Abundant Renewable Energy Research Articles

Rice husk as renewable energy: Potential in pabelan and bringin district, semarang regency

Abstract Energy consumption in Indonesia has increased by 7-8% per year in line with population and economic growth in last 10 years. Based on Indonesian Government Ordinance no. 79/2014 regarding the National Energy Policy, by 2025 it’s required to use renewable energy at least 23% and 31% from total energy mixture by 2050. Besides its’ limited availability, fossil fuel consumption leads to greenhouse gas release which contributing to global warming. Indonesia has abundant renewable energy sources such as biomass. Based on data from Central Statistics Agency of Semarang Regency, in 2023 Semarang Regency has 40.428,3 ha of rice field area that produces 246.942,2 tons of rice. Pabelan District has agricultural land of 4.950,1 ha with 29.451,5 tons of rice production. While Bringin District has 3.986,9 ha of agricultural land with 23.554 tons of rice production. Rice husk as one of rice agricultural byproduct that have not been optimally utilized. The current underutilization of this resource, with only around 20% being used for practical purposes, presents a significant opportunity for tapping into its potential as a renewable energy source. This paper will elaborate rice husk potential for biogas production in Pabelan and Bringin District, Semarang Regency and it’s benefits from environmental perspectives.

One-pot synthesis of foamable bio-resin: High solid content, low viscosity and rapid low-temperature curing

The increasing global concerns surrounding sustainable resource development and energy-efficient utilisation have positioned the functional utilisation of natural biomass materials as a critical research hotspot in materials science. This study aims to enhance the utilisation of lignocellulose, a highly promising and abundant renewable energy source, to replace petroleum-based materials with wood-based materials. To achieve this objective, the study employed techniques such as liquefaction degradation, molecular reconstruction and directional induction to synthesise wood-based resin through a one-pot process, using poplar powder. The resulting resin exhibited a solid content ranging from 65 % to 68 % and viscosity between 8000 and 4000 mPa·s. Compared with resin formulations lacking divalent metal ions, the resin containing these ions demonstrated an approximate reduction of 8°C in peak curing temperature and a 42.96 % decrease in curing time. These characteristics satisfy the requirements for foaming resins, including high solid content, low viscosity and rapid curing at low temperatures. Additionally, the impacts of resin rheology and thermosetting on the foam pore structure were analysed using principles of rheology and thermodynamics. The integrated manufacturing process of the resin resulted in zero waste or by-products, thereby enhancing efficiency, conserving energy and demonstrating promising market prospects.

(Invited) Electrocatalytic Ammonia Splitting to Enable the Nitrogen Economy

Synthesis of NH3 using the most abundant renewable energy resources (sun/wind), and abundant chemical feedstocks on Earth (H2O and N2) via the energy efficient, large-scale and cost-effective Haber-Bosch (HB) process enables the possibility of producing carbon-free, high energy density liquid fuel on the TW scale. The HB reaction is almost thermoneutral, which means hydrogen’s intrinsic energy is largely retained in ammonia, making NH3 likely the best candidate for storing and transporting renewable H2. The conversion of NH3 to electricity via a direct ammonia fuel cell or back to H2 via electrolysis has received little attention until very recently, however, and is primarily limited by the ammonia oxidation half reaction. This talk will present our recent investigation of homogeneous electrocatalysts to drive the NH3 splitting reaction at room temperature and ambient pressure. Our recent efforts aimed at understanding the mechanism of the ammonia oxidation reaction with [Ru(tpy)(dmabpy)NH3]2+, using a variety of spectroscopic (NMR and optical) and electrochemical methods will be presented. Interestingly, reactions [Ru(tpy)(dmabpy)NH3]3+ with various Lewis bases are shown to trigger a catalytic reaction which results in formation of a characterized N2-bridged dimer intermediate species. Alternative ammines coordinated to the Ru center are also oxidized to form surprising highly oxidized products. The effect of solvent on the overpotential and catalysis will be discussed as well as preliminary results of next-generation Ru and Os catalysts.

Assessing green hydrogen potential and utilization for sustainable energy production in Serbia

The paper provides a comprehensive examination of resources available for the deployment of green hydrogen in Serbia. The assessment encompasses various aspects, including renewable energy potentials, technological advancements, and future projections. The evaluation considers factors such as solar and wind power capacities, which are pivotal for green hydrogen production. Additionally, the study delves into the policy landscape, addressing initiatives aimed at fostering the integration of green hydrogen into Serbia's energy matrix. The analysis combines quantitative data on energy production capacities with qualitative insights into the economic and environmental implications of green hydrogen utilization. While the nation boasts abundant renewable energy resources, challenges such as high production costs and infrastructure limitations hinder widespread adoption. However, with strategic initiatives and technological advancements, Serbia can overcome these hurdles and pave the way for a sustainable hydrogen economy. Assessing Serbia's green hydrogen potential, driven by over 24 095 MWp from solar and 10 750 MWp from wind, highlights the nation's capacity to harness renewable resources, with hydrogen production set to grow from 1915 tons in 2019 to 37 ,123 tons by 2040. The findings aim to contribute to the ongoing discourse on sustainable energy transitions and the role of green hydrogen in Serbia's evolving energy landscape.

Harnessing Solar and Hydropower in Pakistan: A Strategic Approach to Climate Change Mitigation

This study aims to conduct a thorough examination of Pakistan’s energy sector, with a specific focus on renewable energy (RE) and nonrenewable energy (non-RE) sources. It intends to delve into the potential of solar and hydropower resources within Pakistan and their capacity to mitigate the effects of climate change, thus centering the discussion on RE, particularly solar and hydropower. Adopting secondary data sources, this study seeks to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current state of Pakistan’s energy sector and the challenges that it faces. One of the key findings highlighted in the analysis is the serious problem within Pakistan’s energy sector: existing institutions struggle to cope with the increasing demand for energy owing to insufficient growth in power generation capacity. This inadequacy has led to an increase in CO2 emissions, primarily driven by the country’s growing reliance on fossil fuels to meet its energy needs. Despite this challenge, Pakistan possesses substantial potential for Resources, particularly solar energy and hydropower. Following an evaluation of renewable energy resources, this study proposes recommendations to support the adoption and utilization of renewable energy as a critical component of sustainable growth. These suggestions are geared toward accelerating the transition to renewable energy sources, thus positioning Pakistan for a more sustainable and resilient energy future. This research paper underscores the urgency of addressing the shortcomings in Pakistan’s energy sector and emphasizes the pivotal role of renewable energy, especially solar and hydropower, in mitigating climate change and fostering sustainable development. By leveraging its abundant renewable energy resources and implementing strategic measures, Pakistan can chart a path toward a more environmentally friendly and economically viable energy landscape.

Green Hydrogen and Formula 1 (F1): Advancing Sustainable Comprehensive Approaches for F1 Events in the MENA Region

Formula 1 (F1) has embarked on sustainability initiatives, notably the 'Countdown to Zero' campaign aimed at achieving carbon neutrality by 2030. This article delves into F1's sustainability efforts, focusing on the integration of green hydrogen as a promising solution for reducing carbon emissions, particularly within the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Despite the novelty of green hydrogen in F1, its potential applications in powering vehicles and supporting event logistics are explored. Additionally, the article examines MENA's significance in F1's sustainability agenda, given its abundant renewable energy resources and strategic position in hosting Grand Prix races. The feasibility of transitioning F1 cars to sustainable alternatives, including electric vehicles, hydrogen-powered cars, and e-fuels, is scrutinized, highlighting challenges and opportunities. Furthermore, the article discusses sustainable practices that can make F1 events more sustainable. It refers to sustainable practices previously implemented in past F1 Grand Prix races, assesses their applicability to the MENA region, and suggests innovative practices that the MENA can implement; these include the installation of solar canopies in F1 circuit parking lots and the use of bio-fuelled trucks for event logistics. Investment in sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) emerges as another avenue for F1 to mitigate its carbon footprint, potentially through partnerships with airlines present in the MENA region, such as Emirates. Ultimately, this article underscores the imperative for F1 to embrace sustainable practices, not only to align with societal trends but also to lead the charge in environmental stewardship within the realm of motorsport.

Renewable energy: A way out for South Sudan’s electricity crisis

South Sudan is one of the least electrified countries in the world, despite having abundant renewable energy resources that could be exploited to generate electricity. The country relies on imported diesel for electricity generation, besides having limited focus on renewable energy development. This policy brief sheds light on the potential of renewable energy as a solution to South Sudan’s ongoing electricity crisis. It examines the key factors hindering the development of renewable energy resources for electricity generation in the country. The brief also provides recommendations to the Government of South Sudan, policymakers, experts, and funding institutions on how to improve electricity access in the country. It is stressing on the importance of prioritising the development of diverse renewable energy resources, such as solar, wind, and small hydropower, as an immediate solution to the electricity access challenges in the country.

From Potential to Power: Advancing Nigeria’s Energy Sector through Renewable Integration and Policy Reform

Nigeria is a nation endowed with both abundant renewable and non-renewable energy resources. Despite its vast potential, Nigeria struggles with a consistent power supply due to various systemic issues, such as inadequate funding, infrastructural decay, corruption, technical skill shortages, and macroeconomic instability. These challenges hinder the effective harnessing and distribution of energy resources, particularly renewable ones like wind, solar, biomass, and hydropower. This study assesses the existing energy policies and their efficacy in promoting sustainable energy development towards achieving universal electricity access by 2030. It highlights the necessity for a just energy transition that integrates a substantial proportion of renewable energy into the national grid, aiming to meet up to 60% of the country’s energy demands with clean sources by 2050. This transition is critical not only for energy security and reducing the environmental impact but also for fostering socioeconomic equity. Recommendations include overhauling the legal and regulatory frameworks to support renewable energy growth, particularly in off-grid areas, to ensure clean, affordable, and secure energy access. Strategic investments, enhanced infrastructure, and robust public–private partnerships are essential to overcome the current barriers and realize Nigeria’s energy potential. This paper calls for a comprehensive approach that addresses both the technical and socioeconomic dimensions of the energy crisis, laying the groundwork for a sustainable and prosperous energy future for Nigeria.

Fueling Costa Rica’s green hydrogen future: A financial roadmap for global leadership

This study evaluates the financial viability and scalability of green hydrogen production in Costa Rica, focusing on solar and wind energy. The research analyzes seven key provinces using Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) and wind speed data to assess energy potential. Monte Carlo simulations were employed to calculate the Net Present Value (NPV), hydrogen production costs, and economic sustainability over multiple project lifetimes. Guanacaste, with solar irradiance of 5.49 kWh/m2/day and wind speeds of 6.59 m/s, emerges as the most favorable region. The analysis reveals an NPV of $1,519.79 USD for onshore wind and $2,320.24 USD for offshore wind over 10 years. These values increase significantly for longer lifetimes, with 25-year NPVs of $3,687.40 USD for onshore wind and $5,890.72 USD for offshore wind, and 50-year NPVs reaching $7,456.21 USD and $11,560.38 USD, respectively. Hydrogen production costs are estimated at $49,696.75 USD from solar and $14,923.19 USD from wind energy. Despite its potential, high costs remain a challenge, requiring policy incentives, international cooperation, and green bonds to drive down costs and scale production. The study offers crucial insights for policymakers, investors, and researchers to support Costa Rica’s leadership in the global green hydrogen economy.

Deep learning analysis of green ammonia synthesis: Evaluating techno-economic feasibility for sustainable production

This research presents a comprehensive optimization of green ammonia synthesis in Morocco by leveraging advanced deep learning techniques to maximize the utilization of the country's abundant renewable energy resources. By employing deep learning models such as LSTM and LSTM_adv, we forecast ammonia production over the next decade, improving strategies for production and energy storage. Our findings confirmed the viability of sustainable ammonia production in Dakhla and highlighted its transformative potential for global sustainability goals. Under the optimal scenario of 20 % photovoltaic and 80 % wind energy, the production cost was US$575 per tNH3, delivering an energy output of 8916.64 GWh and a daily ammonia production of 2503.36 tNH3. Shifting to 100 % wind energy further enhances the potential, increasing daily ammonia production to a maximum of 3090 tNH3 while reducing the production cost to US$376 per tNH3. These results demonstrate the significant economic and environmental benefits of using renewable energy sources for ammonia production in Morocco. By leveraging a country's abundant wind and solar resources, we can contribute to a sustainable and energy-independent future.

Harnessing solar energy for sustainable green hydrogen production in Türkiye: Opportunities, and economic viability

Hydrogen emerges as a promising solution for Türkiye, offering opportunities to enhance renewable energy production and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Türkiye has significant potential for green hydrogen production, leveraging its abundant renewable energy resources and lower installation costs for renewable energy-based power plants.This study assesses the impact of capital expenditure (CAPEX) on the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) in Türkiye, focusing on both current and projected costs. The LCOH ranges from $3.79/kgH2 to $5.11/kgH2 for low and high CAPEX scenarios, given Türkiye's solar electricity cost of $40.32/MWh in 2024. Looking ahead to 2035, achieving Türkiye's hydrogen cost target of $2.4/kgH2 will require reducing electricity costs to $31/MWh for low CAPEX and $15.3/MWh for high CAPEX. The current electricity cost of $40.3/MWh is significantly above these targets, highlighting the need for substantial technological advancements and cost-reduction strategies to meet future economic objectives for sustainable hydrogen production.

Navigating Climate Change and Sustainability Solutions: Nigeria's Role in International Environmental Law

Over the past three decades, the world has witnessed multidimensional impacts of climate change, thus emphasizing the critical urgency for climate action, and promoting sustainability. Africa is reported to disproportionately suffer the consequences of climate change. These consequences such as flooding; droughts and rising temperatures require the adoption of an environmental foreign policy to foster environmental sustainability and cross-sectoral climate resilience. As Africa’s most populous nation and second-largest oil producer significant to global oil supply, Nigeria occupies a unique and distinct position in the global climate discourse. However, despite credibly being a signatory to international bodies such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Nigeria needs an effective environmental foreign policy to attain the globally desired sustainability and climate resilience. Therefore, this paper delves into Nigeria’s commitment to international environmental law of key international agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, in response to the threatening climate change crisis. The paper recognizes Nigeria as a leading contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in Africa, driving it to develop some national environmental policies that support renewable energy production and sustainability. However, most of the policies seem ineffective. This is because the country needs help with challenges ranging from political interference, corruption, unrealistic emission targets, overreliance on fossil fuels, and other socioeconomic factors. The study highlights the potential of Nigeria, the giant of Africa, in leading regional climate negotiations by localizing international environmental foreign policy and developing a strengthened legal framework to guide the African continent to sustainable development. The perspective of this paper is to encourage Nigeria to meet its sustainability objectives while fulfilling its international environmental obligations by exploring its abundant renewable energy resources such as solar, wind, and hydropower

Challenges and Opportunities in Nigeria's Renewable Energy Policy and Legislation

Endowed with abundant renewable energy resources, Nigeria stands at a pivotal point in its energy development journey. This study explores the landscape of renewable energy policy and legislation in Nigeria, highlighting the challenges and opportunities that shape the sector. The research begins with an overview of Nigeria's current energy framework, emphasizing the critical role of renewable energy in achieving sustainable development. It examines existing policies and legislative frameworks, identifying the key government agencies responsible and outlining their respective functions. Despite the country's vast potential, numerous barriers impede the growth of renewable energy. These include legal and regulatory inconsistencies, institutional inefficiencies, financial constraints, and technical challenges. The study delves into these issues, providing a comprehensive analysis of how they hinder progress in renewable energy adoption. Conversely, the research identifies significant opportunities to enhance renewable energy policy and legislation including potential legislative reforms, institutional strengthening, financial incentives, and the promotion of technological innovation and infrastructure development. By leveraging these opportunities, Nigeria can create a more robust and conducive environment for renewable energy growth. The study concludes with strategic recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders to bridge the existing gaps and foster a sustainable energy future for Nigeria. It also outlines future research directions aimed at optimizing renewable energy policies and practices. Through this comprehensive analysis, the study aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on renewable energy in Nigeria, providing insights to guide effective policy-making and legislative action.

Predictive modelling of drag, lift and torque coefficients of cylindrical biomass particles under artificial intelligence

The escalating threats of climate change and fossil fuel depletion have greatly spurred the widespread utilization of renewable energy sources. Biomass energy stands out as the most abundant renewable energy resource. Among all biomass conversion technologies, direct combustion of biomass for heating and power generation represents the most common and cost-effective approach. Suspended combustion technology is widely employed in existing biomass combustion power plants worldwide. However, conventional modeling procedures often fail to adequately address the differences between coal and biomass combustion, particularly the significant impact of large-sized and highly non-spherical cylindrical straw biomass particles on their trajectories. This study utilizes OpenFOAM-body-fitted mesh direct numerical simulation (DNS) to generate a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) dataset consisting of 300 data points for cylindrical particles, aimed at constructing a prediction model based on machine learning (N+1) for key aerodynamic parameters (drag coefficient, lift coefficient, and torque coefficient). The proposed model enables precise prediction of aerodynamic parameters for a wider range of different cylindrical particles and flow conditions, thus extending the existing Euler-Lagrangian model for non-spherical biomass multiphase flow.

Development of a Two-Stage Bioprocess for the Production of Bioethanol from the Acid Hydrolysate of Brewer’s Spent Grain

Bioethanol, an alcohol produced by microbial fermentation, is traditionally produced from sugar-rich plants such as sugar cane, sugar beet and maize. However, there is growing interest in the use of lignocellulose, an abundant and inexpensive renewable energy source, as a potential substitute for the production of biofuels and biochemicals. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is commonly used for ethanol fermentation, cannot cope with lignocellulose due to a lack of lignocellulolytic enzymes and the inefficient functioning of the pentose phosphate pathway. The aim of this research was to isolate yeasts that can efficiently produce bioethanol and valuable byproducts from both glucose and xylose in a two-stage fermentation process using brewer’s spent grains. This approach should maximize sugar utilization and improve the economic viability of bioethanol production while contributing to waste valorization and sustainability. Kluyveromyces marxianus and Candida krusei were identified and tested with different initial concentrations of glucose and xylose. The results showed that both yeasts produced bioethanol from glucose but were inefficient with xylose, yielding valuable compounds, such as 2,3-butanediol and glycerol instead. A two-stage fermentation was then carried out with weak acidic hydrolysate from brewer’s spent grain. In the first stage, glucose was fermented by S. cerevisiae to produce bioethanol; in the second stage, xylose was fermented by K. marxianus and C. krusei to obtain other valuable products.

Direct transformation of rice straw to electricity and hydrogen by a single yeast strain: Performance and mechanism

Lignocellulosic waste is one of the most abundant renewable energy sources. However, pretreatment or complex microbial consortia are usually required for the biological transformation into energy products. This study demonstrates the direct transformation of raw rice straw biomass into electricity and hydrogen without any pretreatment by employing a single yeast strain, Cystobasidium slooffiae JSUX1, in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The yeast-MFCs exhibit a maximum power density of 28.56 ± 2.54 mW/m2 with simultaneous production of hydrogen gas (4.9 ± 0.52 L/m3) from raw straw. Further analysis reveals that enzymes secreted by the yeast strain degraded rice straw into sugars or organic acids, serving as fuel for electricity and hydrogen production. In addition, humic acid (HA) and Fe-HA derived from biomass consumption serve as electron mediators for extracellular electron transfer (EET) in MFCs. This study demonstrates the power of the yeast strain for renewable energy recovery from straw, diversifying the toolbox for the lignocellulose industry.

Achieving carbon neutrality in an emerging oil-producing country: Renewable energy transition and international trade flows in Ghana

Over the past decade, climate variabilities have emerged as shaping the dynamics of international trade. The adverse externalities posed by climate change require a corresponding improvement in the production of food, trade and the adoption of abundant renewable energy resources. Our study focused on evaluating the impact of renewable energy transition on international trade flows in Ghana. We employed the dynamics ARDL simulation model to analyse our results using data from various institutions. We found that energy transition using both low carbon energy and renewable energy in electricity generation by 1% and 5% significantly increases the balance of trade to the 4th year after which energy transition decreases the balance of trade to the 9th year. After the 9th year, energy transition by both percentages increases the trade balance of Ghana. We observe that the energy transition by 5% has a higher impact than the energy transition by 1%. Additionally, it is observed that using the share of renewable energy in electricity generation has a decreasing rate relative to the first four years. Drafting renewable energy plans such as allocation of funds, supportive policy frameworks and incentives such as green financing, subsidies, and tax incentives can enhance and develop renewable energy infrastructure to increase renewable energy efficiency and reliability for international trade.

Advancement of Bioenergy Technology in South Africa

South Africa has been experiencing an energy crisis since 2007 and continues to the present. This has resulted in load-shedding (action to interrupt electricity supply to avoid excessive load on the generating plant). One way to address this problem is to further explore the potential and contribution of bioenergy through research conducted and implementing energy reports. Therefore, the study aims to provide the state of bioenergy and its contribution to the country’s economic sector and to enhance the replacement of fossil fuels with bioenergy resources and technology. A total blackout of 15,913 h has been experienced since 2014, according to the weekly system status report released by ESKOM. The power utility (Eskom) responsible for power generation and utility has attributed this problem to insufficient generation and capacity. Based on this, the country is embarking on solving this problem. Although the country is dominated by coal (fossil fuel), constituting 73.8% of the total energy supply, this poses a serious environmental risk and health hazard. Renewable energy is considered an alternative energy source, and its introduction and implementation look promising in reducing and solving the current energy crisis. With abundant renewable energy potential, representing 8.7% of the total energy supply, around 85% is bioenergy. This review’s findings revealed that bioenergy contributed mainly towards heat, and fuels admit other energy sources, which is recommended. Therefore, its deployment on a large scale is promising and possible. This study will guide and further encourage the deployment of bioenergy projects in South Africa.

Synergistic evaluation of energy security and environmental sustainability in BRICS geo-political entities: An integrated index framework

Research background: The increasing demand for energy, driven by economic growth and population expansion, is a critical driver of societal progress. However, the predominant reliance on fossil fuels to meet this demand presents significant challenges, particularly in the rapidly developing BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). These countries are faced with a complex interplay of energy security and environmental sustainability issues, stemming from their substantial fossil fuel reserves and the associated environmental consequences. The challenges manifest as inequalities in access to clean energy, environmental degradation, and heightened vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. Addressing these multifaceted issues requires a comprehensive approach. Metrics-based strategies, which employ aggregated indices derived from a diverse set of energy and environmental indicators, have the potential to provide valuable insights into these complexities. However, the development of a universally applicable energy sustainability index is complicated by the heterogeneity of metrics, disparities between countries, and methodological challenges, emphasizing the need for an innovative and holistic analytical framework. Purpose of the article: This study aims to develop a tailored Energy Security and Environmental Sustainability Index for BRICS economies to evaluate the robustness of their energy systems and the viability of their ecological practices. The index serves as an instrument to assess the progress of these nations in the Energy and Environment domain and identify areas that require targeted interventions and improvements. Methods: The construction of the composite ESESI involves the selection of relevant parameters and the application of a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) framework in conjunction with the Weighted Product Method (WPM). To ensure objectivity in the determination of optimal and least favorable weights for each indicator, the study employs the Multiplicative Data Envelopment Analysis (MDEA) model. Findings & value added: The ESESI analysis reveals disparities in the progress made by BRICS nations in enhancing energy security, promoting renewable energy deployment, and mitigating environmental impacts. While some countries demonstrate substantial advancements, others face challenges in improving energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions. The study underscores the necessity for tailored policies and targeted infrastructural enhancements that align with the unique challenges and strengths of each nation. Harnessing the abundant renewable energy potential through advanced energy trade mechanisms and fostering cross-border investments are identified as crucial strategies for ensuring environmental sustainability and long-term energy in the BRICS region. The ESESI provides a valuable tool for policymakers and researchers to evaluate the progress of BRICS nations in achieving sustainable energy goals and to inform evidence-based decision-making processes. By offering a comprehensive and scientifically rigorous assessment framework, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on sustainable energy transitions and environmental stewardship in the context of rapidly developing economies.

Will Hydrogen Be a New Natural Gas? Hydrogen Integration in Natural Gas Grids.

Hydrogen is similar to natural gas in terms of its physical and chemical properties but does not release carbon dioxide when burnt. This makes hydrogen an energy carrier of great importance in climate policy, especially as an enabler of increasing integration of volatile renewable energy, progressive electrification, and effective emission reductions in the hard-to-decarbonize sectors. Leaving aside the problems of transporting hydrogen as a liquid, technological challenges along the entire supply chain can be considered as solved in principle, as shown in the experimental findings of the Hydrogen Innovation Program of the German Technical and Scientific Association for Gas and Water. By scaling up production and end-use capacities and, most importantly, producing hydrogen in regions with abundant renewable energy, hydrogen and its applications can displace natural gas at affordable prices in the medium term. However, this substitution will take place at different rates in different regions and with different levels of added value, all of which must be understood for hydrogen uptake to be successful.