Strength Absorption Research Articles

Enhancing concrete sustainability with spent diatomaceous earth from the wine industry: Long‐term experimental and statistical analysis

AbstractSpent diatomaceous earth, a by‐product of wine filtration, holds significant promise for use in concrete mixtures due to its pozzolanic properties, which enhance concrete performance. This research explores the application of spent calcined diatomaceous earth (SCDE), heat‐treated at 700°C to remove organic content, as a partial substitute for cement or sand in concrete. The high silica content of SCDE contributes to the formation of additional calcium silicate hydrates during the hydration process, leading to improvements in mechanical strength over time. The study includes a preliminary analysis of cement replacements ranging from 5% to 10% and sand replacements from 2.5% to 15%, assessing their effects on workability, density, water absorption, and compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. The testing program focuses on three key compositions: the reference concrete and optimal mixtures with 10% cement and 5% sand replacements. Compressive strength tests are conducted at 7, 28, 90, 180, and 360 days. The results, validated through ANOVA, demonstrate the influence of SCDE on concrete strength over time, with distinctive behavior patterns identified for different mixtures. The strength of concrete with replacements correlates with the reference strength, with a multiplicative factor that varies from 7 to 90 days and then. When SCDE replaces cement, the factor is less than one before 28 days due to the slow pozzolanic reaction, whereas for sand replacement, it always exceeds one because of the initial filler effect. After 90 days, the strength multiplicative factors are 1.13 for cement replacement and 1.30 for sand replacement, demonstrating the potential of SCDE for sustainable concrete manufacturing and its positive long‐term impact on mechanical performance.

Effect of Water-to-Binder Ratio on Density, Compressive Strength and Morphology of Fly Ash/Ladle Furnace Slag Blended One-Part Geopolymer

Water-to-binder (W/B) ratio has a great influence on the bulk density, compressive strength and morphology of fly ash/ladle furnace slag (FA/LFS) blended one-part geopolymer. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of W/B ratio on the performance of the one-part geopolymer. The one-part geopolymer were prepared at W/B ratio of 0.20-0.30 and cured at room temperature for 28 days. The bulk density, water absorption, apparent porosity and compressive strength were determined, while the morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the one-part geopolymer with W/B ratio of 0.25 had highest compressive strength (39 MPa) with denser (2.1 g/cm3) structure as well as low water absorption (3.97%) and low apparent porosity (8.33%). The micrograph showed the optimal one-part geopolymer has less agglomeration of FA and LFS particles.

The Effects of CaO and MgO on Thermal, Mechanical and Optical Properties of Porcelain Tiles by Utilizing Blast Furnace Slag

In this study, the Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) of Zonguldak Eregli Iron and Steel Factories was used as a recycling raw material for the porcelain tile samples. A kind of clay with high MgO content was also used in the porcelain tile recipes. Maximum 10% of BFS was used instead of Na-feldspar. Sintering temperature for all samples was 1205°C for 50 minutes in the industrial roller kiln. Technological properties such as shrinkage, water absorption, colour measurement, and flexural strength were investigated as well as sintering properties and microstructures of the green and the sintered samples. As a result of the study, the addition of BFS did not adversely affect the technical properties of porcelain tile bodies. Particularly, the addition of BFS up to 3% contributed to an increase in flexural strength, and whiteness values of all samples increased because of the formation of anorthite and diopside compared to the reference body. The phase transformations and crystal formations such as anorthite and diopside resulted in a decrease in the firing shrinkage. Although the anorthite formation and diopside formation in the investigated samples had an adverse effect on condensation, it was found that they showed similar sintering behaviours compared to the reference body. This study showed that an industrial waste material can be converted into an environmentally friendly raw material that can create added value and provide energy efficiency.

Increasing the strength of alkali activated mortars prepared without cement by adding lime and crushed brick

Alkali-activated concretes, which aim to reduce cement, have received the most attention in recent years. By activating cementless geopolymer mortar samples with lime, blast furnace slag [BFS], fly ash [FA], crushed brick, sodium hydroxide, and sodium silicate, the study aims to produce more affordable and environmentally materials. Hydrated lime and crushed brick mortars, which have been utilized in ancient structures for thousands of years, have endured to the present day because of their toughness and appropriate construction techniques. However, the biggest disadvantage of ancient mortars is that their setting time is long due to the lime they contain and therefore their strength properties cannot be developed at an early age. In order to improve these properties of the mortars, 7.5 mole NaOH was used in fixed ratios and Na2SiO3 in variable ratios. On the mortar’s characteristics, the impacts of lime, crushed brick, BFA, and FA were examined. Tests on the generated samples included flow-table, setting-time, density, water absorption, porosity, flexural and compressive strength tests, as well as SEM, XRD, and FTIR studies. The reference ancient mortar sample has the lowest compressive strength value at 1.47 MPa, while the Y4 sample, which has a high BFS content at 22.5 MPa, has the highest compressive strength value. The YS4 sample comprising BFS, NaOH, and Na2SiO3 had the fastest setting time, at 20 minutes. In comparison to the reference samples, the samples’ workability was also enhanced. The reference sample had the highest water absorption value, 26.8%, while the other samples’ values stayed below 2%. In this case, activators contributed to the improvement of the mechanical qualities of traditional lime mortars.

Brownness of organics in anthropogenic biomass burning aerosols over South Asia

Abstract. In South Asia, biomass is burned for energy and waste disposal, producing brown carbon (BrC) aerosols whose climatic impacts are highly uncertain. To assess these impacts, a real-world understanding of BrC's physio-optical properties is essential. For this region, the order-of-magnitude variability in BrC's spectral refractive index as a function of particle volatility distribution is poorly understood. This leads to oversimplified model parameterization and subsequent uncertainty in regional radiative forcing. Here we used the field-collected aerosol samples from major anthropogenic biomass activities to examine the methanol-soluble BrC optical properties. We show a strong relation between the absorption strength, wavelength dependence, and thermo-optical fractions of carbonaceous aerosols. Our observations show strongly absorbing BrC near the Himalayan foothills that may accelerate glacier melt, further highlighting the limitations of climate models where variable BrC properties are not considered. These findings provide crucial inputs for refining climate models and developing effective regional strategies to mitigate BrC emissions.

UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIALS FOR ULTRA-LIGHTWEIGHT AND THERMAL INSULATING CONCRETE BLOCKS

This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing waste materials—specifically fly ash, residual fuel catalytic cracking catalyst (RFCC), and honeycomb briquette ash—in the production of ultra-lightweight concrete blocks for thermal insulation applications. Physical properties such as dry density, water absorption, and compressive strength were evaluated alongside thermal conductivity and microstructural analysis. Additionally, the materials' compliance with hazardous substance regulations and fire resistance were examined. Economic analysis demonstrated substantial cost savings compared to conventional materials. Results indicate that while higher cement replacement ratios with waste materials generally reduce compressive strength, they enhance thermal insulation properties. The study concludes that these materials offer a viable solution for sustainable building construction, aligning environmental benefits with economic advantages.

Optimization of Abrasive Wear Parameters and Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Bauhinia Vahlii and Grewia Optiva Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Polymer Composites

Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite offers competitive solutions for lightweight applications but faces significant abrasive wear challenges in many industrial and automobile applications. The current study aims to conduct mechanical, physical, and dynamic mechanical analyses, as well as three body abrasion examinations, on grewia-optiva (GO) and bauhinia-vahlii (BV) natural fiber-reinforced epoxy-based hybrid polymer composites containing marble dust as filler. Initially, the woven mat was knitted with an equal amount of grewia-optiva and bauhinia-vahlii natural fibers. Three weight percentages of the woven mat i.e. 10, 20, and 30wt.% were used as reinforcement, and industrial waste marble dust with a fixed amount of 5wt.% was also used as a filler material. GO, and BV fiber mats were chemically treated with 10wt—% NaOH for the cleaning and surface modification of fibers before their use as reinforcement. The fabricated composites' physical and mechanical characteristics, i.e., density, water absorption, hardness, impact, flexural, and tensile strength were examined experimentally. The value of the damping factor (tan δ), storage modulus (Eʹ), and loss modulus (Eʹʹ) of the developed composites were analyzed by a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). The fabricated composites' three-body abrasive wear characteristics were also examined with varying parameters i.e. A: fiber loading, B: sliding distance, and C: normal load. The results show that increasing the fiber loading and using a constant amount of discarded marble dust improves all mechanical characteristics. The tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness improves by 15.99%, 26.30%, 24.40%, and 30.39% respectively for 10wt.% to 30wt.% fiber loading. The composites exhibit significant improvements in damping properties with fiber loading. Moreover, parameters i.e. normal load, speed, and fiber loading have contributed to abrasive wear of composites at 29.70%, 24.81%, and 19.07% respectively. This study will aid in the analysis of the morphological, mechanical, and thermo-mechanical properties of a new class of composite material that might be used for producing natural polymeric roofing systems, boats, and floors, as well as for the automobile industry.

Combine the use of rice husk ash and quarry waste for sustainable masonry blocks: mechanical characteristics, durability and eco-benefits

The construction industry faces a growing demand for eco-friendly practices. This study explores the viability of incorporating quarry waste and rice husk ash (RHA) as partial replacements for cement and river sand in masonry block production. The research investigates the combined effect of these waste materials on the critical characteristics of cement blocks, including physical properties, mechanical behaviour, and resistance to environmental degradation. A cost-benefit analysis also considers economic, environmental, and societal factors. Replacing river sand with quarry waste in the mortar mix resulted in higher density and improved impact resistance. Also, it exhibited lower water absorption and early-age strength than the river sand. Partial cement replacement with RHA yielded positive results at lower incorporation levels. Up to 20% RHA content enhanced compressive and flexural strength while reducing embodied energy and CO₂ emissions. However, higher RHA replacements negatively affected these properties. The optimal balance between cost-effectiveness, environmental benefits, and structural performance was achieved with a combination of 20% RHA and complete quarry waste replacement. This approach offers a sustainable and potentially cost-saving alternative for conventional masonry block production. This research demonstrates the potential of utilizing waste materials in construction while promoting eco-friendly practices and responsible waste management in the industry.

Monolayer and bilayer BP as efficient optoelectronic materials in visible and ultraviolet regions

Hexagonal boron phosphide (BP) shows significant promise for optoelectronic applications due to its high carrier mobility and moderate band gap. Strain inevitably occurs during the synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. In this work, a detailed study on the strain-dependent phonon dispersion and optical properties of monolayer and bilayer BP was performed. The calculated phonon dispersion curves demonstrate that both monolayer and bilayer BP systems remain dynamically stable under tensile strain. By increasing tensile strain, the LO and TO modes soften and the phonon band gap between optical and acoustic modes becomes narrower. The LO and TO modes display expanded phonon spectra under large tensile strains in contrast to the ZA mode. The absorption edge of bilayer BP is located around 0.6 eV, lower in energy with respect to the monolayer BP at ∼ 0.8 eV. The results indicate that the optical absorption may be enhanced by applying the compressive strain. With their broad absorption range and strain-tunable absorption strength and phononic properties, monolayer and bilayer BP are highly promising for next-generation nanodevices.

Laboratory verification of the properties of recycled fine aggregates and the effect of different replacement percentages on concrete properties

This research work deals with the issue of laboratory testing of commonly available recycled fine aggregates, namely concrete recyclate, mixed recyclate and brick recyclate. Their geometrical properties: granulometric composition and fine particle content, including physical properties: bulk density and water absorption are investigated. The tests themselves are carried out according to available standards, which are currently mainly standards for testing natural aggregates, and it is necessary to assess the suitability of these tests for recycled aggregates as well. The results found for concrete recyclates confirm the use of these standards to obtain the properties mentioned, but the bulk density and absorption tests are inconclusive in the case of mixed and brick recyclates. Subsequently, test concrete specimens were produced in which natural fine aggregate and concrete recyclate were substituted at 33, 66 and 100 %. A series of tests were performed on the hardened concrete: bulk density, absorption, porosity and compressive strength. From the results obtained, the use of concrete recyclate in concretes with the replacement of natural fine aggregate at 33% is suitable, without a significant reduction in the observed properties.

A novel PCM-based foam concrete for heat transfer in buildings -Experimental developments and simulation modelling

Foam concrete is renowned for its lightweight and versatile properties, such as good thermal insulation, airborne sound absorption and adequate compressive strength. Phase change materials are recognized for their heat storage characteristics. The current study investigates the enhancement of building envelope thermal performance by integrating phase change materials in foam concrete composites. The phase change material (PCM) developed using exfoliated vermiculite impregnated with capric acid and absolute ethanol demonstrated optimal thermal stability. Among the various foam concrete mix composites, PCM in addition to the nano silica and coconut fibre (PNC) mix showed improved mechanical and thermal properties. Test results showed that optimum mix (PNC-5 %) possess a compressive strength of 7.96 MPa, with a thermal conductivity of 0.15 W/mK. The nano silica added in the PNC mix reacted with CH rapidly for the formation of C-S-H and filled the pores, which improved the bonding and reduced the brittleness of the samples, which is also evident from the SEM images. The PNC-5 % sample mixture exhibited a melting and freezing point of 31.42 °C and 21.08 °C respectively, with a latent thermal storage 9.72 J/g for freezing and 17.55 J/g melting. Scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the compatibility and high thermal resistance of PNC-5 %. TGA results confirmed that the mass loss corresponding to CH content was slightly lesser for the PNC-5 % mixture than for the PCM mixture, due to the inclusion of nano silica in the case of PNC-5 %. COMSOL Multiphysics ® software model analysis is implemented for validation of thermal characteristics of the developed PCM-impregnated foam concrete wall panel for insulation in buildings, emphasizing the potential for enhanced thermal comfort compared to that of noninsulated structures. This research proves the efficacy of PNC insulated foam concrete composites for sustainable and energy-efficient building solutions, paving the way for advancements in building applications.

Restructuring the Basic Design of Several Accelerator-Based Concrete Mixes by Integrating Superplasticizers.

The increasing demand for infrastructure, the need to consolidate aging structures, and the effects of climate change imply the replacement or improvement of traditional concrete. This study investigates three accelerators and their mixtures (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, Al2(SO4)3·18H2O, and Na2S2O3·5H2O) (series I) and their counterparts with superplasticizers (Dynamon SR41) (series II) as additives in standard concrete to improve its functionality. The standard concrete and new concrete mixes were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and tests for water absorption, bulk density, and compressive strength. XRD analysis showed that all concrete mixes had similar structures composed of quartz, portlandite, larnite, calcium silicate, ettringite, albite, and muscovite in varying proportions. Their microstructures, as shown by SEM images, revealed the presence of ettringite, portlandite, and C-S-H gel at high magnification (1-5 kx). The addition of the superplasticizer remodeled the surface of the concrete mix, reducing the pore radius and increasing its compaction. These changes helped to reduce its bulk density while increasing the compressive strength. The results showed that all the concrete mixtures are similar to the standard concrete and can replace it for better functionality, but Na2S2O3·5H2O with superplasticizer concrete mixture had the higher compressive strength, supplying additional benefits.

Improving composite performance by cellulose-based Ceiba petandra fiber coating

ABSTRACT Composites are expected to have good properties, such as water and moisture resistance. They require fibres that can bind well to a polymer matrix. Therefore, modification on a fibre surface was performed to improve hydrophobic behaviour and fibre–matrix interfacial bonds. The modification was done by conducting Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil coating. In this study, Ceiba pentandra fibre was modified using alkali treatment and coating. The results revealed that double treatment of alkali and coating produced the best Ceiba pentandra fibre properties. The lowest water absorption of the alkali-coated Ceiba pentandra fibre composite was 3.17%, and the tensile strength increased by 52.78%, indicating an increase in the fibre–matrix interfacial bond. The coating was effective to prevent water absorption and increase composite tensile strength. Alkali coating on Ceiba pentandra fibre, besides alkali treatment, can be an alternative to improve a fibre’s performance.

Interband cascade laser absorption sensor for sensitive measurement of hydrogen chloride in smoke-laden gases using wavelength modulation spectroscopy

A tunable interband cascade laser sensor, based on wavelength modulation absorption spectroscopy near 3.73 µm, was developed to measure hydrogen chloride gas concentration in smoke-laden environments associated with the overhaul stages of firefighting. Wavelength selection near 2678cm−1 targets the P(0,9) transition within the fundamental vibrational band of HCl, chosen for its absorption strength and isolation from CO2, H2O, and CH4, as well as proximity to absorption features of other toxicant gases of interest in firefighting applications. Both scanned-wavelength direct absorption with a Voigt lineshape-fitting routine and a wavelength modulation spectroscopy absorption method are employed to recover species concentration. The laser sensor is paired with a compact commercial off-the-shelf 1 m multipass optical gas cell modified to use polished Alloy 20 steel mirrors for increased corrosion resistance against humid and acidic gases, and it is tested by sampling effluent gases from pyrolyzing and burning solid samples of polyvinyl chloride under a radiant heating apparatus in a laboratory fume hood. The wavelength modulation spectroscopy method is demonstrated to enable measurement at the near-ppm-level within a compact form-factor and to provide insights into the thermochemical pyrolysis processes that lead to the formation of hydrogen chloride when polyvinyl chloride is exposed to radiant heating.

Potential application of by-products from the construction industry and waste from coconuts for concrete road paving blocks: physical and mechanical properties

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes concrete paving blocks (CPB) with mixed recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste (CDW) as by-products and coconut fibres (CF) as waste, a novelty of these types of blocks, through physical and mechanical characterisation. Then, eighteen mixtures were used to produce rectangular CPB 20 cm × 10 cm × 8 cm (length × width × thickness): three without CDW and CF (with natural aggregate), six with CDW materials (3 replacing natural aggregate by weight in 50%, and other 3 in 75%), three with CF (adding a percentage of 0.1% by concrete weight), and six with CDW materials and CF. Tests, such as visual inspection, water absorption, voids, and compressive strength at 7 and 28 days, were done for blocks CPB with three water/cement ratios of 0.63, 0.73, and 0.83. The results showed that the mixes with different uses of CDW and CF behave better than the equivalent reference mixtures. Then, the study supports the CPB with CDW materials and CF can be used on light motorised trafficked road pavements.

Ballistic characteristics of ceramic core sandwich structures

The ceramic core sandwich structure (CCSS) is a lightweight material with advantages of high anti-ballistic impact performance, high energy absorption and high specific strength. The ballistic performances of the CCSS with metal face plates hit vertically by projectiles with the nose shapes of conical, flat, and hemispherical are studied analytically and numerically in this paper. Based on the principle of energy conservation, an analytical model of ballistic characteristics of the sandwich ceramic core structure is developed. Numerical calculations are conducted, and the numerical model has been verified by experimental results from references by others. In addition, the analytical results agree well with finite element results. The effects of shape of projectile head, the thickness ratio of three plates of CCSS, and the ratio of shear strength of ceramic core to yield strength of metal face plates on the ballistic characteristics of the CCSS are discussed. It is shown that the conical-nosed projectile achieved the highest ballistic limit velocity (BLV) and the sharper nose increases the normal stress at the impact area thereby enhancing the BLV. The thickness of the ceramic core significantly influences the resistance of the CCSS and the thicker ceramic core enhances the ability of CCSS to absorb kinetic energy from the projectile. Furthermore, an appropriate increase in the yield strength of face plates can enhance the anti-ballistic impact performance of the CCSS. These insights have practical implications for the design of protective systems in military and civilian applications, where optimizing materials for impact resistance is crucial.

Construction of NiCo2O4/NiCoO2 co-embedded porous bio-carbon with rich heterogeneous interfaces for excellent bacteriostatic microwave radiation protection

To attain the stable protection against electromagnetic radiation pollution in complex bacterial environment, herein the NiCo2O4 and NiCoO2 co-embedded porous bio-carbon (PBC) with outstanding microwave absorption and anti-bacterial ability was successfully obtained via facile carbonization and immersion-annealing route. The component and microstructure of composites are both tightly affected by the synthetic temperature, which also influences the oxygen vacancy content and defect density within them. The strong interface polarizations from plentiful heterogeneous interfaces and dipole polarizations generated by defects and vacancies contribute greatly to the dielectric absorption, while the eddy-current loss and magnetic resonances have a certain effect as well. Under the matched impedance from magnetic-dielectric balance, the optimized absorption strength of prepared composite achieves −38.2 dB at 2.0 mm thickness with broad absorbing bandwidth of 7.01 GHz for only 2.31 mm. Moreover, the plentiful oxygen vacancies induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) together with heavy metal ions from nickel-cobalt ferrites can suppress the reproduction of Gram negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with anti-bacterial rates of 92.4 % and 93.2 %, respectively. The paper offers a novel insight to design dual-functional microwave absorber with excellent bacteriostatic performance for long-term using in complex bacterial environment.

Industrial Assessment of Mudstone Deposits of Gercus Formation as a Raw Material for Bricks Industry in Erbil Governorate, Northern Iraq

This paper evaluates the mudstone deposits' physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties and the possibility of use as a raw material to manufacture building bricks. Four sites are selected from the Gercus Formation in Shaqlawa district and the samples are tested. The mudstone samples are analyzed to define the grain size, Atterberg limits, chemical, physical and mechanical characteristics of the clay bricks. The grain size analysis of the mudstone samples showed they contained a high percentage of clay and silt and a low percentage of sand. The chemical analysis showed that silica (SiO2) was the major component in the mudstones. XRD analysis showed the presence of non-clay minerals i.e. calcite, quartz, albite and clay minerals of illite, palygorskite and chlorite. Raw samples of all studied sites were treated to prepare brick samples without addition, and others with 10% standard sand added. The results showed that the bricks prepared from the B to B10 and C to C10 stations have varying water absorption and compressive strength, while the efflorescence has light salts. All these properties are within the requirements of the Iraqi specification for brick manufacturing. The sample sites A, D, A10, and D10 are not compatible with the Iraqi standard in terms of absorption and compression.

On the Physical Nature of Lyα Transmission Spikes in High-redshift Quasar Spectra

We investigate Lyman-alpha (Lyα) transmission spikes at 5.2 < z < 6.8 using synthetic quasar spectra from the “Cosmic Reionization on Computers” simulations. We focus on understanding the relationship between these spikes and the properties of the intergalactic medium (IGM). Disentangling the complex interplay between IGM physics and the influence of galaxies on the generation of these spikes presents a significant challenge. To address this, we employ Explainable Boosting machines, an interpretable machine learning algorithm, to quantify the relative impact of various IGM properties on the Lyα flux. Our findings reveal that gas density is the primary factor influencing absorption strength, followed by the intensity of background radiation and the temperature of the IGM. Ionizing radiation from local sources (i.e., galaxies) appears to have a minimal effect on Lyα flux. The simulations show that transmission spikes predominantly occur in regions of low gas density. Our results challenge recent observational studies suggesting the origin of these spikes in regions with enhanced radiation. We demonstrate that Lyα transmission spikes are largely a product of the large-scale structure, of which galaxies are biased tracers.

Enhanced energy absorption and mechanical properties of porous Ti-6Al-4 V alloys with gradient disordered cells fabricated by laser powder bed fusion

Additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized the production of porous metals, greatly improving control over their structural properties and offering unprecedented advantages in lightweight applications and energy absorption. Balancing energy absorption and compressive strength in ordered and disordered porous structures is challenging due to shear deformation and deformation mechanisms. This study investigates the mechanical and energy absorption properties of porous Ti-6Al-4 V alloys with gradient disordered cells fabricated using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The compressive response of samples with different regularities (R) and varying layers of disordered cells was analyzed through quasi-static compression experiments and finite element simulations. The results indicate that introducing a disordered cell gradient significantly enhances energy absorption by preventing the formation of shear bands observed in porous structures with ordered cell structures. When the regularity (R) is 0.8, 0.4, and 0.2 with one or two layers of disordered cells, mechanical properties are optimized and characterized by a balance between compressive strength and energy absorption. It is significant that, while preserving or enhancing compressive strength, the energy absorption of the material can be augmented substantially. Specifically, porous Ti-6Al-4 V (R = 0.8, L4) achieves an energy absorption increase of up to 154.9kJ/m³, which represents a dramatic enhancement of approximately 245.0 % over the regular porous structure (R = 0 or L0), which absorbs only 44.9 kJ/m³. Compared to ordered and disordered porous structures, the disordered cell gradient demonstrates significant potential in tuning the mechanical properties of porous metals, thereby advancing their applications in aerospace, biomedical, and protective fields.