Abundant Fatty Acids Research Articles

Changes in Chemical Composition of Lentils, Including Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and Volatile Compound Formation during Submerged and Solid-State Fermentation with Pediococcus acidilactici.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the characteristics of non-treated and fermented [via submerged (SMF) and solid-state (SSF) fermentation using Pediococcus acidilactici] lentils (Lens culinaris) grown either in pure stands (L) or relay intercropped with winter rye (LR). It was observed that the lentils were suitable substrate for lacto-fermentation. Most of the free amino acid concentrations increased in lentils after both fermentations. The highest concentration of γ-aminobutyric acid was found in SSF LR samples. However, fermentation led to higher biogenic amines (BA) content in lentils. The most abundant fatty acid in lentils was C18:2. SSF lentils showed more complex volatile compound (VC) profiles (with between nine and seventeen new VCs formed), whereas, in SMF samples, between two and five newly VCs were formed. When comparing lentil grown types, L contained significantly higher concentrations of Na, K, Ca, P, Mn, and Se, while LR contained significantly higher concentrations of Fe and Ni. To sum up, fermentation with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) contributed to the improved biological value of lentils; still, the quantity of BA needs to be considered. Further investigations into the P. acidilactici metabolism of certain compounds (such as phenolic and antinutritional compounds) in lentils during fermentation ought to be carried out.

Evaluation of the deteriorating effects of microbial primary metabolites on silk fibres.

The silk biodegradation process remains unclear and requires elucidation with advanced analytical tools. To address this challenge, the role of microbial primary metabolites in the deterioration of ancient silk was investigated using metabolomics and proteomics techniques in this work. The oxalic and palmitic acids were separately identified as the most abundant organic and fatty acid metabolites for silk-fabric deterioration via metabolomics. Proteomics showed that oxalic acid accelerated the degradation of silk proteins, revealing changes at the molecular level in silk. A high concentration of oxalic acid promoted the dissolution of peptides by activating the cleavage activity of various amino acids on the molecular chain of silk protein. Palmitic acid formed sedimentary particulate matter with peptides solubilised from silk proteins, indicating the possibility that traces of ancient-silk proteins remained in the fatty acids. The work presented new techniques and concepts for studying the degradation of historical fabrics and contributed to the proposal of effective measures to prevent microbial attack on silk.

Nutrients recovery from dairy wastewater by Chlorella vulgaris and comparison of the lipid's composition with various chlorella strains for biodiesel production.

Microalgae biomass is regarded as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. The biomass lipid content and fatty acids composition are among the main selective criteria when screening microalgae strains for biodiesel production. In this study, three strains of Chlorella microalgae (C. kessleri, C. sorokiniana, C. vulgaris) were cultivated nutrient media with different nitrogen contents, and on a medium with the addition of dairy wastewater. Moreover, microalgae grown on dairy wastewater allowed the removal of azote and phosphorous. The removal efficiency of 90%, 53% and 95% of ammonium nitrogen, total nitrogen and phosphate ions, respectively, were reached. The efficiency of wastewater treatment from inorganic carbon was 55%, while the maximum growth of biomass was achieved. All four samples of microalgae had a similar fatty acid profile. Palmitic acid (C16:0) was the most abundant saturated fatty acid (SFA), and is suitable for the production of biodiesel. The main unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) present in the samples were oleic acid (C18:1 n9); linoleic acid (C18:2 n6) and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3 n3), which belong to omega-9, omega-6, omega-3, respectively.

Tisochrysis lutea as a source of omega-3 polar lipids and fucoxanthin: extraction and characterization using green solvents and advanced techniques

The marine microalga Tisochrysis lutea is a potential and sustainable source of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids and omega-3 fatty acids. In the present work, the extraction of fucoxanthin and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the most abundant omega-3 fatty acid which constitutes polar lipids particularly in the brain, was studied using advanced extraction techniques with green and bio-based solvents compared to traditional extraction techniques with hazardous organic solvents. The experimental design to maximize the lipid extraction yield by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was developed, choosing as experimental factors the percentage of solvent (0, 50 and 100% of 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran or 2-methyloxolane (2-me-THF) in ethanol), the extraction time (20, 30 and 40 min) and temperature (40, 50 and 60 ºC). The highest lipid extraction yields were obtained using ethanol as solvent. Nevertheless, the most interesting extracts based on their chemical composition were obtained when the presence of 2-me-THF in the extraction mixture was greater than that of ethanol. Through analytical techniques such as HPLC-ELSD/DAD and GC-MS as well as spectrophotometric techniques, the contents of polar lipids, fatty acids, total carotenoids and fucoxanthin were quantified. In addition, the antioxidant capacity of different selected extracts was studied, being once again the most interesting those extracted with different amounts of 2-me-THF due to its selectivity and enriched composition in high-added value bioactives, mainly fucoxanthin and DHA. Therefore, it is shown the importance of choosing an advanced extraction technique together with the use of green solvents not only to develop procedures that are in agreement with Green Chemistry but also to preserve its bioactivity.

Effect of organic carbon sources on growth, lipid production and fatty acid profile in mixotrophic culture of Scenedesmus dimorphus (Turpin) Kützing

Due to non-renewability of fossil fuels and various environmental problems associated with their use, there is a growing interest in producing biodiesel from microalgae. Finding novel microalgal strains with desired characteristics such as rapid growth rates, high lipid productivity, and suitable fatty acid compositions is important for the production of biodiesel. Comparatively, photoautotrophic cultivation of microalgae results in low biomass yields and lipid productivities. Mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultures, in contrast, lead to higher biomass and lipid productivities but their productivities are species specific and depend a lot on the organic carbon source and culture conditions. In the present study, the potential of Scenedesmus dimorphus for biodiesel oil production under mixotrophic culture was investigated. The effects of organic carbon sources (glucose, ethanol and glycerol) on growth, biomass yields, lipid contents, lipid productivities and fatty acids compositions of Scenedesmus dimorphus in mixotrophic cultures were investigated. In comparison to photoautotrophic cultures, mixotrophic cultures produced significantly higher biomass concentration, lipid content, and lipid productivities (P≤0.05) under all the cultivation conditions investigated. The maximum biomass and lipid productivities achieved by mixotrophic culture were 83.88±0.05 and 17.11±0.04 mg L−1 day−1 respectively which are more than 2.6 and 3.1 folds higher than those obtained under photoautotrophic condition. Using glucose as the organic carbon source was better than ethanol and glycerol in terms of biomass and lipid productivities (glucose > ethanol > glycerol). The majority of the produced fatty acids were composed of C16 and C18 fatty acids. The two most abundant fatty acids in all the cultures were linolenic and palmitic acids. The values of biodiesel properties of oil obtained from S. dimorphus are within the American (ASTM D6751) and European (EN 14214) biodiesel specifications. The results show that S. dimorphus has good potentials for biodiesel oil production and that the productivity can be enhanced by mixotrophic cultivation.

Microbacterium abyssi sp. nov. and Microbacterium limosum sp. nov., two new species of the genus Microbacterium, isolated from deep-sea sediment samples.

Two Gram-positive, non-motile, short rod-shaped actinomycete strains, designated as A18JL241T and Y20T, were isolated from deep-sea sediment samples collected from the Southwest Indian Ocean and Western Pacific Ocean, respectively. Both of the isolates were able to grow within the temperature range of 5-40 °C, NaCl concentration range of 0-7 % (w/v) and at pH 6.0-12.0. The two most abundant cellular fatty acids of both strains were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. The major polar lipid contents of the two strains were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified glycolipid. These two strains shared common chemotaxonomic features comprising MK-10 and MK-12 as the respiratory quinones. The genomic DNA G+C contents of the two strains were 68.1 and 70.4 mol%, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene phylogeny showed that the novel strains formed two distinct sublines within the genus Microbacterium. Strain A18JL241T was most closely related to the type strain of Microbacterium tenebrionis KCTC 49593T (98.8 % sequence similarity), whereas strain Y20T formed a tight cluster with the type strain of Microbacterium schleiferi NBRC 15075T (99.0 %). The orthologous average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values with the type strains of related Microbacterium species were in the range of 74.1-89.1 % and 19.4-36.9 %, respectively, which were below the recognized thresholds of 95-96 % ANI and 70 % dDDH for species definition. Based on the results obtained here, it can be concluded that strains A18JL241T and Y20T represent two novel species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the names Microbacterium abyssi sp. nov. (type strain A18JL241T=JCM 33956T=MCCC 1A16622T) and Microbacterium limosum sp. nov. (type strain Y20T=JCM 33960T=MCCC 1A16747T) are proposed.

Evaluation of synergistic/antagonistic antibacterial activities of fatty oils from apricot, date, grape, and black seeds

The increasing antimicrobial resistance requires continuous investigation of new antimicrobial agents preferably derived from natural sources. New powerful antibacterial agents can be produced by simply combining oils that are known for their antibacterial activities. In this study, apricot seed oil (ASO), date seed oil (DSO), grape seed oil (GSO), and black seed oil (BSO) alone and in binary mixtures were assessed. Fatty acid profiles of individual oils and oil mixtures showed linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and linolenic acid contents. Linoleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in all samples except for ASO, where oleic acid was the dominant one. GSO showed the highest total phenolic content while ASO showed the lowest one. Antibacterial screening was performed against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Results showed antibacterial activity in all oils against tested strains except for ASO against S. aureus. Highest antibacterial activity recorded was for ASO against P. mirabilis. ASO-GSO mixture (AG) was the best mixture where it showed synergistic interactions against all strains except P. aeruginosa. In conclusion, seed oil mixtures are likely to show promising antibacterial activities against specific strains.

Pretreatment with an antibiotics cocktail enhances the protective effect of probiotics by regulating SCFA metabolism and Th1/Th2/Th17 cell immune responses

BackgroundProbiotics are a potentially effective therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); IBD is linked to impaired gut microbiota and intestinal immunity. However, the utilization of an antibiotic cocktail (Abx) prior to the probiotic intervention remains controversial. This study aims to identify the effect of Abx pretreatment from dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and to evaluate whether Abx pretreatment has an enhanced effect on the protection of Clostridium butyricum Miyairi588 (CBM) from colitis.ResultsThe inflammation, dysbiosis, and dysfunction of gut microbiota as well as T cell response were both enhanced by Abx pretreatment. Additionally, CBM significantly alleviated the DSS-induced colitis and impaired gut epithelial barrier, and Abx pretreatment could enhance these protective effects. Furthermore, CBM increased the benefit bacteria abundance and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) level with Abx pretreatment. CBM intervention after Abx pretreatment regulated the imbalance of cytokines and transcription factors, which corresponded to lower infiltration of Th1 and Th17 cells, and increased Th2 cells.ConclusionsAbx pretreatment reinforced the function of CBM in ameliorating inflammation and barrier damage by increasing beneficial taxa, eliminating pathogens, and inducing a protective Th2 cell response. This study reveals a link between Abx pretreatment, microbiota, and immune response changes in colitis, which provides a reference for the further application of Abx pretreatment before microbiota-based intervention.

Oleic acid triggers metabolic rewiring of T cells poising them for T helper 9 differentiation

T cells are the most common immune cells in atherosclerotic plaques, and the function of Tcells can be altered by fatty acids. Here, we show that pre-exposure of CD4+ Tcells to oleic acid, an abundant fatty acid linked to cardiovascular events, upregulates core metabolic pathways and promotes differentiation into interleukin-9 (IL-9)-producing cells upon activation. RNA sequencing of non-activated Tcells reveals that oleic acid upregulates genes encoding key enzymes responsible for cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis. Transcription footprint analysis links these expression changes to the differentiation toward TH9 cells, a pro-atherogenic subset. Spectral flow cytometry shows that pre-exposure to oleic acid results in a skew toward IL-9+-producing Tcells upon activation. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of either cholesterol or fatty acid biosynthesis abolishes this effect, suggesting a beneficial role for statins beyond cholesterol lowering. Taken together, oleic acid may affect inflammatory diseases like atherosclerosis by rewiring Tcell metabolism.

Physicochemical properties and fatty acid profile of oil extracted from black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens)

Background and Aim: Hermetia illucens, a black soldier fly, is widely recognized for sustainable recycling of organic waste. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFLs) can consume various types of biowastes and convert them into nutrient-rich biomass, including proteins, lipids, chitin, and minerals. This study investigated the best extraction method by comparing the fatty acid profiles, percentage yield, and antioxidant properties of BSFL oil extracted using different extraction methods. Materials and Methods: The physicochemical properties, fatty acid profile, and free radical scavenging ability of BSFL oil were analyzed using six extraction methods. Results: Ultrasonic extraction with hexane resulted in the highest yields compared with different extraction methods. Lauric acid (28%–37%) was the most abundant fatty acid in all extracts, followed by palmitic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Compared with other methods, aqueous extraction showed the highest lauric acid composition and free radical scavenging activities. In addition, high-temperature aqueous extraction resulted in higher oil yield and free radical scavenging activities than low-temperature extraction. Conclusion: High-temperature aqueous extraction is the best extraction method because it is rich in lauric acid, has antioxidant ability, and can be further developed to produce novel sustainable biomaterials for humans and animals. Keywords: black soldier fly, extraction method, fatty acid, Hermetia illucens.

Fatty Acid Profile and Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. Load of Wild-Caught Seaweed Fly Fucellia maritima (Haliday, 1838) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae).

World aquaculture is expected to continue to grow over the next few decades, which amplifies the need for a higher production of sustainable feed ingredients for aquatic animals. Insects are considered good candidates for aquafeed ingredients because of their ability to convert food waste into highly nutritional biomass. However, commercially available terrestrial insect species lack n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), which are essential biomolecules for marine cultured species. Nevertheless, several coastal insect species feature LC-PUFAs in their natural fatty acid (FA) profile. Here, we analysed the lipidic profile of wild-caught seaweed fly Fucellia maritima, with a focus on their FA profile, to evaluate its potential to be used as an aquafeed ingredient, as well as to screen for the presence of pathogenic bacteria. Results showed that the flies had a total lipid content of 13.2% of their total dry weight. The main classes of phospholipids (PLs) recorded were phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) (60.8%), followed by phosphatidylcholine (PC) (17.1%). The most abundant FA was palmitoleic acid (C16:0) with 34.9% ± 4.3 of total FAs, followed by oleic acid (C18:1) with 30.4% ± 2.3. The FA composition of the flies included essential fatty acids (EFAs) for both freshwater fish, namely linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) with 3.4% ± 1.3 and alpha-linoleic acid (C18:3 n-3) with 3.4% ± 1.9, and marine fish, namely arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) with 1.1% ± 0.3 and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3) with 6.1% ± 1.2. The microbiological analysis found 9.1 colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g) of Enterobacteriaceae and no presence of Salmonella sp. was detected in a sample of 25 g of fresh weight. These findings indicate that Fucellia maritima biomass holds the potential to be used as an additional aquafeed ingredient due to its FA profile and the low count of pathogenic bacteria, which can contribute to the optimal growth of fish and shrimp with a low risk of pathogen transfer during the feed production chain.

Nano-titania and carbon nanotube-filled rubber seed oil as machining fluids

Machinists face persistent challenges in managing heat dissipation during cutting operations. To address this issue in an environmentally conscious manner, there is a need for nanofluids crafted from sustainable, eco-friendly materials. This study delves into developing nanocomposites (NCs) of nano-titania (nTiO2) derived from Terminalia catappa leaves and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in varying compositions (nTiO2/CNTs: 90/10, 70/30, and 50/50 wt%). These NCs underwent comprehensive characterization using techniques such as BET, HRSEM/EDX, HRTEM, XRD, and FTIR. The aim was to evaluate their stability as potential fillers in rubber seed oils (RSOs) for machining operations. Furthermore, the homogenous NC samples in RSO revealed distinct polycentric rings, indicating the dispersion of nTiO2 in CNTs, forming Ti–O–C and Ti–O–Ti networks. XRD analysis identified anatase diffraction peaks, though the CNT peaks were less distinct due to overlap with TiO2 peaks. This successful fusion addresses challenges related to individual fillers, ensuring stable nanosuspension formulation. The TiO2/CNTs (50/50 wt%) NC emerged as particularly effective in dissipating heat from machining interfaces. The study highlights the nanomaterials' high thermal stability, complementing the abundant unsaturated fatty acids in RSOs to create advanced nanofluids for improved machining. The substantial pore volume and stable nanosuspension formation observed are attributed to the large surface area aiding heat removal. Ultimately, the reinforced RSO with nTiO2/CNTs shows promising potential for safe and efficient machining applications.

Comprehensive comparison of a new technology with traditional methods for extracting Ougan (Citrus reticulata cv. Suavissima) seed oils: Physicochemical properties, fatty acids, functional components, and antioxidant activities

Citrus seed waste material provides a new solution for addressing the shortage of edible oils in China. supercritical CO2 fluid extraction (SFE), sub-critical butane fluid extraction (SCE), cold press (CP), soxhlet extraction (SXE), and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) were preformed to obtain Ougan (Citrus reticulata cv. Suavissima) seed oil. Ougan seed oils were tested for physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, limonoids, polyphenols, total carotenoids, tocopherols, and in vitro antioxidant activities. The results indicated that SCE Ougan seed oil has the most abundant fatty acid composition, and higher in vitro antioxidant capacity, which is mainly positively related to the polyphenol, carotenoid and tocopherol contents. Therefore, SCE may be the optimum procedure for extracting a high content of bioactive substances from Ougan seed oils, providing a theoretical foundation for developing high-quality and nutritional value Ougan seed oils.

Peptoniphilus genitalis sp. nov. and Mobiluncus massiliensis sp. nov.: Novel Bacteria Isolated from the Vaginal Microbiome

The strains Marseille-Q7072T (= CSUR Q7072T = CECT 30604 T) and Marseille-Q7826T (= CSUR Q7826T = CECT 30727 T) were isolated from vaginal samples. As MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry failed to identify them, their genomes were directly sequenced to determine their taxogenomic identities. Both strains are anaerobic without any oxidase and catalase activity. C16:0 is the most abundant fatty acid for both strains. Strain Marseille-Q7072T is non-spore-forming, non-motile, Gram-stain-positive, and coccus-shaped, while strain Marseille-Q7826T is non-spore-forming, motile, Gram-stain-variable, and curved rod-shaped. The genomic comparison of the Marseille-Q7072T and Marseille-Q7826T strains showed that all digital DNA–DNA hybridisation (dDDH) and mean orthologous nucleotide identity (OrthoANI) values were below published species thresholds (70% and 95–96%, respectively) with other closely related species with standing in nomenclature. Thus, we conclude that both strains are new bacterial species. Strain Marseille-Q7072T is a new member of the Bacillota phylum, for which the name Peptoniphilus genitalis sp. nov. is proposed, while the Marseille-Q7826T strain is a new member of the Actinomycetota phylum, for which the name Mobiluncus massiliensis sp. nov. is proposed.

In Staphylococcus aureus, the acyl-CoA synthetase MbcS supports branched-chain fatty acid synthesis from carboxylic acid and aldehyde precursors.

In the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) are the most abundant fatty acids in membrane phospholipids. Strains deficient for BCFAs synthesis experience auxotrophy in laboratory culture and attenuated virulence during infection. Furthermore, the membrane of S. aureus is among the main targets for antibiotic therapy. Therefore, determining the mechanisms involved in BCFAs synthesis is critical to manage S. aureus infections. Here, we report that the overexpression of SAUSA300_2542 (annotated to encode an acyl-CoA synthetase) restores BCFAs synthesis in strains lacking the canonical biosynthetic pathway catalyzed by the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BKDH) complex. We demonstrate that the acyl-CoA synthetase activity of MbcS activates branched-chain carboxylic acids (BCCAs), and is required by S. aureus to utilize the isoleucine derivative 2-methylbutyraldehyde to restore BCFAs synthesis in S. aureus. Based on the ability of some staphylococci to convert branched-chain aldehydes into their respective BCCAs and our findings demonstrating that branched-chain aldehydes are in fact BCFAs precursors, we propose that MbcS promotes the scavenging of exogenous BCCAs and mediates BCFA synthesis via a de novo alternative pathway.

Fatty Acid Profiling as a Tool for Fostering the Traceability of the Halophyte Plant Salicornia ramosissima and Contributing to Its Nutritional Valorization.

Salicornia ramosissima, commonly known as glasswort or sea asparagus, is a halophyte plant cultivated for human consumption that is often referred to as a sea vegetable rich in health-promoting n-3 fatty acids (FAs). Yet, the effect of abiotic conditions, such as salinity and temperature, on the FA profile of S. ramosissima remains largely unknown. These factors can potentially shape its nutritional composition and yield unique fatty acid signatures that can reveal its geographical origin. In this context, samples of S. ramosissima were collected from four different locations along the coastline of mainland Portugal and their FAs were profiled through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The lipid extracts displayed a high content of essential FAs, such as 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3. In addition to an epoxide fatty acid exclusively identified in samples from the Mondego estuary, the relative abundance of FAs varied between origin sites, revealing that FA profiles can be used as site-specific lipid fingerprints. This study highlights the role of abiotic conditions on the nutritional profile of S. ramosissima and establishes FA profiling as a potential avenue to trace the geographic origin of this halophyte plant. Overall, the present approach can make origin certification possible, safeguard quality, and enhance consumers' trust in novel foods.

Analysis and Characterization of Four Selected Sri Lankan Seed Oils for the Potential Applications in Cosmetics and Dietary Supplements

As a tropical country, Sri Lanka has a wide variety of oil-bearing seeds explicitly used in Ayurvedic and indigenous medicine. Plant seed oils offer an exciting avenue for the use in cosmetic and dietary supplements due to their fatty acid composition and other non-polar constituents specially found in unsaponifiable fraction. This study aimed to characterize plant seed oils by determining Fatty Acids (FA) composition, constituents in unsaponifiable matter, and other physical properties. Mesua ferrea L. (Na), Crotalaria juncea L. (Hana), Ricinus communis L. (Thel edaru), and Bauhinia acuminata L. (Koboleela) seeds having some medicinal values were selected. The oil was extracted using soxhlet extraction method with Hexane. Moisture and ash content, Acid Value (AV), Iodine value (IV), and Smoke Point were also determined. Prepared Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) and unsaponifiable matter were analyzed using GC-MS. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) was performed to access the thermal stability. M. ferrea obtained the highest oil yield of 63.87% while others lay within the range of 28.59-29.94%. Smoke point values of these oils varied from 179.0±10.5oC to 241.5±6.2o C. AVs lay between 4.62±1.18-49.64±2.92 mgKOH/g range. IVs ranged from 6.82±0.89 to 16.82±0.45 gI2/100g. Ash content values varied from 1.42±0.33% to 3.69±0.29% while the moisture content ranged from 0.69±0.09% to 4.46±0.51%. The yield of unsaponifable matter of these four seed oils ranged from 0.7024±0.0001% to 1.5864±0.0001%. All except M. ferrea oil exhibited higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids than saturated fatty acids. In contrary M. ferrea contained almost equal amounts of UFAs and SFAs. The most abundant FA constituents of all the oils were long-chain FAs like Oleic, Linoleic, and α-Linolenic Acid. γ- Sitosterol was the most dominant compound in unsaponifiable fraction in most of the seed oils which indicate their potential use in dietary supplements. The high level of Squalene found in R. communis shows its applicability in the cosmetic industry as a moisturizing agent. This analysis found that all 4 oils have the potential to use in dietary supplements and cosmetics. 
 Keywords: Seed oils, Unsaponifiable matter, Fatty acids, Cosmetics and dietary supplements

Shear Stress and the AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Independently Protect the Vascular Endothelium from Palmitate Lipotoxicity.

Saturated free fatty acids are thought to play a critical role in metabolic disorders associated with obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and their vascular complications via effects on the vascular endothelium. The most abundant saturated free fatty acid, palmitate, exerts lipotoxic effects on the vascular endothelium, eventually leading to cell death. Shear stress activates the endothelial AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a cellular energy sensor, and protects endothelial cells from lipotoxicity, however their relationship is uncertain. Here, we used isoform-specific shRNA-mediated silencing of AMPK to explore its involvement in the long-term protection of macrovascular human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) against palmitate lipotoxicity and to relate it to the effects of shear stress. We demonstrated that it is the α1 catalytic subunit of AMPK that is critical for HUVEC protection under static conditions, whereas AMPK-α2 autocompensated a substantial loss of AMPK-α1, but failed to protect the cells from palmitate. Shear stress equally protected the wild type HUVECs and those lacking either α1, or α2, or both AMPK-α isoforms; however, the protective effect of AMPK reappeared after returning to static conditions. Moreover, in human adipose microvascular endothelial cells isolated from obese diabetic individuals, shear stress was a strong protector from palmitate lipotoxicity, thus highlighting the importance of circulation that is often obstructed in obesity/T2D. Altogether, these results indicate that AMPK is important for vascular endothelial cell protection against lipotoxicity in the static environment, however it may be dispensable for persistent and more effective protection exerted by shear stress.

Aquimarina aquimarini sp. nov. and Aquimarina spinulae sp. nov., novel bacterial species with versatile natural product biosynthesis potential isolated from marine sponges.

This study describes two Gram-negative, flexirubin-producing, biofilm-forming, motile-by-gliding and rod-shaped bacteria, isolated from the marine sponges Ircinia variabilis and Sarcotragus spinosulus collected off the coast of Algarve, Portugal. Both strains, designated Aq135T and Aq349T, were classified into the genus Aquimarina by means of 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We then performed phylogenetic, phylogenomic and biochemical analyses to determine whether these strains represent novel Aquimarina species. Whereas the closest 16S rRNA gene relatives to strain Aq135T were Aquimarina macrocephali JAMB N27T (97.8 %) and Aquimarina sediminis w01T (97.1 %), strain Aq349T was more closely related to Aquimarina megaterium XH134T (99.2 %) and Aquimarina atlantica 22II-S11-z7T (98.1 %). Both strains showed genome-wide average nucleotide identity scores below the species level cut-off (95 %) with all Aquimarina type strains with publicly available genomes, including their closest relatives. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization further suggested a novel species status for both strains since values lower than 70 % hybridization level with other Aquimarina type strains were obtained. Strains Aq135T and Aq349T grew from 4 to 30°C and with between 1-5 % (w/v) NaCl in marine broth. The most abundant fatty acids were iso-C17 : 03-OH and iso-C15 : 0 and the only respiratory quinone was MK-6. Strain Aq135T was catalase-positive and β-galactosidase-negative, while Aq349T was catalase-negative and β-galactosidase-positive. These strains hold unique sets of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters and are known to produce the peptide antibiotics aquimarins (Aq135T) and the trans-AT polyketide cuniculene (Aq349T), respectively. Based on the polyphasic approach employed in this study, we propose the novel species names Aquimarina aquimarini sp. nov. (type strain Aq135T=DSM 115833T=UCCCB 169T=ATCC TSD-360T) and Aquimarina spinulae sp. nov. (type strain Aq349T=DSM 115834T=UCCCB 170T=ATCC TSD-361T).

Abstract A057: Decreased plasma linoleic acid and increased oleic acid associated with obesity in pancreatic cancer

Abstract Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy that interferes with absorption of nutrients including fats. Obesity is a key risk factor for PDAC and confers metabolic dysfunction associated with changes in fatty acid (FA) metabolism, including FAs in the linoleic acid and palmitic acid pathways. In turn, FAs can influence the molecular signaling in pancreatic cells. Changes in blood FA abundance induced by PDAC could be amplified by obesity and influence PDAC-associated outcomes. Therefore, we investigated plasma FA abundance in patients with treatment-naïve PDAC compared with control participants and explored how obesity status affects the linoleic acid and palmitic acid pathways in cancer. Methods: Blood and clinical characteristics were collected from participants with resectable tumors (rPDAC, n=52) or metastatic disease (mPDAC, r=55) that were treatment-naïve and 22 controls. Plasma samples were analyzed for relative FA abundance using gas chromatography and levels were compared between controls, rPDAC and mPDAC. Changes in FA abundance due to obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) were assessed in all groups. All FA abundance changes were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA with the appropriate parametric or non-parametric test, and p-values were adjusted using the Bonferroni correction. Results: Compared with controls, both rPDAC and mPDAC were associated with increased FA abundance of palmitic acid and decreased abundance of linoleic acid, γ-linolenic acid, and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, regardless of obesity status (p<0.05). Plasma FA abundance of linoleic acid was increased in mPDAC versus rPDAC, regardless of obesity status (p<0.05). Decreased abundance of linoleic acid was noted in rPDAC and mPDAC participants with obesity versus participants without obesity, while there was an increased abundance of oleic acid observed in mPDAC among participants with obesity versus participants without obesity (p<0.05). Conclusions: Plasma FA levels are dysregulated in all PDAC stages versus controls. The results suggest that obesity-associated metabolic dysregulation influences linoleic acid and oleic acid abundances of participants with treatment-naïve PDAC. By improving our understanding of how obesity influences FA abundance in PDAC, we can identify novel mechanistic targets for treatment specific to PDAC stage and obesity status. Citation Format: Kaylin M. Chasser, Martha A. Belury, Jordan M. Cloyd, Rachel M. Cole, Stacey Culp, Mary E. Dillhoff, Aslam Ejaz, Kristyn Gumpper-Fedus, Phil A. Hart, Lauren Kanzaki, Andrei V. Manilchuk, Anne M. Noonan, Timothy M. Pawlik, Mitchell Ramsey, Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate. Decreased plasma linoleic acid and increased oleic acid associated with obesity in pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference in Cancer Research: Pancreatic Cancer; 2023 Sep 27-30; Boston, Massachusetts. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A057.