Biruni Research Articles

Тысяча лет со времени построения первой астрономо-геодезической сети

The «Geodesy» tractate written by prominent encyclopedic scientist Abu Rayhan Mu?ammad ibn Ahmad Al-Biruni in 1018–1025, is in fact the instruction on the instruments and methodology of astronomical determinations of latitudes and longitudes of cities, measurements of distances between cities and specifying the Earth size. In the same tractate al-Biruni demonstrates the practical appliance of the described methodology to the determination of coordinates of certain localities situated now at the territories of several Middle-East and Central Asia states. For that purpose, the geodetic polygon of around 5400 km in perimeter was devised by al-Biruni with Bagdad as its starting point. Using the Nishapur city lying inside the polygon as the example, al-Biruni shows the possibility of further thickening of the geodetic network. The polygon in whole is bound to the point of Alexandria in Egypt being well-known astronomical center of the antiquity. Described in the tractate are several terms and methods that closely correspond to the modern instructions for devising the state geodetic network. The practical part of the tractate has never been investigated by the researches, and the tractate as a whole is the important source for the history of geodesy, especially in connection with the millennium jubilee of its creation.

Prevalence of Depression Among Patients With Thalassemia in Southern of Iran

Background: Major thalassemia is known as the most prevalent genetic disorder in Iran. Patients with major thalassemia suffer mostly from psychological problems particularly depression, which can decrease their efficiency in life. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the prevalence of depression among these patients. Materials and Methods: The present descriptive, cross-sectional research was conducted during summer, 2014 in Abu Raihan Special Disease Center of Bandar Abbas. A sample of 275 patients was selected through the convenient sampling method. The inclusion criterion was afflicted with major thalassemia while the exclusion criterion was an unwillingness to participate or incomplete questionnaires. A demographic information inquiry was made of the subjects followed by Beck Depression Inventory. The elicited data entered SPSS ver.19 for the required statistical analyses. T-test, mean and standard deviation were used to analyze the data, and the significance level was set at ˂0.05. Result: The results revealed that 41.5% of the sample suffered from a high depression rate. Significant correlations were found between depression and loss of close relatives, history of depression, family rows, and the history of psychological diseases in the family. Conclusion: Considering the prevalence of depression in Iran (41.5%), these patients need more support and attention especially to their psychological state.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Logo therapy on the Increase of Positive Self-Concept and General Health of the Thalassemia Patients

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of logo therapy on the increase of positive self-concept and general health among thalassemia patients referred to the Abu Rayhan Special Medical Center of Bandar Abbas. This study was quasi-experimental and was conducted using a control group pretest and posttest. The statistical population of this research includes all patients with alpha thalassemia between 18 to 25 years old referred to the Abu Rayhan Special Medical Center of Bandar Abbas in 2013. The sample consisted of 30 patients selected using simple random sampling method and then they were placed in the two 15-patient control and experimental groups (draw) using the simple sampling method. The instruments were Rogers’ Self-Concept Questionnaire and 28-item General Health Questionnaire. To test research hypotheses, multivariate covariance analysis of variance (MANCOVA) was used. The results showed that the logo therapy can increase the positive self-concept and general health scores significantly. Generally, the results indicate the effect of logo therapy on emotional and personality characteristics especially in people with thalassemia.

Manajemen Pembelajaran Sekolah Terpadu (Studi Pada Sekolah Terpadu Al Biruni Makassar)

This study reviews the learning management integrated school in Makassar with research sites in an integrated school Al Biruni Makassar. The focus in this research is the learning management in an integrated school which consists of lesson plans, learning implementation, and evaluation. The approach used in this study is a qualitative descriptive approach. The unit of analysis in this research is the principal, teachers, and students. Data collection techniques were interviews, observation, and documentation. The results showed that the learning management consisting of lesson plans, learning implementation, and evaluation of learning has been implemented in accordance with the existing procedures as other schools in general. This integrated concept in this school that is located in its curriculum, which integrates religious values on each of the subjects taught to students. Keywords: Learning Management, Integrated School

Automated Disease Prediction System (ADPS): A User Input-based Reliable Architecture for Disease Prediction

Supervised by Dr. Abu Raihan Mostofa Kamal, Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Islamic University of Technology

Social and political views of Abu Rayhan Biruni

There are many reasons why social and political views of Abu Rayhan Biruni have attracted much attention. Biruni lived in the 10th and 11th centuries. This was the golden age of Islamic sciences, culture and art. This was also the age when Avicenna, Muhammad ibn Zakariyya ar-Razi, Istakhri, Abu al-Wafa Buzjani, Nasawi, Sayyid Muratadha, Sheikh Tusi and other thinkers were presenting the conclusions of their respective scientific research. However, despite this intense scientific competition, Biruni was not only able to acquire world fame as an astronomer, a mathematician, a physicist, but what is more, he was also known as someone who was well acquainted with culture, art and social sciences. When Biruni talks about society he does not simply present theoretical concepts and discussions in the manner that some philosophers who preceded him did. Rather, he strived to apply his social theories to the existing social-political structures and systems. The power of reason and religion play a pivotal role in the social ideas of Biruni. Using these two important elements, he strives to explain the foundations of a Utopia. However, he does not limit his investigations to this discussion. He also pays close attention to the fact that it is not proper to expect such a Utopia and perfect government to come into existence in all periods of human history. It is for this reason that, in his investigation, he also mentions other forms of governments and he explains the principle conditions and qualities for each one. After this, he describes the other sections of society. What is more, he also presents his view regarding the classes of society and the principle responsibilities of a government. The different types of social justices are also defined by him and in the end he points to the factors that lead to the stability of a society.

Revamping Ptolemy's Proofs for the Sphericity of the Heavens

In Almagest I.3 Ptolemy offers a series of arguments for the spherical shape of the heavens. These arguments were revamped by students of the Almagest in medieval Islamicate culture. The paper, which was presented at the Alamgest Conference held at the Warburg Institute, London, November 2015, examines how Ibn al-Haytham, Jabir ibn Aflah, and Abu Rayhan al-Biruni reworked, and at times challenged, Ptolemy's arguments.

SOME ASPECTS OF THE RELATIONS OF NATURE, MAN AND SOCIETY IN THE VIEWS OF ABU ALI IBN SINA AND ABU RAYHAN BERUNI

SOME ASPECTS OF THE RELATIONS OF NATURE, MAN AND SOCIETY IN THE VIEWS OF ABU ALI IBN SINA AND ABU RAYHAN BERUNI

Knowledge Exchanges in Smart-Sourcing Contracts - Learning from the Genius of Al-Biruni

Smart-Sourcing is typically knowledge-intensive and collaborative. Success is not possible without tactics for effective knowledge-exchange throughout the life-cycle of a contract. It involves bringing teams across organizations (vendors, clients, sub-contractors, service providers, suppliers etc) together in order to acquire, share and co-create knowledge. Knowledge exchange across boundaries is not new. The works of Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni (973-1048AD), a Persian polymath scholar who made significant contributions in diverse fields of study, were examined using frameworks of knowledge assets and knowledge flows. The knowledge flows of knowledge assets were studied using Boisot’s I-space model and the knowledge transfer to and from Al-Biruni was studied using Gupta and Govindarajan’s knowledge transfer framework. The factors that have contributed to the tremendous achievements in scholarship by the genius of Al-Biruni were found to be the possession of multiple intelligences, a balance of wisdom with an ability to positively influence his environment and a strong value system within which he operated. His methodology also provides several lessons that can be learned and applied for knowledge diffusion. The research also suggests that possessing multiple intelligences and a balance in wisdom enables the people involved in multi-national, cross-cultural and cross-lingual knowledge transfer to be able to give better form and structure to knowledge enabling easier and better knowledge diffusion.

Knowledge Exchanges in the Global Organization – Learning from the Genius of Al-Biruni

The post-industrial organization is typically knowledge-intensive and collaborative, without which success is not possible. Its key processes involve bringing teams across organizations (vendors, clients, sub-contractors, service providers, suppliers etc) together in order to share and create knowledge. This paper posits that knowledge exchange across boundaries is not new and we could learn from history. The historical works of Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni (973-1048AD), a Persian polymath scholar who made significant contributions in diverse fields of study, were examined using frameworks of knowledge assets and knowledge flows. The knowledge flows of knowledge assets were plotted and studied using Boisot's I- space model and the knowledge transfer to and from Al-Biruni was studied using Gupta and Govindarajan's knowledge transfer framework. The factors that have contributed to the tremendous achievements in scholarship by the genius of Al- Biruni were found to be the possession of multiple intelligences, a balance of wisdom with an ability to positively influence his environment and a strong value system within which he operated. The research suggests that possessing multiple intelligences and a balance in wisdom enables the people involved in multi-national, cross-cultural and cross- lingual knowledge transfer to be able to give better form and structure to knowledge enabling easier and better knowledge diffusion.

Insights on the history of Anthropology: its emergence in the wider Middle East before it existed as a discipline

Before anthropology existed as a discipline, important grounding relating to different aspects of the study of humanity were present in many ancient writings of some Islamic Renaissance scholars in the wider Middle East such as Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, a Persian scholar (973-1048) and Ibn Khaldoun, a Tunisian scholar (1332-1406). In this paper I present briefly the scientific and cultural products of these scholars particularly those concerning anthropological subjects. I present also some important anthropological concepts and conclusions presented in their famous studies which represent the foundation of anthropology. Thus, this paper represents a contribution to the universal history of anthropology. The knowledge of this history and that of previous and current problems specific to anthropology would help to develop a real global anthropology.Key words: History of anthropology, Wider Middle East, Founders of anthropology, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, Ibn Khaldoun, Global anthropology.

:Medieval India: Essays in Intellectual Thought and Culture, Vol. 1

Preface Introduction Abu Raihan al-Beruni: His Life & Works The Intellectual & Historical Dimensions of the Indo-Persian Poetry of the Thirteenth Century Pre-Modern Concepts of Time in Indo-Muslim Historical Writing Muslim Intellectual Life in India Learning & Intellectual Thought in the Sultanate of Delhi during the Lodi Period Khwaja Shah Mansur: The Tragic Career of an Intellectual Finance Minister Munajat (Invocation of God) of Shaykh Abu'l Fazal Allami (1551-1602) Badauni Revisited: An Analytical study of Najat-ur-Rashid A Sufi Psychological Treatise from India An Untapped Persian Source for the Administrative-cum-Economic History of Gujarat Literary Works of Qa'iam Chandpuri: A Source for Socio-Economic History of Rohilhand During the Later Half of the Eighteenth Century Index.

Abu Raihan Al Biruni (Abu Raihan Mohammad Ibn Ahmad Al Biruni) (973 – 1048 A.D.)

Abu Raihan Mohammad Ibn Ahmad Al Biruni was one of the well-known figures associated with the court of King Mahmood Ghaznawi, a famous Muslim kings of the 11th century AD. Al Biruni was a versatile scholar and scientist who had equal facility in physics, metaphysics, mathemat-ics, geography and history. Born in the city of Kheva near “Ural” Turkey in 973 AD, he was a con-temporary of the well-known phy-sician Ibn Sina. He died in 1048 AD at the age of 75, after having spent 40 years in thus gathering knowledge and making his own original contributions to it.

ISLAMIC AND IRANIAN TRADITIONAL MATERIA MEDICA WORKS AS THE TREASURE FOR FINDING NEW EFFECTIVE DRUGS

The Materia Medica works of Rhazes, (vol2 of Canon), Al-Biruni (Kitab as -Saidana), Abu Mansur (Haqaiq al-Adwiya), Gorgani (Vol 9 and 10 of Zahira-e-Harazmsahi), Ansari Shirazi (Ihtiyarat-e-Bdi i), Hakim Mu min (Tuhfa) and Aqili Hurasani (Aqrabuzin-e Kabir) and others are the most important works of Islamic and Iranian physicians on Natural Drugs. The systematic pharmacognostical, pharmacological, toxical and chemical studies of the drugs which were used practically by these physicians are the best way to find new effective drugs for various illnesses The over 30 years research work in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences on T.I.M has helped us to find the new effect of herbal drugs as follow: Great antidiabetic effect of Adiantum capillus-veneris;effect of Boswellia serrata gumresin on Urtica Dioica;Viola odorata, Calendula officinalis and Chelidonium majus;antidiabetic effect of Trigonella foenum-greacum seeds and Salvia officials; great antifungal effect of Zataria multiflora, Lawsonia inermis, Curcuma longa and Juglans regia; increasing effect of Trribulus terresteris on sperm count; effect of Zingiber officinale on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy; antiaddiction effect of Berberis vulgaris bark on opiate and nicotine addict; effect of Anthem graveolens and Trigonella foenum-greacum on increasing of breast milk; effect of Veratrum album and Fraxinus exscelsior on vitilligo; contraceptive effect of Miralis jalapa; antihirsutismmus effect of Hyoscyamus niger and Conium maculatum and others As it is mentioned above the Materia Medica works of Islamic and Iranian scolars are at uncountable important and great treasure for finding new drugs for various illnesses.

New Moon's Visibility and International Islamic Calendar for the American Region 1407H - 1421H

The International Islamic Calendar Programme relies on calculationsof the new moon's expected visibility. The term "new moon's visibility"gives a wrong connotation, because the astronomical term "new moon"refers to a moon that is completely dark and invisible. Therefore, fromhere on the term "crescent moon" or simply "crescent" will be used for amoon that could be visible after the new moon phase.The problem of predicting the crescent moon's visibility has been ofinterest to astronomers in general for a friendly competition of sightinga young crescent moon and to Muslims for their needs associated withthe Islamic calendar. The earliest astronomical criterion for visibilityappeared in the Babylonian era: the moon's age after conjunction mustbe more than 24 hours, an arc of separation as must be more than 12° orthe moon sets 48 minutes after sunset. Hindus (500-700 C.E.) developeda more elaborate system of calculations with the same as >= 12° criterion.In the eighth to tenth centuries C.E., Muslim astronomers, notablyYa'qub ibn Tariq, Habash, al Khwarizmi, al Farghani, and al Battaniexcelled in mathematical astronomy and developed rules for predictingthe crescent's visibility based on the importance of the crescent's width.A century later, al Biruni recommended al Battani's procedures. In thefifth century, al Sufi and al Kashani still quoted the early Babylonian criterionof as >=12° .In the late part of the nineteenth century, Schmidt recorded observationsin Athens, Greece, throughout a period of twenty years. Fotheringham(1910) and Maunder (1911), who used Schmidt's data and thenadded some more observational data, made the first significant developmentsin criterion for visibility since the time of al Battani. Bruin (1977)developed an independent physics-based criterion involving such variablesas the sky's brightness, contrast, the crescent's intensity, and so on.However, his criterion was only theoretical and its validity needed to beproven by actual observations. Ilyas (1981) modified Bruin's criterion inorder to remove the discrepancy in his method and the actual observationalcriterion of Maunder. All of these suggested criteria for calculatingexpected visibility have been summarized in a tabular form on page15 ...

A Missing Link in the Islamic Renaissance

There is a missing link in Egypt. Although it is one of the strongestpillars upon which we are building our renaissance, we hardly ever perceiveits presence in our academic circles. This absence is one of the reasons forthe poverty of our scientific and intellectual production.And what is this missing link? To be precise, it is scholars who combinein their persons elements of both Arab-Islamic culture and the precise scientificEuropean culture. We are in need of more people like them, for we cannotregenerate ourselves without them, and we can only follow this path by makinguse of their light.Most of our scholars have only been educated in Arab-Islamic culture.As a result, they are totally ignorant of what is happening in the modemworld in relation to the opinions and views being expressed in science,literature, and philosophy. They have not heard of Kant and Bergson, or ofEurope’s authors and poets, scientists and researchers. At best, these namesare mentioned in insignificant magazines, newspapers, and books devoid ofany scientifichtellectual value. The other group of our scholars is madeup of those who have been educated solely in a foreign culture. They knowall about the latest theories in the fields of physics, chemistry, and mathematicswhich have reached them, and they follow the developments in modemEuropean literature as well as the books and poetry written by Europeans.They are also familiar with the development of philosophical views and theirprogress up to our time, but, they are totally ignorant of Arab-Islamic culture.If you tell them of Jarir, al Farazdaq, and al Akhtal, they turn their facesaway and avoid you-as if you were talking about a world not our own. Ifyou mention al Kindi, al Farabi, and Ibn Sina, they say that they have heardthe names but have no more knowledge of them, and that all we receivefrom them are ambiguous sentences and profound concepts which neitherhave scientific or intellectual benefit nor enrich or revitalize life.Yesterday I was talking with a group of these educated people about alBiruni, the Muslim mathematician who died in 440 AH, and the mathematicaland astronomical theories he had discovered. I also mentioned that the Germanorientalist Sachau had decided that al Biruni was the most brilliant man theworld has ever known, and that this orientalist had called for the establishmentof the al Biruni Society to honor him and to revitalize his memory. The people ...

Toward Islamic Anthropology

In his short book, Toward Islamic Anthropology, Akbar Ahmed addresses two scholarly communities: anthropologists, whose training is based, as he says, on the study of classic sociological works by Western Europeans, and educated Muslim readers whose view of society is based on their study of the Qur'an and classic works in Islamic jurisprudence and philosophy. Being a member of both communities himself, Professor Ahmed is sensitive to the issues that they face. He makes a sincere plea for dialogue between these two communities and puts forward some intriguing recommendations for resolving the disputes that divide them.
 Ahmed begins with a discussion of "the science of anthropology." This serves as an exposition of his views on the subject and as a general introduction to anthropology for those readers who are unfamiliar with it. His epistemological position, that anthropology is "a branch of empirical, observational science" (p. 14) which seeks "regularities or general laws" (p. 15) is both sensible and in harmony with the rational Islamic philosophical traditions. In fact, Ahmed argues that "If anthropology is a science . . . using ... data collected, for value-neutral, dispassionate analysis ... then [the Muslim scholar] al Biruni [973-1048 A.C.] is indeed an anthropologist." (p. 56) The philosophical realism of both earlier Muslim scholarship and Ahmed's book, which affirms that the social and cultural facts under study have an objective reality, contrasts with the position adopted by "postmodern" ethnologists. Such writers seem to believe that "the ethnographer, like the native, constructs reality" and cast doubt in a nihilistic way on "the reality of ethnography's project altogether." Ahmed's position, then, is not only acceptable to Muslims but is also a much-needed reaffirmation of the scientific ...

A Bibliography of the Works of Abu'l-Raihan al-Biruni

A Bibliography of the Works of Abu'l-Raihan al-Biruni

A Bibliography of the Works of Abu'l-Rayhan al-Biruni. Ahmad Saeed Khan

<i>A Bibliography of the Works of Abu'l-Rayhan al-Biruni</i>. Ahmad Saeed Khan

Islamic Science - Al-Biruni Commemorative Volume. Proceedings of the International Congress held in Pakistan on the Occasion of Millenary of Abu Raihan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni (c 973–1051 AD), November 26 1973 thru' December 12 1973. Ed. By Hakim Mohammed Said, Karachi: Hamdard National Foundation, 1979. Pp. vi + 844. PRs 200/$30.00.

Islamic Science - Al-Biruni Commemorative Volume. Proceedings of the International Congress held in Pakistan on the Occasion of Millenary of Abu Raihan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni (c 973–1051 AD), November 26 1973 thru' December 12 1973. Ed. By Hakim Mohammed Said, Karachi: Hamdard National Foundation, 1979. Pp. vi + 844. PRs 200/$30.00. - Volume 14 Issue 3