autistic girls were more likely to experience parent-reported sexual abuse and a higher number of subtypes. Lower income related to higher rates of parent-reported child emotional abuse and parent PTSD. Emotional abuse associated with child behavior whereas both child physical and emotional abuse related to emergency services. Reported parent PTSD associated with child behavior and parental distress. When considered jointly, parent PTSD and number of parent-reported child abuse subtypes differentially related to child behavior and interacted to predict psychiatric hospitalizations. Intergenerational continuity of trauma is important to consider among autistic youth, and both parent-reported child abuse and parent PTSD relate to admission characteristics. Critical limitations include reliance on binary parent reports of child abuse and parent PTSD and the low representation of youth of minoritized identities. Implications for trauma-informed care are discussed. LAY SUMMARY: Autistic youth whose parents had reported posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were nearly three times more likely to have experienced parent-reported physical and emotional abuse. Parent-reported child emotional abuse uniquely related to child behavioral concerns whereas both physical and emotional abuse related to higher emergency services. Parent PTSD also related to admission characteristics, showing that intergenerational continuity of trauma is critical to consider for understanding child maltreatment among autistic youth.

Health minister promises to extend 'zero tolerance' measures to community pharmacy after reports of abuse

A government minister has pledged to include community pharmacies in work already underway to combat abuse from the public in general practice, as part of the its ‘zero tolerance’ policy on mistreatment of NHS staff. The comments made by Maria Caulfield, minister of public health and primary care, came in response to an open letter […]

Determining the Attitudes of Midwifery and Child Development Department Students Towards Child Neglect and Abuse Reporting and Solution Suggestions

Determining the Attitudes of Midwifery and Child Development Department Students Towards Child Neglect and Abuse Reporting and Solution Suggestions

Workshop Compiled

Aim:1. To revisit “normalcy” as we understood.2. To understand digital natives and their norms.3. To explore the impact of the pandemic on the above.Outline:The pandemic was a challenging time for everyone which had an effect on everyday life of multiple individuals. However, the trajectory of the psychological, social and cultural development of the developing minds took a completely different turn.The additional screen use was somewhat inevitable because everything right from personal life to education turned online but on the same hand the prevalence of problematic screentime including social media and gaming increased exponentially. (1)Youth with anxiety, depression, psychotic illness and neurodevelopmental disorders were especially vulnerable to worsening or re-emergence of their symptoms in the times of changing uncertainties. (2) Along with contact restrictions and isolation, there was increased report of parental mental illness, domestic violence and child maltreatment which had a direct effect on the development of the children’s minds. (3)Although there is lack of significant evidence, increased incidence of cases of gender dysphoria and confused sexuality has been noticed due to decreased social exploration and increased exposure to online content in this regard.There are a myriad of changes which has happened in the past two decades because of advent of technology which are both positive and negative, but this Pandemic has amplified both. This workshop will consist of presentations, oral discussions and group activities to understand these changing trends in the development of young minds during the pandemic.