Abundant Volatiles Research Articles

Quality Properties and Headspace Volatiles of Hot Air-Dried Strawberries.

Strawberry is one of the most important soft fruit in food industry. With its flavor and antioxidant content, it is widely used mainly in confectionery and beverage industry. Strawberries are perishable and this limits their usage in foods. For that reason, drying is one of the solutions to make them durable. The aim of this study is to analyze certain quality parameters and headspace volatiles of hot air-dried 'Florida Fortuna' and 'Osmanlı' strawberries (Fragaria xananassa) at 50, 60 and 70°C. The results showed that drying the strawberry samples at high drying temperature caused a decrease in acidity and bulk density and a deterioration in ascorbic acid content. However, total phenolic contents and total color difference values of both of strawberry samples increased with drying process. A total of 24 headspace volatiles were detected in dried strawberries. The most abundant volatiles were dimethyl sulfide, acetic acid and acetone. The highest number of compound groups were aldehydes, acids, esters and sugar degradation products, respectively. The highest retention of fresh strawberry volatiles and minimum formation of sugar degradation products were obtained by drying at low temperature.

Formation of the Late Cretaceous-Paleogene Sn-rich granites in the Tengchong block: The magma origin and differentiation conditions

腾冲地块锡成矿作用主要与晚白垩世-古近纪岩浆活动相关，但仅矿区花岗岩体具有较高的锡含量（平均25×10^-6），区域上同时代的非成矿花岗岩体并未发生锡的富集。本文通过搜集分析现有研究数据，总结了富锡成矿岩体和区域非成矿岩体在岩浆源区、演化条件和结晶分异程度的异同：区域非成矿岩体锆石ε_Hf（t）值（-15.1~+3.39）表明，自东北向西南幔源物质加入有升高的趋势，但区域玄武岩中低含量的Sn （1.61×10^-6）表明幔源物质混入不利于岩浆中锡的富集。晚白垩世部分非成矿岩体与成矿岩体具有相同ε_Hf（t）（-9.7）值，表明其皆源于古老地壳物质的部分熔融，但岩体均表现为准铝质-弱过铝质特征，且锆石Hf同位素（t_DM2=1724Ma）和全岩Nd同位素（t_DM2=1836Ma）二阶段模式年龄基本一致，因此其源区可能并非富锡的高黎贡山群变质沉积岩，而可能是其中未经风化的变质花岗岩。根据腾冲地块地层厚度（28km）和莫霍面深度（47~35km）推断岩浆源区至少位于地下30km （8.4kbar），由于仅靠地温梯度（25℃/km）无法达到初始熔融温度（>1066℃），源区部分熔融过程很可能受地幔热的影响。根据Fe₂O₃/FeO比值，非成矿岩体（0.59）与成矿岩体（0.48）均具有较低的氧逸度，属钛铁矿系列，但成矿岩体的结晶分异程度明显高于非成矿岩体，且成矿岩体富含挥发分，高含量的挥发分降低了岩浆固结温度（650~550℃），延长了结晶分异时间，促进了锡在晚期岩浆中的富集。因此腾冲地块富锡花岗岩主要是普通岩浆在低氧逸度环境下发生高度结晶分异的结果。;Tin metallogenesis in Tengchong block is associated with the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene magmatism. However, only the ore-forming granitoids are characterized by high Sn content (25×10^-6 on average). The regional contemporary unmineralized granitoids hardly show Sn enrichment. By collecting and analyzing available research material, the differences between the Sn-rich ore-forming rocks and regional unmineralized rocks are summarized in terms of their magma origins, evolution conditions and differentiation degrees. Zircon ε_Hf(t) values (-15.1~+3.39) of the regional unmineralized rocks indicate that the magmas in this area are added with increasing mantle material from northeast to southwest, while the addition of the mantel material is disadvantageous to tin enrichment in the mixing magma according to the Sn content (1.61×10^-6) of the regional basalt. Part of the regional unmineralized granitoids formed in Late Cretaceous have the same ε_Hf(t) values of -9.7 with the Sn-rich ore-forming rocks, suggesting both of them were derived from partial melting of ancient crustal material. Considering these rocks are all metaluminous or weak peraluminous, and the crustal model age (t_DM2) calculated from zircon Hf isotopes (1724Ma) are nearly identical to that from the whole-rock Nd isotopes (1836Ma), the magma may not be derived from the Sn-rich Gaoligongshan Group consisting of metasedimentary rocks, but probably the inner metamorphic granitoids. The metamorphic granitoids are at least 30km underground (corresponding to 8.4kbar) based on the regional strata thickness (28km) and the Moho depth (47~35km). The initial melting temperature (1066℃) is unable to be reached according to geothermal gradient (25℃/km), therefore, the partial melting process is likely influenced by mantle heat. According to Fe₂O₃/FeO values, both the unmineralized granitoids (0.59) and the tin mineralized granitoids (0.48) have low oxygen fugacity, and belong to ilmenite series. While the fractionation of Sn-rich granitoids is much higher than that of unmineralized granitoids, moreover, the Sn-rich granitoids contain abundant volatiles, which decrease the magma consolidation temperature (650~550℃), prolong magma differentiation process, and promote Sn gathering in the late magma. In conclusion, the Sn-rich granitoids in the Tengchong block is mainly resulted from the high fractionation of normal magma under a low oxygen fugacity.

Volatile Organic Compounds in the Azteca/Cecropia Ant-Plant Symbiosis and the Role of Black Fungi.

Black fungi of the order Chaetothyriales are grown by many tropical plant-mutualistic ants as small so-called “patches” in their nests, which are located inside hollow structures provided by the host plant (“domatia”). These fungi are introduced and fostered by the ants, indicating that they are important for the colony. As several species of Chaetothyriales tolerate, adsorb, and metabolize toxic volatiles, we investigated the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of selected domatia in the Azteca/Cecropia ant-plant mutualism. Concentrations of VOCs in ant-inhabited domatia, empty domatia, and background air were compared. In total, 211 compounds belonging to 19 chemical families were identified. Ant-inhabited domatia were dominated by ketones with 2-heptanone, a well-known ant alarm semiochemical, as the most abundant volatile. Empty domatia were characterized by relatively high concentrations of the monoterpenes d-limonene, p-cymene and β-phellandrene, as well as the heterocyclic sulphur-containing compound, benzothiazole. These compounds have biocidal properties and are primarily biosynthesized by plants as a defense mechanism. Interestingly, most of the latter compounds were present at lower concentrations in ant inhabited domatia than in non-colonized ones. We suggest that Chaetothyriales may play a role in reducing the VOCs, underlining that the mutualistic nature of these fungi as VOCs accumulation might be detrimental for the ants, especially the larvae.

Volatile fraction and aroma properties of microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus

Microalgae have great potential to become a new crop that could significantly impact the world's need for food in the 21st century. Despite their potential as a food ingredient, microalgae need social acceptance as food. In addition, organoleptic traits, such as aroma, are key factors for humans to accept microalgae as part of their diet. In this sense, some requirements such as culture, species, and environmental conditions are extremely important for these microorganisms that are capable of producing a wide range of volatile organic compounds, such as alcohols, hydrocarbons, esters, aldehydes, terpenes, ketones, and lactones. Thus, the aim of the study was to characterize volatile organic compounds with an aroma descriptor from the microalgal biomass of Scenedesmus obliquus. The volatile compounds were isolated by solid-phase microextraction applied in the headspace, detected by gas chromatography, and differentiated by mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS). The results showed that hexanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 1-propanol were identified as the most abundant volatiles in the biomass of Scenedesmus obliquus.

Composition of methylxanthines, polyphenols, key odorant volatiles and minerals in 22 cocoa beans obtained from different geographic origins

Twenty-two cocoa bean samples were collected from different geographic origins of Indonesia. The composition of methylxanthines, polyphenols, key odorant volatiles, and minerals in the samples were quantified to better understand the quality variation of the beans. The results revealed great diversity in chemical composition of these beans. Unfermented cocoa beans were rich in methylxanthines and polyphenols but had low amounts of key odorant volatiles. Fermented samples shared similar characteristics (less bioactive compounds and abundant key odorant volatiles) regardless of their geographic origins. The origins of the samples could not be determined using the results of bioactive compounds and key odorant volatiles probably due to the influence of post-harvest processing. Separation of samples based on their fermentation degree (under-fermented and fermented samples) during principal component analysis (PCA) improved the accuracy of the determination of geographic origins. The origin of cocoa beans could be delineated by PCA using mineral composition data of the fermented samples.

Influence of appropriate starter cultures on the sensory qualities and volatiles of fermented broccoli and onion pickles

In addition to the limitations in infrastructure and existing low technologies in most developing countries, lack of experience in applying starter cultures in small-scale operations presents a significant obstacle and an exciting challenge to food technology. In this study, fresh yogurt and baker's yeast were used as appropriate starter cultures for the pickling of broccoli and onion through fermentation as a source of lactic acid bacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Traditional broccoli and onion pickles produced via preservation in vinegar and salt were used as a control sample. The organoleptic evaluation demonstrated that fermented pickles with fresh yogurt were the best in all sensory attributes and the overall acceptability, followed by pickles fermented with baker's yeast autolysate and control ones. Significant differences in the color parameters were observed between fermented pickles and control. Thirty - two volatile compounds were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in the fermented and preserved onion, while 37 constituents were revealed in the fermented and preserved broccoli. Acetic acid, dimethyl disulfide, ethyl butanoate, 2,5-dimethyl thiophene, and 1,3-butanediol were the predominant components in fermented and preserved onion with a quantitative variation. In fermented broccoli, dimethyl disulfide, pentenol and hexenol derivatives, and ethyl hexadecanoate were the most abundant aroma volatiles, while the same pattern was detected in the control sample except for hexenol derivatives. Therefore, the present study opens perspectives for healthier solutions employing appropriate starter cultures as a source of probiotics in the food industry.

Carbon bearing aluminosilicate melt at high pressure

It is well known that volatiles such as water has significant influence on the properties of silicate melts. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is also an abundant volatile in deep Earth, however the effect of CO2 on the properties of polymerized melts, particularly the transport properties, are poorly understood. This is crucial for better understanding of the generation and migration of carbon bearing silicate magma in deep crustal and mantle settings. In this study, we explore the structure and properties of carbon bearing aluminosilicate melt up to a pressure of ~25 GPa and temperature range of 2500–4000 K using first principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulation. Our results show that CO2 in the aluminosilicate melts dissolves as molecular CO2 and carbonate (CO32-) at lower pressures (~0–3 GPa). However, at higher pressures (>3 GPa) relevant to most of the upper mantle, CO32- is predominant carbon species along with carbon in 4-fold coordination (CO4). Fraction of CO32- increases with decreasing temperature and increasing pressure. We find that at the reference isotherm (2500 K), the density of the aluminosilicate melt is reduced by addition of CO2 (in wt.%) with dρdXCO2 = −0.0214. Effect of water on the density of melt is more pronounced with dρdXH2O = −0.0422. Thus, the gravity-driven buoyancy of volatile rich magma will be greater than that of the magma without volatile components. The compressibility of the aluminosilicate melt is also affected by volatiles. For instance, both bulk modulus (KT0) and its pressure derivative (KT0') for volatile bearing melts are respectively lower and higher than that of dry melt. Aluminosilicate melts are highly polymerized and show an anomalous pressure dependence of melt viscosity. Pressure dependence of viscosity at low pressure regime (P < 5 GPa) is significant with dlog(η)dP=-2.06. Melt viscosity is further reduced by the addition of volatiles. Effect of volatiles on viscosity is more pronounced at low pressures and it minimizes at pressures where the melt viscosity exhibits minima. Due to the lower viscosity and larger buoyancy for both the H2O and CO2 bearing aluminosilicate melts at crustal and upper mantle depths, magma mobility (Δρη) is greater for volatile bearing melts. Thus, the residence time of such melts are expected to be shorter than volatile free melts in those settings. Like the mobility, electrical conductivity of aluminosilicate melts also increases when volatile is present in the silicate melt. We find that that as low as <1 vol.% volatile bearing aluminosilicate melt mixed with mantle matrix could be sufficient to explain the observed electrical conductivity anomalies in the upper mantle.

Analysis of volatiles from feces of released Przewalski\u2019s horse (Equus przewalskii) in Gasterophilus pecorum (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) spawning habitat

The absolute dominant species that infests wild population of Przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalskii) is Gasterophilus pecorum, and feces of released Przewalski’s horse, a habitat odor, plays an important role in mating and ovipositing locations of G. pecorum. To screen out unique volatiles for attracting G. pecorum, volatiles from fresh feces of released horses at stages of pre-oviposition (PREO), oviposition (OVIP), and post-oviposition (POSO) of G. pecorum, and feces with three different freshness states (i.e., Fresh, Semi-fresh, and Dry) at OVIP were collected by dynamic headspace adsorption and determined by automatic thermal desorption GC–MS. Results show that there were significant differences in fecal volatiles within both test conditions. Of the five most abundant volatiles from the five individual samples, the most important volatile was ammonium acetate at OVIP/Fresh, followed by acetophenone (Semi-fresh), toluene (PREO, OVIP and POSO), butanoic acid (OVIP and Semi-fresh), acetic acid (PREO, POSO and Semi-fresh), 1,6-octadiene,3,7-dimethyl-,(S)- (PREO, OVIP and POSO), 1,5,9-undecatriene,2,6,10-trimethyl-,(Z)- (PREO and Semi-fresh) and caprolactam (all conditions), which seem to be critical substances in oviposition process of G. pecorum. The findings may be beneficial to development of G. pecorum attractants, facilitating prevention and control of infection by G. pecorum to released Przewalski’s horse.

Effects of Harvest Maturity, Refrigeration and Blanching Treatments on the Volatile Profiles of Ripe “Tasti-Lee” Tomatoes

The interactive effects of six maturity stages and refrigerated storage (chilling)/blanching (heating) treatments on the volatile profiles of ripe tomatoes were studied. A total of 42 volatiles were identified, of which 19 compounds had odor activity values equal to or greater than 1. Of those, “green” and “leafy” aroma volatiles were most abundant. Chilling and heating treatments both suppressed overall volatile production, with chilling having the greater impact, regardless of harvest maturity. However, fruit harvested at the turning stage had the least volatile suppression by chilling and heating treatments in comparison with fruit harvested earlier or later, mostly in the fatty acid- and phenylalanine-derived volatiles. Volatiles derived from amino acids were promoted by heat treatment for fruit harvested at all maturities, and those derived from carotenoid and phenylalanine pathways and harvested at advanced harvest maturities were stimulated by chilling treatment. Volatile production is generally believed to be improved by delayed harvest, with vine-ripe being optimum. However, opposite results were observed possibly because the later-harvested fruit had longer exposure to open-field weather stress. The best harvest maturity recommendation is the turning stage where fruit developed abundant volatiles and were least impacted by chilling and heating treatments.

The protein and volatile components of trail mucus in the Common Garden Snail, Cornu aspersum.

The Common or Brown Garden Snail, Cornu aspersum, is an invasive land snail that has successfully colonized a diverse range of global environments. Like other invasive land snails, it is a significant pest of a variety of agricultural crops, including citrus, grapes and canola. Cornu aspersum secretes a mucus trail when mobile that facilitates locomotion. The involvement of the trail in conspecific chemical communication has also been postulated. Our study found that anterior tentacle contact with conspecific mucus elicited a significant increase in heart rate from 46.9 to 51 beats per minute. In order to gain a better understanding of the constituents of the trail mucus and the role it may play in snail communication, the protein and volatile components of mucus trails were investigated. Using two different protein extraction methods, mass spectrometry analysis yielded 175 different proteins, 29 of which had no significant similarity to any entries in the non-redundant protein sequence database. Of the mucus proteins, 22 contain features consistent with secreted proteins, including a perlucin-like protein. The eight most abundant volatiles detected using gas chromatography were recorded (including propanoic acid and limonene) and their potential role as putative pheromones are discussed. In summary, this study has provided an avenue for further research pertaining to the role of trail mucus in snail communication and provides a useful repository for land snail trail mucus components. This may be utilized for further research regarding snail attraction and dispersal, which may be applied in the fields of agriculture, ecology and human health.

Comparison of nutritional quality and volatile flavor compounds among bighead carp from three aquaculture systems.

To explore the differences in the nutritional quality of the muscles of bighead carp from different environments and aquaculture systems, we investigated three types of water bodies typically used for aquaculture: A common culture pond (NC), a natural lake (PY), and a cold water reservoir (XHK). Parameters affecting quality were evaluated, including muscle microstructure, fatty acid profiles, amino acid profiles, and volatile compounds. Fish from the XHK reservoir had the smallest muscle fiber diameter and the highest muscle fiber density (25.3 fibers/0.01 mm2), while muscle fiber density was lowest in fish from the NC pond (9.7 fibers/0.01 mm2). The bighead carp from the XHK reservoir had a much wider variety of unsaturated fatty acids, as well as higher levels of total polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid (AA) were all significantly more abundant in the XHK group, increases of 7.48%, 12.12%, and 17.49%, respectively (P < 0.05). The bighead carp from NC contained more “fishy” volatile flavor substances, as well as hydrocarbons with higher threshold values. Fish from XHK and NC had a greater umami intensity due to the presence of abundant volatiles with special aromas, including 1-Octene-3ol, DL-Menthol, and 2-ethyl-.

Fatty Acid Composition, Tocopherols, Volatile Compounds, and Sensory Evaluation of Low Morphine Yielding Varieties of Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Seeds and Oils

Low morphine yielding winter ('Zeno Morphex') and summer ('Viola', 'Mieszko', 'Borowski') poppy varieties were investigated for their chemical composition and sensory properties. The oil content of the 13 seed samples as well as that of fatty acids, tocopherols, and volatile compounds in the respective oils were determined, and the sensory profiles of the seeds and oils were established. Linoleic acid made up 70.7-75.2% of the fatty acids. High amounts of γ-tocopherol were detected, especially in variety 'Viola' (287 ± 34 mg kg-1), while δ-tocopherol was only present in 'Zeno Morphex' (3.9 ± 0.6 mg kg-1). The most abundant volatiles were caproic acid (1.4-148 μg g-1), hexanal (0.9-15.2 μg g-1), 1-hexanol (0.3-20.1 μg g-1), limonene (1.3-9.4 μg g-1), and 2-pentylfuran (1.0-7.8 μg g-1). The sensory panel distinguished samples in particular by fatty/oily, rancid, sweet, and green attributes, the green aroma being correlated to three methoxypyrazines only present in summer poppies.

Characterisation of the hydrospheres of TRAPPIST-1 planets

Context. Planetary mass and radius data suggest that low-mass exoplanets show a wide variety of densities. This includes sub-Neptunes, whose low densities can be explained with the presence of a volatile-rich layer. Water is one of the most abundant volatiles, which can be in the form of different phases depending on the planetary surface conditions. To constrain their composition and interior structure, models must be developed that accurately calculate the properties of water at its different phases. Aims. We present an interior structure model that includes a multiphase water layer with steam, supercritical, and condensed phases. We derive the constraints for planetary compositional parameters and their uncertainties, focusing on the multi-planetary system TRAPPIST-1, which presents both warm and temperate planets. Methods. We use a 1D steam atmosphere in radiative-convective equilibrium with an interior whose water layer is in supercritical phase self-consistently. For temperate surface conditions, we implement liquid and ice Ih to ice VII phases in the hydrosphere. We adopt a Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion scheme to derive the probability distributions of core and water compositional parameters. Results. We refine the composition of all planets and derive atmospheric parameters for planets ‘b’ and ‘c’. The latter would be in a post-runaway greenhouse state and could be extended enough to be probed by space missions such as JWST. Planets ‘d’ to ‘h’ present condensed ice phases, with maximum water mass fractions below 20%. Conclusions. The derived amounts of water for TRAPPIST-1 planets show a general increase with semi-major axis, with the exception of planet d. This deviation from the trend could be due to formation mechanisms, such as migration and an enrichment of water in the region where planet d formed, or an extended CO2-rich atmosphere.

A Heavy Molecular Weight Atmosphere for the Super-Earth π Men c

Abstract Strongly irradiated exoplanets develop extended atmospheres that can be utilized to probe the deeper planet layers. This connection is particularly useful in the study of small exoplanets, whose bulk atmospheres are challenging to characterize directly. Here, we report the 3.4σ detection of C ii ions during a single transit of the super-Earth π Men c in front of its Sun-like host star. The transit depth and Doppler velocities are consistent with the ions filling the planet’s Roche lobe and moving preferentially away from the star, an indication that they are escaping the planet. We argue that π Men c possesses a thick atmosphere with abundant heavy volatiles (≳ 50% by mass of atmosphere) but that needs not be carbon rich. Our reasoning relies upon cumulative evidence from the reported C ii detection, the nondetection of H i atoms in a past transit, modeling of the planet’s interior, and the assumption that the atmosphere, having survived the most active phases of its Sun-like host star, will survive another 0.2–2 Gyr. Depending on the current mass of atmosphere, π Men c may still transition into a bare rocky core. Our findings confirm the hypothesized compositional diversity of small exoplanets, and represent a milestone toward understanding the planets’ formation and evolution paths through the investigation of their extended atmospheres.

Transcriptome and volatile compounds profiling analyses provide insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the floral fragrance of tree peony

Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) is a popular ornamental plant around the world, which is known for its distinctively large and fragrant flowers. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of floral fragrance synthesis in tree peony remains poorly understood. In this study, integrative volatile profiling and RNA sequencing were conducted in four wild tree peony species: Paeonia ostii, Paeonia rockii, Paeonia delavayi and Paeonia lutea. A total of 67 floral volatiles were identified through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Terpenes were most abundant volatiles in P. ostii and P. rockii, while benzenoids content were relatively higher in P. delavayi and P. lutea. Transcriptome data revealed 17,967 differential expression genes (DEGs), 116 and 147 of which were found be related to the accumulation of terpenes and benzenoids, respectively. Specifically, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase, geranyl pyrophosphate synthase, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase and terpene synthase may be the major regulators of floral terpenes biosynthesis in P. ostii and P. rockii, whilst 3-deoxy-7-phosphoheptulonate synthase, phenylalanine ammonialyase, cinnamate: CoA ligase and short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases may control the production of benzenoids production in P. delavayi and P. lutea. Taken together, results from this study sheds light on the molecular mechanism of fragrance variation among different tree peony species and also provides a valuable resource to investigate floral fragrance formation in tree peony.

Changes in Contents of Simple Phenols and Volatile Compounds in Leaves of Black Rice Varieties Following Growth Stages

In this study, we aimed to explore bioactive volatile compounds in leaves of black rice which emphasized on phenolic compounds. Leaves of four black rice varieties including IR1552 and three Thai black glutinous rice varieties, Kam Huai Hong Khrai (KHHK), Kam Chiang Mai (KCM), and Kam Muang Nan (KMN) were extracted by acidic and basic aqueous solution. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the volatile components in these black rice extracts revealed twelve simple phenols among fifty-five volatile compounds identified. 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol was detected as the most abundant volatile, especially, in the booting stage for KHHK followed by the tillering stage of the same variety. Its highest content was approximately 10-folds greater than that of vanillin at the booting stage. To the best of our knowledge, seven simple phenols were detected in black rice leaves for the first time, which included 4-vinylphenol, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol, 4-hydroxy-3,5- dimethoxy-benzaldehyde and 4-((1E)-3-hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol. 3-Hexen-1-ol was detected at the highest amount and was only identified in the dough-grain stage for KHHK, KCM and KMN. Two major aldehydes (2E)-2-hexenal and nonanal were detected in high quantities in KCM black rice variety in the dough-grain and mature-grain stage. Among the twelve fatty acids identified, (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid was detected at the highest amount, on average, followed by hexadecadienoic acid and octadecanoic acid. Therefore, it could be suggested that the leaves of black rice are rich in phenolic compounds and could be used to promote natural sources of food ingredients that are of great interest to the food industry.

Rosmarinus officinialis L. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), a Promising Repellent Plant for Thrips Management.

A number of thrips species are among the most significant agricultural pests globally. Use of repellent intercrop plants is one of the key components in plant-based 'push-pull' strategies to manage pest populations. In this study, the behavioral responses of three thrips species, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom), and Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to Rosmarinus officinalis were investigated in Y-tube olfactometer bioassays and cage experiments. In addition, the major volatile compounds from rosemary were identified and the effect of the individual compounds on thrips behavior was evaluated. Females and males of the three thrips species were significantly repelled by the volatiles from cut rosemary leaves. The presence of rosemary plants significantly reduced settlement of females of the three thrips species and eggs laid by F. occidentalis females on target host plants. In total, 47 compounds were identified in the volatiles collected from the cut leaves of rosemary plants. The responses of the three thrips species to 10 major volatile compounds showed significant differences. However, α-pinene, the most abundant volatile, was repellent to F. occidentalis and F. intonsa. Eucalyptol, the second most abundant volatile, showed significant repellent activity to all the three thrips species. Our findings showed that rosemary is a promising repellent plant against the three thrips pests we tested, which could be a good candidate for 'push' plants in plant-based 'push-pull' strategies. The identified volatile compounds that accounted for the repellent activity could be developed as repellents for sustainable thrips management.

Petrogenesis of the Microgranular Enclaves and Their Host Granites from the Xitian Intrusion in South China: Implications for Geodynamic Setting and Mineralization

The South China Block had experienced a significant tectonic transition during the Mesozoic in response to the subduction of the Paleo- and the Pacific Ocean. Large-scale granitic intrusions with massive mineralization are widespread in South China, and their tectonic settings are not defined. The Xitian intrusion is ideal for probing the geodynamic setting and mineralization in South China because they comprise an abundance of microgranular enclaves (MEs) and diverse types of granite associated with mineralization. Age determined by zircon U-Pb dating suggests that the MEs and their host granites are coeval within error, of ca. 152 Ma. The MEs have a similar initial Hf-O isotopic composition as host granites, and the rapid cooling mineral textures indicate that they are autoliths. Geochemical data show that the host granites are high-K, calc-alkaline, and transitional from metaluminous to peraluminous, slightly enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) relative to heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), with obvious negative Eu anomalies, belonging to I-type. The Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios indicate the volatile penetrates the magmatic-forming process, and the fluid with abundant volatile could extract metal element effectively from the mantle.

Volatile and nonvolatile taste compounds and their correlation with umami and flavor characteristics of chicken nuggets added with milkfat and potato mash

This study investigated the chemical compounds and umami characteristics of chicken nuggets using spent meat (SM) enriched with milkfat (MF) and potato mash (PM). Four different spent nuggets (SNs) i.e. T1 (75% SM, 5% MF), T2 (70% SM, 8% MF, 2% PM), T3 (65% SM, 11% MF, 4% PM), and T4 (60% SM, 14% MF, 6% PM) were developed and compared with control using broiler chicken muscles (without MF and PM). Most abundant volatiles were trimethyldodecane, camphene, 5-ethyl-2,2,3-trimethylheptane, 3,6-dimethylundecane, 2,2,4-trimethylheptane, and α-pinene, and their intensities were highest for T2. Umami-taste characteristics were better explained by partial least squares regression (PLS-R) than other taste variables assessed by electronic tongue. T2 and T3 had higher 5′-nucleotides (GMP, AMP, ADP) and umami-taste amino acids (aspartic and glutamic acids) resulting in increased equivalent umami concentration than the control, T1, and T4. This study may be useful for the egg industries to utilize spent hens.

Pimenta Oil as A Potential Treatment for Acinetobacter Baumannii Wound Infection: In Vitro and In Vivo Bioassays in Relation to Its Chemical Composition.

Bacterial biofilm contributes to antibiotic resistance. Developing antibiofilm agents, more favored from natural origin, is a potential method for treatment of highly virulent multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains; The potential of Pimenta dioica and Pimenta racemosa essential oils (E.Os) antibacterial and antibiofilm activities in relation to their chemical composition, in addition to their ability to treat Acinetobacter baumannii wound infection in mice model were investigated; P. dioica leaf E.O at 0.05 µg·mL−1 efficiently inhibited and eradicated biofilm formed by A. baumannii by 85% and 34%, respectively. Both P. diocia and P. racemosa leaf E.Os showed a bactericidal action against A. baumanii within 6h at 2.08 µg·mL−1. In addition, a significant reduction of A. baumannii microbial load in mice wound infection model was found. Furthermore, gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis revealed qualitative and quantitative differences among P. racemosa and P. dioica leaf and berry E.Os. Monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, and phenolics were the major detected classes. β-Myrcene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, and eugenol were the most abundant volatiles. While, sesquiterpenes were found as minor components in Pimenta berries E.O; Our finding suggests the potential antimicrobial activity of Pimenta leaf E.O against MDR A. baumannii wound infections and their underlying mechanism and to be further tested clinically as treatment for MDR A. baumannii infections.