Abundant Fatty Acids Research Articles

The Histone Deacetylase Inhibitory Potential of Chicken Egg Yolk Fat and Their Fatty Acid Composition.

Histone deacetylation is a key biochemical event associated with transcriptional regulation. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) mediate the deacetylation of histones. Fatty acids have been reported to function as histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi). The present instigation reports the HDAC inhibitory activity of egg yolks and egg yolk-derived fat of country and farm chicken for the first time. Egg yolks and fatty acids derived from both country (CCEF) and farm chicken (FCEF) demonstrated significant HDAC enzyme activity inhibition. Furthermore, egg yolks, CCEF, and FCEF exhibited DPPH free radical scavenging effects. The analysis of fatty acid profiles revealed varying degrees of saturated, mono-, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the egg yolks. Palmitic acid (C16 : 0) was found to be the most abundant saturated fatty acid in both CCEF and FCEF. Among the monounsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid (C18 : 1) was the most abundant in both CCEF and FCEF. In terms of polyunsaturated fatty acids, a significant difference was observed in the content of linoleic acid (C18 : 2), an omega-6 fatty acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (C22 : 6), an omega-3 fatty acid, between CCEF and FCEF. These findings present exciting prospects for the development of histone deacetylase inhibitors based on egg yolk fat.

What are the most effective biotic and abiotic factors affecting fatty acid composition of Garra rufa (Heckel, 1843)?

Specimens of Garra rufa were collected from a warm river and a cool stream in the Bingöl Province, Turkey, once a month over a period of one year. The effects of month, season, gender and location on the fatty acid composition in the muscle and the lipid content were investigated and dietary marker fatty acids were used to obtain dietary preferences in different locations (Ilıcalar, Garip) and periods. Total lipid change was seasonally significant (ANOSIM-R=0.49) at both locations and 18:1ω9, 20:5ω3 and 20:6ω3 were the most abundant dietary fatty acids. Although G. rufa are predominantly herbivores, they can also feed omnivorously on mixed diets depending on the presence and absence of their primary diet. The effect of season was significant on fatty acid composition, regardless of the location (Pperm=0.001). Significant seasonal changes in all the fatty acid compositions could be attributed to seasonal changes in the abundance and diversity of dietary sources in the environment due to the effect of temperature.

Associations between subclinical intramammary infection and milk fatty acid profile at the quarter level in Holstein cattle.

Mastitis, especially the subclinical form, is the most common economic and health problem in dairy cows. Little is known about changes in milk fatty acid (FA) composition according to infection/inflammation status of the mammary gland. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between naturally occurring subclinical intramammary infection (IMI) from different pathogens, i.e. Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis and Prototheca spp., and the detailed milk FA profile assessed at quarter level in Holstein cows. After an initial bacteriological screening (T0) on 450 Holstein cows reared in three dairy herds, we identified 78 cows positive at the bacteriological examination. These animals were followed up at the quarter level two weeks (T1) and six weeks (T2) after T0. In total, 600 single-quarter samples were obtained at T1 and T2. Individual FAs were determined using the gas chromatography analytical method. Investigated traits were 70 individual FAs, 12 FA groups, and six desaturation indices. The associations between subclinical IMI combined with somatic cell count (SCC) and milk FA profile were investigated using a hierarchical linear mixed model (i.e., observational unit was quarter within cow) with the following fixed effects: days in milk (DIM), parity, herd, SCC, bacteriological status (BACT, positive and negative), and the SCC × BACT interaction. The random effect of individual cow nested within herd, DIM and parity was used as the error term for the latter effects. The most significant associations were detected at T2. Notably, IMI reduced the proportions of individual short-chain FA, especially 4:0 and 6:0 (-14%), but increased the proportion of the most abundant medium-chain FA (MCFA), 16:0 (+4%). A reduction in the desaturation indices was observed mostly for 14:1 index (-9%), in line with the reduction in 14:1 (-10%). Somatic cell count significantly affected 14 individual FAs. In particular, samples with high SCC (≥200 000) had significantly lower proportions of 8:0, 10:0, 11:0, 12:0, and 13:0 compared with samples with low SCC (<200 000). Increasing SCC in animals positive at the bacteriological examination were associated with a reduction in total MCFA at T2 (while in negative animals, they remained constant across SCC classes), possible evidence that elongation of the FA chain from 11 to 16 carbons is affected by a combination of infection and SCC. This study showed that subclinical IMI and SCC are mainly associated with reductions in the synthesis of FA and the desaturation process in the mammary gland.

Karadeniz'in Sinop Sahilinden Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux, 1813'ün Yağ Asidi Bileşimine Mevsimlerin Etkisi

The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid profile of Laurencia obtusa collected from the Sinop coast. The fatty acids profile were analyzed by GC/MS and their seasonal variation was studied. Along the sampling, it was identified 36 different fatty acids in L. obtusa. During the research, it was determined that the most abundant fatty acid was palmitic acid with values ranging from 33.78±1.03% in winter to 44.51±1.70% in summer. At the end of the study, it was determined that the season in which L. obtusa was richest in terms of PUFA and SFA contents was spring and in terms of MUFA content was autumn. In addition, in the study, It has been determined that the PUFA/SFA ratio in L. obtusa varied between 0.10% and 0.23% from winter to summer, and the total n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio changed between 1.14% and 2.37% from summer to autumn. It was determined that the atherogenicity index (AI) value changed between 1.75 and 1.97 from autumn to summer, and the thrombogenicity index (TI) value changed between 1.58 and 2.22 from winter to autumn. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the seasons have a significant effect on the fatty acid profile.

Comparison of radiation-induced hydrocarbons formed in three irradiated oilseeds

To investigate the effect of fatty acid composition and irradiation dose on the radiation-induced hydrocarbons, three oilseeds (i.e., peanut, sesame and flaxseed) were selected and irradiated at 2, 4, 6 and 8 kGy. The radiation-induced hydrocarbons were extracted using simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The most abundant fatty acid in peanut, sesame and flaxseed oils was oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid, respectively. Nine radiation-induced hydrocarbons including 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene and eight products from palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid were detected in all irradiated samples, even at 2 kGy. Compared to irradiated sesame and flaxseed, irradiated peanut had more radiation-induced hydrocarbons at the same dose. There was a visible difference in radiation-induced hydrocarbon composition among the three oilseeds. The radiolytic hydrocarbons derived from oleic and linoleic acid were predominant for peanut and sesame, while only oleic acid for flaxseed. The fatty acids in flaxseed were more readily cleaved at the alpha-carbon position compared to peanut and sesame. In addition, the concentrations of all detected radiation-induced hydrocarbons in three oilseeds increased linearly with irradiation dose (R2 = 0.957–0.993). The irradiated oilseeds from three different species could be distinguished by hierarchical cluster analysis based on their radiation-induced hydrocarbons.

UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS-Based Untargeted Lipidomic Analysis of Lipid Molecular Species in Spinal Cords from Different Domesticated Animals.

Lipids are crucial components for the maintenance oof normal structure and function in the nervous system. Elucidating the diversity of lipids in spinal cords may contribute to our understanding of neurodevelopment. This study comprehensively analyzed the fatty acid (FA) compositions and lipidomes of the spinal cords of eight domesticated animal species: pig, cattle, yak, goat, horse, donkey, camel, and sika deer. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were the primary FAs in the spinal cords of these domesticated animals, accounting for 72.54-94.23% of total FAs. Notably, oleic acid, stearic acid and palmitic acid emerged as the most abundant FA species. Moreover, untargeted lipidomics by UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS demonstrated that five lipid classes, including glycerophospholipids (GPs), sphingolipids (SPs), glycerolipids (GLs), FAs and saccharolipids (SLs), were identified in the investigated spinal cords, with phosphatidylcholine (PC) being the most abundant among all identified lipid classes. Furthermore, canonical correlation analysis showed that PC, PE, TAG, HexCer-NS and SM were significantly associated with genome sequence data. These informative data provide insight into the structure and function of mammalian nervous tissues and represent a novel contribution to lipidomics.

Flavobacterium okayamense sp. nov. isolated from surface seawater

Strain KK2020170T, a Gram-stain negative, yellow colony-forming bacterium, was isolated from surface seawater sampled in Kojima Bay, Okayama, Japan. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene revealed that strain KK2020170T belongs to the genus Flavobacterium, with Flavobacterium haoranii LQY-7T (98.1% similarity) being its closest relative, followed by Flavobacterium sediminis MEBiC07310T (96.9%) and Flavobacterium urocaniciphilum YIT 12746T (96.0%). Whole-genome shotgun sequencing showed that strain KK2020170T, when paralleled with F. haoranii LQY-7 T, had 81.3% average nucleotide identity, and 24.6% in silico DNA–DNA hybridization values, respectively. The DNA G + C content of strain KK2020170T was 31.1 mol%. The most abundant fatty acids (> 10%) of strain KK2020170T were iso-C15: 0, iso-C17: 0 3-OH and iso-C15: 1 G. The dominant respiratory quinone of the strain was menaquinone MK-6. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic analysis results, we propose that strain KK2020170T represents a novel species, for which the name Flavobacterium okayamense sp. nov. has been proposed. The type strain is KK2020170T (= ATCC TSD-280 T = NBRC 115344 T).

Evaluation of umami taste in Hanwoo with different feed sources by chemical analysis, electronic tongue analysis, and sensory evaluation

This study aimed to evaluate umami taste in Hanwoo with different feed by chemical analysis, sensory evaluation and an electronic tongue system. Hanwoo cattle were divided into three groups: control group (fed only total mixed ration [TMR]), T1 (fed soybean meal + TMR), and T2 (fed soybean meal + corn-dried distiller’s grain with solubles [Corn DDGS] + TMR). The three most abundant fatty acids (C18:1n-9, C16:0, and C18:0) in the T1, T2, and control groups accounted for 83.63%, 86.07%, and 85.52% of the total fatty acid content, respectively. Umami taste-related glutamic acid levels were significantly high in T1 (109.89 mg/kg), followed by T2 (66.66 mg/kg) and control (47.27 mg/kg). Fatty acid levels showed a high correlation with umami taste. The results of this study showed that the amino acid and fatty acid levels had been affected by feed types and soybean- or Corn DDGS-based feed potentially enhanced Hanwoo’s umami flavor.

Chemical composition, fatty acids, amino acids, minerals and vitamins profiles of Mithun (Bos frontalis) milk reared under semi-intensive system

This study examined the composition and nutritional value of milk produced by Mithun (Bos frontalis) reared under a semi-intensive model. The study analyzed the milk's chemical composition, fatty acids, amino acids, minerals, and vitamin profiles using standard methods. The results showed that fresh Mithun milk contained (Mean ± SEM) 7.3 ± 0.48 % fat, 10.28 ± 0.13 % solids-not-fat, 4.0 ± 0.05 % protein, 5.7 ± 0.08 % lactose, and had a density of 1.20 ± 0.01 g/mL. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that the milk contained 69.08 % saturated fatty acids and 30.82 % unsaturated fatty acids. The most abundant fatty acids were palmitic, oleic, stearic, and myristic acids, while linoleic 18:2 (n-6) and linolenic acids 18:3 (n-3) were the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids. The study also found that Mithun milk was rich in essential amino acids, with glutamic acid, lysine, proline, and isoleucine being the most abundant. In addition, Mithun milk was found to have a high concentration of vitamins A, D, and E, as well as calcium. The study concluded that Mithun milk could serve as a nutrient-dense food and contribute significantly to the nutritional security of North East India.

Detection of salmon meat freshness using QCM gas sensor array combined with physicochemical method

Salmon meat is easy to be spoiled during transportation and storage due to its abundant protein and fatty acids. During the spoilage process, the released volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may vary significantly, mainly including trimethylamine (TMA), dimethylamine (DMA), formaldehyde (HCHO), ammonia (NH3). Herein, a gas sensor array based on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) modified with four carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene oxide (GO), Mxenes (Ti3C2TX), hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and graphite oxide alkyne (GOP) was established to detect TMA, DMA, HCHO and NH3 in salmon meat, respectively. Carbon-based materials have the advantages of high specific surface area and high stability, so they have great potential in gas adsorption. It was observed that the QCM sensors modified with four sensing carbon-based materials presented good sensitivity, selectivity and repeatability towards corresponding target gases. Finally, the sensor array composed by aforementioned four sensors were used to analyze freshness of salmon samples. The response matrix was processed by principal component analysis (PCA) for visualization. Further discrimination model was established by quadratic support vector machine (QSVM) and the classification accuracy was 100%. To demonstrate the feasibility of discriminating salmon freshness by gas sensor array, the identification results were correlated with the amount of total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) measured by semimicro-Kjeldahl method.

Proximate analysis, amino acid and fatty acid profiles of edible flatfish collected from Cuddalore coast, Southeast India

It is quintessential to know the nutritional value of foods we consume. Here, we have assessed the nutritional value, amino acid and fatty acid profiles of five commercialised flatfish species from the Cuddalore coastal waters in the southeast coast of India. Proximate analyses were performed to assess the moisture, ash, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in the muscle of edible marine flatfishes. Flatfish protein has a well-balanced amino acid composition, with major amino acids in the five fish species being valine (0.77%), methionine (0.55%), isoleucine (0.50%), lysine (0.49%), and arginine (0.49%). Five flatfish oil samples were analysed for seven fatty acids, including three saturated fatty acids and four unsaturated acids. Morotic acid (18:4) was the most abundant fatty acid, followed by palmitic acid (16:0), linolenic acid (18:3), margaric acid (17:0), oleic acid (18:1), and stearic acid (18:0). The findings of this study can be used to establish a baseline for analysing the nutritional profiles of diverse fishes in future.

Analysis of the nutritional composition of round-leaved mallow ( Malva pusilla) leaves

Malva pusilla (MP), known as round-leaved mallow, is one of the undesirable plants due to its harmful effects on crop fields. This study aimed to evaluate its nutritional composition in order to reveal the possible beneficial aspects of this plant. Leaves of MP were analysed for their fatty acid profile, mineral composition, and phenolic content. The study results showed that MP has greater phenolic (95.42 ±5.25 mg GAE/g) extract and flavonoid (40.8 ±3.01 mg CE/g DW) contents compared to literature data of Malva parviflora, a Malva species known for its phenolic and flavonoid content. In addition, α-linoleic acid was detected to be the most abundant fatty acid content (56.25±1.83%). Thus, this species might be used as an antioxidant agent given its high phenolic, flavonoid and n-3 fatty acid content. In addition, this species has a recognizable content in terms of Mg, Zn, K, Ca and Fe (1422.4 ±6.57, 115.42 ±0.33, 444.32 ±2.13, 5594.26 ±64.22 and 65.63 ±0.28 mg/100 g DM, respectively). These findings showed that MP could be a promising plant for the food, supplement or health industries.

Agronomic characteristics, insect pollinators, and seedbank persistence of a novel oilseed crop, chia (Salvia hispanica L.) in eastern China

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.), a member of the Lamiaceae family, is a newly emerging crop species in China, gaining extensive attention worldwide as a potential dietary oil and pharmaceutical resource. However, there are few reports on the cultivation or field evaluation of chia in China. The present study was conducted to evaluate the agronomic performance of chia, including the determination of the suitable seeding window and seed yield potential. Data were also collected on flower-visiting insects, flowering phenology, and seedbank persistence of chia for providing baseline information on weed risk assessment for the potential of crop introduction in China. Results showed that chia seeded between late-Apr. and middle-May produced a greater seed yield (mean: 686.6 kg ha−1; ranges: 324.5–1034 kg ha−1) compared to that of seeded at other dates (mean: 136.6 kg ha−1; ranges: 0–311.0 kg ha−1). While the content of individual saturated and unsaturated fatty acids of the chia seed oil varied with seeding date and genotype, the unsaturated fatty acids, including C18:1 (oleic acid), C18:2 (linoleic), and C18:3 (linolenic) were the most abundant fatty acid in chia seed oil, accounting for approximately 87 % of the total oil content. At the present location, even though the chia seeding dates varied from mid-Mar. to end-Jun., the plants could still complete the whole crop lifecycle with similar dates for the specific phenological stage. Moreover, chia flowers attracted a diverse group of pollinating insects from the Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Coleoptera. Eastern honeybees (Hymenoptera) and syrphid flies (Syrphidae) were the most abundant insect species, accounting for 25.4 % and 25.8 % of all insect pollinators, respectively. While the chia cannot persist in the seedbank during the spring growing season, the seeds from the late fall harvest could be partially dormant in the soil seedbank with the potential for generating the weed control problem in the subsequent crops. The baseline information obtained from this study would help understand the potential ecological risk of chia and serve a valuable reference for introduction of chia production in China.

Comparative analysis of bioactive compounds in various organs of Iranian okra accessions

Interest in the bioactive compounds in okra has piqued because of its nutraceuticals, therapeutic properties, and health benefits. Okra has been the subject of several studies, most of which have focused mainly on the properties and concentrations of polyphenols and polysaccharides or their distribution in one organ. Hence, the present study is the first attempt to measure β-sitosterol (BSS) in different organs (leaf, seed, and pod) of 20 accessions of okra commonly cultivated in Iran. Total phenol (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), radical scavenging capacity (AOA), total polysaccharide (TOP), protein content (PT), Total soluble sugar (TSS), proline content (PR), seed oil content, and profile of fatty acids were also assessed. The results indicated that the highest TPC, TFC, and AOA levels were recorded in the A13 (Khorasan Razavi) pods, while TOP, YP, and TSS were highest in A19 (Isfahan) pods. Moreover, PT and BSS levels were highest in A4 seeds from Sistan and Baluchestan. The oil content of okra seed ranged from 22.57% (A3, West Azerbaijan) to 42.30% (A7, Sistan and Baluchestan) among studied accessions. Linoleic acids and palmitic acid were found to be the most abundant fatty acids (42.50% to 52.15% and 27.63% to 31.8%) in all accessions. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis confirmed that A19, A13, A4, A7, and A12 are suitable for breeding programs because of their nutritional value, including high polyphenol, oil, linoleic acid, and phytosterol contents. These findings suggest enhancing the exploitation of okra organs such as seeds for oil, PT, and BSS and pods and leaves for TPC, TFC, and TOP and provide valuable information on bioactive compounds in Iranian accessions of okra to use in breeding programs and the pharmaceutical industry.

Fatty acid composition in Ocotea caudata (Nees) Mez (Lauraceae) fruits from Colombia

The genus Ocotea of the Lauraceae family has species whose wood is employed in construction and for other purposes including as biofuel, for disinfection, cosmetics, and in the treatment of various diseases. Studies regarding Ocotea caudata’s phytochemical and pharmacognostic uses are scarce, thus, this work is the first to study its fruits. O. caudata (Nees) Mez fruits from Colombia were investigated for their oil content. Heptane extraction from O. caudata fruit oil yielded 54.9 % of total lipids, where the fatty acid composition was determined. The oil analysis by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) demonstrated that lauric acid was the most abundant fatty acid (51.7 %, C12:0). In addition to lauric acid, oleic acid (23.6 %, C18:1) and palmitic acid (16.6 %, C16:0) were found. The fatty acid composition was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). O. caudata can be considered as a species that accumulates medium-chain saturated fatty acids (C12) and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids (C18). In conclusion, many of its health benefits may be due to its high content of lauric acid. Therefore, this oil is highly regarded for its nutritional and health properties.

Nutritional, metabolic and genetic profiling of ‘Cerato’ and ‘Curniciello’ bean landraces from Caserta, Southern Italy

Italy represents a territory rich in common bean landraces, most of which have not yet been characterized. Therefore, the proximal composition and metabolic profiles (fatty acid composition, total and free amino acids) as well as total polyphenols and antioxidant capacities of both ‘Cerato’ and ‘Curniciello’ dry beans, cultivated in Caserta’s rural areas (Southern Italy) were evaluated, in comparison with other local known dry beans. ‘Cerato’ dry beans have a lower content of crude proteins (21.18 vs 23.41 g/100 g), lipids (1.27 vs 2.08 g/100 g) and total amino acids (16.01 vs. 17.89 g/100 g) with respect to ‘Curniciello’ dry beans, considering the average values of two different harvest years (2020–2021), although slight statistical differences were found when the two harvest years were analysed separately. Two essential fatty acids (n-6 linoleic and n-3 alpha-linolenic) and oleic acid were the most abundant fatty acids in both dry beans, (∼90% of the total). Subsequently, the trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activities in raw and boiled (2 h) dry beans, as well as the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were investigated, considering their capability to reduce crude protein and carbohydrates intake and assimilation. In addition, AFLP analysis of two landraces shows different polymorphic patterns useful for their authentication and traceability. Overall, our data provide a starting point for promoting the cultivation and consumption of ‘Cerato’ and ‘Curniciello’ dry beans, thus contributing to the preservation of local culinary traditions and Italian biodiversity.

The fadXDEBA locus of Staphylococcus aureus is required for metabolism of exogenous palmitic acid and in vivo growth.

In Staphylococcus aureus, genes that should confer the capacity to metabolize fatty acids by β-oxidation occur in the fadXDEBA locus, but their function has not been elucidated. Previously, incorporation into phospholipid through the fatty acid kinase FakA pathway was thought to be the only option available for S. aureus to metabolize exogenous saturated fatty acids. We now find that in S. aureus USA300, a fadX::lux reporter was repressed by glucose and induced by palmitic acid but not stearic acid, while in USA300ΔfakA basal expression was significantly elevated, and enhanced in response to both fatty acids. When cultures were supplemented with palmitic acid, palmitoyl-CoA representing the first metabolite in the β-oxidation pathway was detected in USA300, but not in a fadXDEBA deletion mutant USA300Δfad, which relative to USA300 exhibited increased incorporation of palmitic acid into phospholipid accompanied by a rapid loss of viability. USA300Δfad also exhibited significantly reduced viability in a murine tissue abscess infection model. Our data are consistent with FakA-mediated incorporation of fatty acids into phospholipid as a preferred pathway for metabolism of exogenous fatty acids, while the fad locus is critical for metabolism of palmitic acid, which is the most abundant free fatty acid in human plasma.

Enzymatic dehairing of sheep skin: Recovery and characterization of commercially important wool hydrolysate and fats

Conventional dehairing methods in the traditional leather-making processes, consume large amounts of toxic chemicals and produce a toxic sludge/effluent, posing disposal challenges and consequently environmental pollution. The by-products of leather processing such as hair and fat, contain toxic chemicals. In this study, crude alkaline protease from &lt;i&gt;bacillus cereus strain 1-p, &lt;/i&gt;was used to dehair sheepskin with up to 99.00% recovery of valuable wool and fat. The optimum temperature and pH for wool removal were found to be 30 &lt;sup&gt;°&lt;/sup&gt;C and 11, respectively. The recovered wool was enzymatically hydrolyzed to obtain wool hydrolysate powder (48.1% yield). FTIR spectra of the wool hydrolysate showed the presence of amide A, I, and II absorption bands. Further, the amino acid analysis, revealed the presence of 15 amino acids, with glutamic acid (19.65 mole %), glycine (12.72 mole %), and leucine (9.42 mole %) being the most abundant. Fat was trans-esterified using methanol, in the presence of tert-butanol, and the resultant fatty acid methyl esters characterization was done using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. GC/MS analysis showed the presence of 60 methyl esters corresponding to 60 fatty acids. The most abundant fatty acid was 9-octadecenoic (oleic) acid (41.64%), followed by hexa-decanoic (palmitic) acid (22.50%), and tetra-decanoic (myristic) acid (4.21%). Thermo-gravimetric analysis of the wool hydrolysate showed that it had good thermal stability. It is shown that crude alkaline protease extracted from &lt;i&gt;bacillus cereus strain 1-p&lt;/i&gt; can completely eliminate the use of toxic sodium sulfide and lime in dehairing of skins/hide in tanneries, eliminating environmental pollution. Furthermore, the recovery of fat and wool using an eco-friendly enzymatic dehairing process can significantly reduce the pollution load in the effluent. The recovered wool and fats can be applied in the production of wool hydrolysate, which is high in protein content, amino acids and biodiesel.

Microencapsulation of enzymatically destabilized virgin coconut oil by spray drying technique: Optimization of process parameters, quality assessment and studies on physico-chemical characteristics of microcapsule

Microencapsulation has gained importance in the recent decade due to its barrier properties and effective release of biochemicals. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) was obtained by enzymatic destabilization with the combination of enzymes papain (0.05 % (w/w)) and cellulase with an efficiency in oil extraction of 72.36 %. The aim of the investigation was microencapsulation of medium-chain fatty acids from coconut milk by spray drying and study the physico-chemical properties of the extracted VCO with morphological studies on the obtained microcapsules. The physicochemical properties (Iodine value = 4.24; Free Fatty Acid= 0.3 ±0.007 %; saponification value = 254 ± 4.16 (KOH/g of oil); peroxide value = 0.71 ±0.014 (meqO2/kg)) of the extracted VCO were analyzed. Medium chain fatty acids (C12: lauric acid, C10: capric acid, C8: caprylic acid) constituted 66 % of the extracted VCO, and Lauric acid (C12:0) was the most abundant medium chain fatty acid (52.7 ± 1.27 %). A five-levelled central composite rotatable design was employed with 20 runs to study the effect of inlet temperature, VCO concentration, and wall material concentration on encapsulation efficiency, oil loading %, moisture content, bulk density, water activity, and total color difference. The optimum process parameters for spray drying of VCO with best encapsulation efficiency (77.77 %), oil loading % (35.12 %), moisture content (4.69 %), bulk density (522.22 kg m-3), water activity (0.37), and total color difference (12.42) were found to be 75:25 (% w/w), proportions of GA (Gum arabic) and MD (Maltodextrin) in the wall material solution concentration, 25 (% w/w), VCO concentration and inlet air temperature of 160℃. The obtained VCO microparticle was analyzed for its powder characteristics with Carr index (2.27-11.50) and Hausner ratio (1.02-1.13), indicating good flowability. The spherical shape and smooth exterior surface of the microparticles, revealed by SEM pictures, ensured the protection and retention of VCO inside the microcapsules.

Molecular regulation of lipid metabolism in Suaeda salsa

Suaeda salsa is remarkable for its high oil content and abundant unsaturated fatty acids. In this study, the regulatory networks on fatty acid and lipid metabolism were constructed by combining the de novo transcriptome and lipidome data. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with lipids biosynthesis pathways were identified in the S. salsa transcriptome. DEGs involved in fatty acid and glycerolipids were generally up-regulated in leaf tissues. DEGs for TAG assembly were enriched in developing seeds, while DEGs in phospholipid metabolic pathways were enriched in root tissues. Polar lipids were extracted from S. salsa tissues and analyzed by lipidomics. The proportion of galactolipid MGDG was the highest in S. salsa leaves. The molar percentage of PG was high in the developing seeds, and the other main phospholipids had higher molar percentage in roots of S. salsa. The predominant C36:6 molecular species indicates that S. salsa is a typical 18:3 plant. The combined transcriptomic and lipidomic data revealed that different tissues of S. salsa were featured with DEGs associated with specific lipid metabolic pathways, therefore, represented unique lipid profiles. This study will be helpful on understanding lipid metabolism pathway and exploring the key genes involved in lipid synthesis in S. salsa.