ABTS Methods Research Articles

Kemijski sastav i antioksidativna aktivnost Fraxinus ornus L. i Fraxinus excelsior L.

In this work, the total content of phenolics, flavonoids, and phenolic acids in the leaves and bark extracts of <i>Fraxinus ornus</i> L. and <i>Fraxinus excelsior</i> L. was determined. In addition, the identification and quantification of phenolic acids was performed using the HPLC-DAD technique. Samples were tested for antioxidant activity using the ABTS and DPPH methods. Eight extract samples were prepared by Soxhlet and ultrasound extraction using 70 % ethanol as solvent. The content of phenolic compounds ranged from 7.59 for <i>F. ornus</i> to 88.93 mg GAE/g for <i>F. excelsior</i> in the bark extracts obtained by Soxhlet extraction. The highest content of total flavonoids in <i>F. ornus</i> and <i>F. excelsior</i> was found in the leaves extracts obtained by ultrasound extraction, which was 5.68 and 1.74 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. The results also showed that the highest content of total phenolic acids was found in <i>F. ornus</i> (105.33 mg CAE/g) and <i>F. excelsior</i> (97.97 mg CAE/g) in the bark extract obtained by Soxhlet extraction. The highest content of gallic acid (112.96 ± 1.32 mg g<sup>–1</sup> extracts) and chlorogenic acid (246.94 ± 0.82 mg g<sup>–1</sup> extracts) was found in the <i>F. ornus</i> bark extract obtained by ultrasound extraction. As for antioxidant activity, the bark extract obtained by Soxhlet extraction of <i>F. ornus</i> showed the best antioxidant activity by ABTS method with IC<sub>50</sub> value of 0.062 mg ml<sup>–1</sup>. The results of the DPPH method show that the leaves extract obtained by Soxhlet extraction had the best antioxidant activity for the <i>F. ornus</i> sample, with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 0.23 mg ml<sup>–1</sup>.

Phytochemicals detected in Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz stem extracts and their log-patterns of ABTS radical scavenging activities

Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (W. G. Craib) A. Schmitz is a plant with various medicinal properties, including antioxidant activity and detoxification. In this study, we initially screened the phytochemical compounds in methanolic (MeOH) extract by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique and blasted them with NIST17 library. After screening, some bioactive compounds, such as 1,2-Benzenediol (3.68%); 1,2,3-Benzenetriol (12.16%); 1,3,5-Benzenetriol (24.30%); 13-Docosenamide, (Z)-(3.41%); and D-allose (24.46%) with reported antioxidant properties were identified; Then, the next analysis of phytochemicals; including catechin and quercetin in MeOH, ethanolic (EtOH), and aqueous extracts by the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results revealed that catechin contents in all extracts fell within the range of 3.46–9.55 mg/g DW. However, quercetin is figured out in all extracts except in the EtOH extract, which may be due to its low content and the limitation of detection. Subsequently, we tested the free radical scavenging activities of all extracts using the ABTS method. It is noteworthy that all extracts exhibited significant antioxidant activities, showing a logarithmic pattern when plotting the graph of decolorization versus concentrations, unlike the linear pattern observed with the standard Trolox. Our study confirms that L. strychnifolium extracts have excellent antioxidant activities and represents a potential candidate for alternative source of antioxidant agents in medicinal application.

Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles synthesized using extracts of Agrimonia eupatoria L. and in vitro and in vivo studies of potential medicinal applications.

This research explores the synthesis, characterization, and biological activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from acetone (AgNPs-acetone) and aqueous (AgNPs-H2O) extracts of Agrimonia eupatoria. The nanoparticles exhibit isometric morphology and uniform size distribution, as elucidated through Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) analyses. The utilization of Scanning Transmission Microscopy (STEM) with High-Angle Annular Dark-Field (HAADF) imaging and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) confirms the crystalline nature of AgNPs. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis reveals identical functional groups in the plant extracts and their corresponding AgNPs, suggesting the involvement of phytochemicals in the reduction of silver ions. Spectrophotometric monitoring of the synthesis process, influenced by various parameters, provides insights into the kinetics and optimal conditions for AgNP formation. The antioxidant activities of the plant extracts and synthesized AgNPs are evaluated through DPPH and ABTS methods, highlighting AgNPs-acetone as a potent antioxidant. Third-instar larvae exposed to the extracts have differential effects on DNA damage, with the acetone extract demonstrating antigenotoxic properties. Similarly, biosynthesized AgNPs-acetone displays antigenotoxic effects against EMS-induced DNA damage. The genotoxic effect of water extract and AgNPs-acetone was dose-dependent. Hemolytic potential is assessed on rat erythrocytes, revealing that low concentrations of AgNPs-acetone and AgNPs-H2O had a nontoxic effect on erythrocytes. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrate time-dependent and dose-dependent effects, with AgNPs-acetone exhibiting superior cytotoxicity. Proapoptotic activity is confirmed through apoptosis induction, emphasizing the potential therapeutic applications of AgNPs. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs reveals concentration-dependent effects. AgNPs-H2O display better antibacterial activity, while antifungal activities are comparable between the two nanoparticle types.

Investigation of phytochemical composition and bioactivity evaluation of extracts from Myrsine umbellata Mart.

The objective of the study was to carry out phytochemical prospection through colorimetric tests to determine the groups of secondary metabolites and also to determine the total content of phenolic compounds (TPC) present in plant extracts methanol (ME), ethyl acetate (EAE), hexane (HE) and dichloromethane (DE) from the leaves of Myrsine umbellata, as well as to investigate the antimicrobial activity against twelve standard ATCC strains by the broth microdilution technique; the antioxidant potential by the DPPH method and the ABTS method and the antibiofilm potential on the biofilm biomass of standard bacteria by the crystal violet technique and tetrazolium salt reduction (MTT) assay. Phytochemical prospection detected the presence of saponins, steroids, alkaloids, anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, flavonoids, and tannins. The results of the quantitative phytochemical estimation revealed a higher content of total phenolics in DE (280.24 ± 0.037 µM GAE g ext. -1) followed by ME (159.01 ± 0.031 µM GAE g ext. -1). The ME showed the best biological activities when compared to the other extracts tested. We observed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis strain (MIC 3.12 and MBC 6.25), antioxidant percentage of 92.58% against the DPPH radical and 420.31 µM Trolox g ext. -1 against the ABTS radical, finally showed antibiofilm action against Gram-positive strain Staphylococcus aureus, with eradication of the biomass in 92.58%. The results suggest that EM from M. umbellata represents an alternative source of plant bioactives for the development of natura products.

Biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using aqueous extracts of Eclipta prostrata and Piper longum: characterization and assessment of their antioxidant, antibacterial, and photocatalytic properties.

Chemical syntheses of nanoparticles that release toxic substances into the environment rarely meet the strict requirements of green chemistry principles. Instead, green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts brings a safe, rapid, and effective process, contributing to solving environmental pollution problems. Here, we report the green synthesis of multifunctional ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using aqueous extracts of E. prostrata leaves and P. longum fruits. The XRD results affirmed the existence of hexagonal crystalline ZnONPs with particle sizes of 17-30 nm. The optical analysis revealed bandgap energies of 3.10 eV and 3.16 eV for ZnONPs biosynthesized using E. prostrata and P. longum extracts, respectively. The synthesized ZnONPs showed potential antioxidant activity through DPPH and ABTS methods. Among the antibacterial outcomes against pathogenic bacterial strains (S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, and S. typhimurium), ZnONPs exhibited the highest zone of inhibition (18.5 mm) for S. aureus. Moreover, both ZnONPs biosynthesized using E. prostrata and P. longum extracts served as strong photocatalysts in the degradation of crystal violet with degradation efficiencies of 95.64% and 99.90%, respectively. Therefore, biosynthesized ZnONPs hold significant promise as antioxidants, antibacterial agents, and photocatalysts.

Maturation and antioxidant activity of 'Giombo' and 'Rama Forte' persimmons produced in the Brazilian semiarid.

The objective of this work was characterizing persimmons of the 'Giombo' and 'Rama Forte' cultivars harvested at different ripening stages in the Brazilian semiarid. Fruits were harvested at three ripening stages - green, semi-ripe and ripe - then evaluated for the following characteristics: fruit weight and diameter, skin and pulp color, fruit firmness, pulp pH, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, SSC/TA ratio, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, astringency index, and the contents of tannin, vitamin C, carotenoid, β-carotene, and total extractable polyphenols. Also, total antioxidant activity by the DPPH and ABTS methods and pectin methylesterase, and polygalacturonase enzyme activities were evaluated. Two experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design, one for each cultivar, with treatments consisting of different stages of maturation, with five replications of three fruits each. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the differences between the means were compared using the Tukey test at 5% probability. Fruit firmness and soluble solids content did not vary between maturation stages for any of the cultivars. However, the skin color index increased with advancing maturation for both 'Giombo' and 'Rama Forte'. The astringency index, the content of total extractable polyphenols, soluble tannins and the antioxidant capacity were lower in fruits harvested at the ripe stage, for both cultivars. It can be concluded that persimmons of the 'Giombo' and 'Rama Forte' cultivars present better physicochemical quality characteristics when harvested when ripe, with a totally yellow skin.

Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Profile of Diadema paucispinum from Sumenep-Madura, Indonesia

Background: Sea urchin shells contain pigment compounds, such as PHNQ, which vary based on habitat conditions. These pigments, especially in darker shells, display diverse chemical compounds and increased antioxidant power. Diadema paucispinum is a type of sea urchin found in Sumenep-Madura, Indonesia, which has yet to be extensively studied for its antioxidant potential. Aim: To identify the class of compounds present in the 96% ethanol extract of Diadema paucispinum (EEDP) from Sumenep-Madura, Indonesia, and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of this extract. Methods: The research utilized phytochemical screening for extracts, FTIR analysis of simplicia and extracts, and antioxidant tests with DPPH and ABTS. Results: The study identified the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, and tannin compounds in the extract. Antioxidant activity, determined by the IC50 value, was found to be 6084 µg/ml using the DPPH method and 756.3 µg/ml with the ABTS method, while IC50 of Vitamin C was 3,25 ppm with DPPH method and 2,09 ppm for ABTS method. Conclusion: According to the study's findings, Diadema paucispinum extract found in Sumenep-Madura contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The IC50 value of EEDP was more significant than 200 ppm, indicating that 96% EEDP sea urchin did not have antioxidant activity when compared to vitamin C as a standard compound.

Novel Amide Derivatives of Pyrimidinediones: Design, Synthesis, Characterization, Biological Assessment, ADMET and in silico Docking Studies

In an attempt to synthesize new chemical entities with promising biological activity, a set of six novel pyrimidinedione analogues 6(a-f) was prepared. The compound 4 was coupled with different amines by using HBTU as a coupling reagent. The derivatives were characterized by 1HNMR,13CNMR and HRMS. The analogues were evaluated for their antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The DPPH and ABTS methods were used to test the antioxidant activity of the moieties. Among the six pyrimidinedione analogues, 6b, 6d, and 6f exhibited significant antioxidant effects. The paper disc diffusion method was adopted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the samples. The analogues 6b, 6c and 6e exhibited potency against gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens. Further, to evaluate the binding abilities of the analogues to the protein active sites, molecular docking studies were performed. The results of the docking studies were found to be consistent with the antibacterial potential of the analogues. The efficacy of these analogues provides insight into their use as novel antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

Polysaccharide extraction from Myxopyrum smilacifolium trunk and its antioxidant capacity

As a traditional medicinal plant in Vietnam, Myxopyrum smilacifolium has been used for a long history to treat cough, nervous disorders, numbness, rheumatism, and cephalalgia. Nevertheless, reports on the antioxidant activity and extraction of M. smilacifolium polysaccharides are still very rare. This study was designed to extract a high yield of polysaccharides from the M. smilacifolium trunk and characterize it. As a result, the maximum yield of the polysaccharides of 5.13 ± 0.05% was obtained with an extraction time of three hours, extraction temperature of 100 oC, the ratio of water to sample of 1:50 as extraction solution, extraction number of times 3, and the ratio of ethanol to extract volume 5:1 (v/v). Polysaccharides was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and high-performance gel-permeation chromatography (HPGPC). The average molecular weight of extracted polysaccharides was around 3.78 × 105 Da. In vitro assays dan impressive antioxidant activities of the extracted polysaccharides, containing 0.2423 ± 0.0028 mg GA/g or 0.2142 ± 0.0007 μmol AS/g. The IC50 values of polysaccharides in the DPPH and ABTS methods were 0.89 mg/mL and 3.85 mg/mL, respectively. These findings exhibited the potential for application or further research and development of polysaccharides from Myxopyrum smilacifolium.

Phenolic Characterization and in vitro Biological Activities of Ranunculus Cornutus DC.

In this study, Ranunculus cornutus DC. (Evlimemedotu) content analysis and some biological activities were investigated. For this purpose, methanol and water extracts of the plant were taken and their phenolic analyzes were determined by LC-MS-MS. Total antioxidant method, FRAP, CUPRAC, iron chelation method, DPPH and ABTS methods were used for antioxidant studies. According to LC-MS results, the maximum was 3261.43 µg/L, vanillic acid 1217.70 µg/L and ferulic acid 769.40 µg/L. According to the antioxidant results, it was determined that water and methanol extracts exhibited lower activity than standard antioxidants. It can be said that the reason for this is the amount of phenolic they contain. However, it was observed that the methanol extract generally had better antioxidant activity than the water extract. Finally, according to the DNA study results, it was determined that water and methanol extracts alone did not have a negative effect on the stable structure of DNA. Since there are no studies with R. cornutus DC., it is thought that this study will make a very important contribution to the literature and provide important data for future studies

Characterization of tea water extracts and their utilization for dyeing and functionalization of fabrics of different chemical compositions

Green, black, rooibos, and hibiscus tea (GT, BT, RT, and HT) aqueous extracts were prepared and characterized in terms of total flavonoids (TFC) and total phenolic (TPC) contents and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. BT has the highest, while HT has the lowest TFC (1213 vs. 415 mg l–1), while the extracts’ TPCs (2283 – 7251 mg l–1) decreased in the following order: BT > GT > RT > HT. Their antioxidant activities of 78.1 – 93.1% and 97.8 – 100% were determined according to DPPH and ABTS methods, respectively. BT and especially GT aqueous extracts possessed mild effects against several microorganisms. All examined extracts have an affinity for dyeing wool, cellulose acetate, polyamide, and cotton, which is proven by the color strength values of 1.65–19.12. Wool, polyacrylonitrile, polyester, polyamide, cotton, and cellulose acetate functionalized with GT aqueous extract inhibited the growth of S. aureus and E. coli, while polyacrylonitrile and cotton also inhibited the growth of E. faecalis, and C. albicans, respectively. Wide inhibition zones for S. aureus were observed for fabrics functionalized with BT aqueous extract. Generally, the investigated fabrics showed very high (81.60 – 100%) ABTS radical scavenging ability independent of the extract used. TPCs have good linear correlations with the antioxidant activities of wool and polyacrylonitrile determined by the DPPH method. Fabrics with different chemical compositions dyed and/or functionalized with GT or BT aqueous extracts can be used to produce high-value-added medical textiles with therapeutic, prophylactic, and protective functions. They can find potential applications in wound treatment, especially in skin wounds that are susceptible to infection with S. aureus. Moreover, wool and cotton functionalized with GT or BT aqueous extract can also be considered for use in disposable medical textiles like bandages and gauze used in the wound-healing process.

Rapid colorimetric assay based on the oxidation of 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid-diammonium salt for nitrite detection in meat products

This work developed a rapid colorimetric method for nitrite detection in meat products. The detection was based on the reaction of nitrite with 60 mM HCl to produce radicals which further oxidized ABTS (50 µM) to form a water-soluble blue-green product (ABTS•+). The absorbance was measured at a maximum absorption wavelength of 412.5 nm. Parameters such as concentration of HCl, concentration of ABTS and reaction time were evaluated. The absorbance was linearly proportional to the concentration of nitrite (0.1–20 µM) with the limit of detection of 0.34 µM. The proposed method was a time-saving assay since it required only 2 min to complete one measurement. There was no effect of the interference produced by other ions. The assay was robust with 2.5%RSD (n = 50). In meat product samples, high accuracy was observed with the recoveries between 100 ± 2.2% and 105 ± 3.7%. The amount of nitrite in meat products detected by the ABTS method was found in the range of 5.41 − 7.62 mg/kg. The conventional Griess method was applied to determine nitrite in the same meat products. There was no statistically significant difference between the two methods (P = 0.05).

Acerola (Malpighia emarginata) pulp: characterization and stability of anthocyanins under different conditions

Tropical fruits provide a high economic potential and their inclusion in the diet can provide health benefits. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the proximal composition, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and stability of anthocyanins of acerola pulp in the absence and presence of light at temperatures of 7 and 21.7°C. The results for the proximal composition (g/100 g) were 93.49 moisture, 0.04 protein, 0.09 lipid, 0.60 ash, and 6.28 carbohydrates, totaling a 28.29 kcal/100 g caloric value. For total bioactive compounds, the results were 3.22 µg/g chlorophyll, 29.71 µg/g carotenoids, 3.74 g/100 g flavonoids, and 6.12 mg/100 g phenolic compounds. Acerola pulp showed high antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS methods with values of 6.17 μmol/g and 3.19 mM TEAC/g, respectively. Regarding the stability of anthocyanins, in acerola pulp stored away from light and at a temperature of 7°C, these pigments remained more stable than when subjected to light and a temperature of 21°C. Thus, it was possible to perceive that, in addition to the acerola being important for the food industry, storage under low temperatures and the absence of light can contribute to greater stability of anthocyanin pigments.

Analysis of Total Flavonoid and Antioxidant Activity of Black Turmeric (Curcuma caesia) using ABTS (2,2-azinobis-3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid) Method

Black turmeric (Curcuma caesia) has a higher concentration of phytochemical compounds compared to other turmeric species. This means it's an incredibly potent natural antioxidant. Experts believe that black turmeric could have some amazing health benefits, such as protecting against oxidative stress and reducing inflammation. Black turmeric was extracted using the maceration method with a methanol solvent. After extracting black turmeric using the maceration method and methanol solvent, the resulting extracts were tested qualitatively for flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins. Then proceed with the quantitative test to determine the total levels of flavonoids and test the antioxidant activity using the ABTS method. The results of this study obtained a yield of 13.26%, positive qualitative test results for flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins, and total flavonoid levels of 10.326 ± 0.074 mgEQ/g extract with an IC50 of 88.581 ± 3.376 ppm. Based on the results of the antioxidant activity, black turmeric methanol extract has strong antioxidant activity.

Test the Antioxidant Effectiveness of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) Ethyl Acetate Fraction Cream Formula using FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-3) ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) Methods)

molecules due to chemical reactions and metabolic events in the body. Phenolic compounds work to reduce the reaction of increasing the oxidation number, and are able to reduce highly reactive free radicals, lipid peroxidation processes, and metal oxides that can be obtained from oyster mushrooms. This study aims to make an antioxidant cream preparation and measure the IC50 value by conducting an antioxidant test of the ethyl acetate fraction of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreotus) cream using FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) and ABTS (2.2'-azino-bis (3-3) ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) methods. Oyster mushrooms go through a liquid-liquid partition process and are made into cream preparations with a concentration of 2%, 4%, and 6% formulas, then the antioxidant activity is seen. Based on the measurement results of the three cream formulas, the IC50 value using the FRAP method was 110.12 in the medium category and the IC50 value with ABTS method was 84.61 in the strong category.
 
 Keywords: antioxidants; free radicals; oyster mushroom; frap; abts.

Effect of varieties of Curcuma xanthorrhiza and extraction solvent on total phenolic, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity

Abstract. Yodi G, Artika IM, Nurcholis W. 2023. Effect of varieties of Curcuma xanthorrhiza and extraction solvent on total phenolic, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity. Biodiversitas 24: 6425-6431. Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is widely recognized for its high phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity. Therefore, this study aimed to measure yields, total phenols, total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity of acetone and ethyl acetate extracts from three varieties of Temulawak, namely Cursina 1, Cursina 2, and Cursina 3. The samples were extracted using the maceration method and evaporated with a rotary vacuum evaporator. In this study, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were analyzed using a colorimetric method, while antioxidant capacity was assessed through DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. The highest acetone and ethyl acetate extract yields were obtained from Cursina 2, i.e., 5.8% and 4.3%, respectively. The highest phenol in the acetone and ethyl acetate extract was from Cursina 2, consisting of 9.55±0.37 mg GAE/g DW and 4.60±0.12 GAE/g DW. The highest flavonoid content in the acetone and ethyl acetate extract was from Cursina 2, i.e., 20.48±0.45 QE/g and 8.59±0.14 mg QE/g DW, respectively. The DPPH method showed that acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of Cursina 2 had the highest antioxidant activities, i.e., 3.28±0.03 ?mol TE/g DW and 2.11±0.04 ?mol TE/g DW, respectively. The highest antioxidant capacity based on the ABTS method was found in the acetone extract of Cursina 2 (148.91±6.10 ?mol TE/g DW) and ethyl acetate extract of Cursina 3 (84.30±5.10 ?mol TE/g DW). The FRAP method showed the highest antioxidant capacity was Cursina 2 acetone extract (115.23±2.30 ?mol TE/g DW) and ethyl acetate extract of Cursina 3 (71.88±1.48 ?mol TE/g DW). These results suggested that acetone is a more suitable solvent for the Cursina 2 variety, while ethyl acetate is more suitable for the Cursina 3 variety.

An opportunity for acerola pulp (Malpighia emarginata DC) valorization evaluating its performance during the block cryoconcentration by physicochemical, bioactive compounds, HPLC–ESI-MS/MS, and multi-elemental profile analysis

The present study evaluated the effect of cryoconcentration of pulp blocks of acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC). The study evaluated cryoconcentration in three stages. The cryoconcentrated samples, the ice fractions, and the initial pulp were evaluated for physicochemical composition, bioactive composition, and multielement profile. The cryoconcentrated sample obtained in the third stage of cryoconcentration showed the best results for the concentration factor, process efficiency, total soluble solids content, red color intensity, and increasing of the macro and micronutrients: Cu, Ca, S, Sr, K, Mn, Na, P, Mg, Fe. All stages presented good performance in the total soluble solids content, increase in the titratable acidity of the concentrates, and progressive increase in the intensity of the red color. Generally, higher levels of total phenolic and antioxidant activity were found for the 2nd and 3rd concentrates. The phenolic activity showed an increase of 166.90% in the 3rd stage concentrate compared to fresh pulp, and the antioxidant activity was 112.10% by the ABTS method and 131.60% by the DPPH method, both in the 3rd stage concentrate. The major individual polyphenols were Ferulic acid, Protocatechuic acid, and Taxifolin, with significant increases in the concentration of the compounds in the 2nd and 3rd stage concentrates. In addition, the contents of potentially toxic metals were below detection limits. During the cryoconcentration process, there was a decrease in the values ​​of vitamin C content, moisture content, density, and elements Cu, Sr, and Zn.

In Vitro Analysis of Selected Antioxidant and Biological Properties of the Extract from Large-Fruited Cranberry Fruits

This study investigated the in vitro antioxidant and biological properties of ethanol extracts obtained from the fruits of the highbush cranberry. The produced extracts exhibited a high content of polyphenols (1041.9 mg 100 g d.m.−1) and a high antioxidant activity (2271.2 mg TE g 100 d.m.−1 using the DPPH method, 1781.5 mg TE g 100 d.m.−1 using the ABTS method), as well as a substantial amount of vitamin C (418.2 mg 100 g d.m.−1). These extracts also demonstrated significant in vitro biological activity. Studies conducted on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cellular model revealed the strong antioxidant effects of the extract, attributed to a significant reduction in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the cells, confirming the utility of the extracts in mitigating oxidative stress. Moreover, inhibitory properties were demonstrated against factors activating metabolic processes characteristic of inflammatory conditions. It was observed that the cranberry extract inhibits the activity of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) non-selectively. Additionally, the extract was found to be a highly active inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), potentially suggesting the applicability of this extract in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease.

Potential role of ergothioneine rich mushroom as anti-aging candidate through elimination of neuronal senescent cells

Oxidative stress can upset the antioxidant balance and cause accelerated aging including neurodegenerative diseases and decline in physiological function. Therefore, an antioxidant-rich diet plays a crucial role in healthy aging. This study aimed to identify and quantify mushrooms with the highest ergothioneine content through HPLC analysis and evaluate their anti-aging potential as a natural antioxidant and antisenescence in HT22 cells. Among the 14 evaluated mushroom species, Lentinula edodes (LE), shiitake mushroom contains the highest ergothioneine content and hence was used for the in-vitro studies. The cells were preincubated with ethanolic extract of ergothioneine-rich mushroom and the equimolar concentration of EGT on t-BHP-induced senescence HT22 cells. The extract was analyzed for its free radical scavenging properties using DPPH and ABTS methods. Then, the neuroprotective effect was conducted by measuring the cell viability using MTT. Senescence-associated markers and ROS staining were also analyzed. Our results revealed that a low dose of t-BHP reduces cell viability and induces senescence in HT22 cells as determined through β-galactosidase staining and expressions of P16INK4a, P21CIPL which are the markers of cellular senescence. However, the pretreatment with ethanolic extract of LE for 8 h significantly improved the cell viability, reversed the t-BHP-induced cellular senescence in the neuronal cells, and reduced the reactive oxygen species visualized through DCFH-DA staining. These results suggest that ergothioneine-rich mushroom is a potential candidate for anti-aging exploration through the elimination of senescent cells.

Characterization of Endophytic Fungi in Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora L.) Beans Through 18S rRNA Gene Sequencing and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Chlorogenic Acid Content

Utilizing endophytic fungi to discover metabolites by characterizing the fungi produced from robusta coffee beans can be highly beneficial without causing harm to the plants. Additionally, this approach aids in identifying raw materials for medical drug development, specifically compounds like chlorogenic acid, which hold promise as potential treatments for diabetes mellitus. This study aimed at characterizing the endophytic fungi present in Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora L.) beans through 18S rRNA gene sequencing and evaluation of antioxidant activity and chlorogenic acid content found in these endophytic fungi. Green, unripe Robusta coffee beans were harvested from a coffee plantation in Tana Toraja and isolated using Potato Dextrose Agar medium. The isolation process yielded three isolates, designated RF1, RF2, and RF3. Subsequently, the isolates were subjected to testing for endophytic fungi activity, and the isolate that exhibited activity was further characterized using 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Following that, the isolates were fermented using a Potato Dextrose Broth medium, resulting in two phases: filtrate and biomass. The filtrate was then extracted using ethyl acetate as the solvent. The extracted compound was subsequently evaluated for antioxidant activity using ABTS and DPPH methods, and the concentration of chlorogenic acid was measured. From the three isolates of endophytic fungi obtained from green Robusta coffee beans with the codes RF1, RF2, and RF3, all of them exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The 18S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that isolate RF1 was identified as Fusarium sp. For the evaluation of antioxidant activity using the ABTS method, an IC50 value of 53.49 µg/mL was obtained, while the DPPH method resulted in an IC50 value of 54.03. Furthermore, the measurement of chlorogenic acid content in the extract of endophytic fungi from Robusta coffee beans indicated a concentration of 11.58%. The characterization result of the endophytic fungi isolates from green Robusta coffee beans revealed the presence of Fusarium sp. It exhibited high antioxidant activity and a chlorogenic acid content of 11.58%.