Sodium Absorption Research Articles

Irrigation Water Quality Assessment Using Water Quality Index and GIS Technique in Pondicherry Region, South India

The utility of groundwater, irrespective of its availability, is essential for mankind. The efficacy of the coastal aquifer’s groundwater quality for agriculture purpose in the Pondicherry region was gauged by their hydrochemistry. 44 groundwater samples were collected during 4 different seasons namely, pre-monsoon (PRM), southwest monsoon (SWM), northeast monsoon (NEM) and post-monsoon (POM). The samples were measured for physico-chemical parameters like pH, EC, TDS, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, HCO3, PO4, SO4 and NO3. The spatio temporal variations of EC indicates that the coastal groundwater were relatively saline except during PRM. The suitability of groundwater for irrigation is evaluated through various water quality parametrs such as Electrical Conductivity (EC), pH, Na%, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and permeability index (PI). Na%, SAR, PI and EC values were spatially interporlated and integrated to determine the regions suitable for irrigation purpose. The study infers that the groundwater of the study area is suitable for irrigation except few samples’ locations along the western part, as they have attained an alarming stage and they are unsuitable for irrigation. Thus, proper management strategy for irrigation water source has to be developed and a preventive management practice to address this issue has to be implemented.

Soil salinity variations and cotton growth under long-term mulched drip irrigation in saline-alkali land of arid oasis

The sustainable development and utilization of saline-alkali land are closely related to holding fast the minimum cultivated land area of China. The change of soil salt in cotton field under long-term mulched drip irrigation (MDI) is connected with the development of the national cotton industry. From 2015 to 2019, five cotton fields with different applying years of MDI, which were reclaimed in 2004, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2015 respectively and were saline-alkali wasteland before, were monitored continuously in the Manas River irrigation area of Xinjiang. By means of continuous location monitoring and spatial–temporal variability (For example, the monitoring data of cotton fields under MDI in 2004, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2015, and in the year of 2015 were counted as 12, 8, 6, 4 and 1 years, respectively), the spatial–temporal variations of soil salt and ions in cotton field with 1-16a MDI technology were presented. The cotton growth characteristics and its main influencing factors were also analyzed in the study. The results showed that saline-alkali cotton field experienced changed from intensive saline soil to moderate saline soil and finally to non-saline soil under long-term MDI. The change of soil salt and the response of cotton growth to soil salt were divided into three typical stages. Firstly, soil desalinated rapidly in 1-4a MDI cotton field, which the annual average desalination rate was 24.93% in 0–100 cm soil layer (root zone). Additionally, the survival rate of cotton rocketed from 1.48% to 42.04%, and yield increased sharply from 72.43 kg ha−1 to 3075.90 kg ha−1. Soil desalination was lower in 5-11a MDI cotton field, which the annual average desalination rate was 10.92% at the root zone. The annual survival rate and yield of cotton increased by 6.26% and 5.18%, respectively. After 12a MDI, the soil salt in cotton field tended to be generally constant, which the average salt content in root zone was less than 2.49 g kg−1. The survival rate of cotton was stable above 90.39%, and the yield per unit area exceeded 5401.32 kg ha−1. Ions, sodium absorption ratio and Cl− and SO42− equivalent ratio (CSER) in cotton soil also decreased with the extension of MDI. Salt composition changed year by year, but the type of intensive saline soil had always been chloride-sulphate solonchak (0.2 < CSER < 1). In practice, with a higher irrigation quota and ideal irrigation water quality, the soil salt environment of saline-alkali soil MDI cotton field had developed in favor of cotton growth in an oasis irrigation area. However, this management practice caused between 124.21–143.61 mm of water resources waste. Therefore, we should further enhanced the consciousness of water-saving and implemented quota management in practice.

355: Sustained inhibition of sodium absorption by purinoreceptor activity entails ubiquitination of the epithelial sodium channel in human airway epithelial cells

355: Sustained inhibition of sodium absorption by purinoreceptor activity entails ubiquitination of the epithelial sodium channel in human airway epithelial cells

Spatio-temporal variations in water quality, hydrochemistry and its controlling factors in a perennial river in India

The spatial and temporal variations in the hydrochemistry of the Sutlej river in the Indian Punjab were studied based on water quality parameters analysed during pre- and post-monsoon seasons of the years 2017 and 2018. The grab water samples were collected from the river using stratified random sampling and analysed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), carbonate (CO3−2), bicarbonate (HCO3−), chloride (Cl−), nitrate (NO3−), total hardness, calcium (Ca+2), sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) using standard methods. Spatio-temporal variations in the parameters used to evaluate the water quality for irrigation (electrical conductivity (EC), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and sodium absorption ratio (SAR)) were also studied. In order to rate the composite influence of all the physicochemical parameters, water quality index (WQI) was computed. Spatial variations in WQI for drinking and irrigation purposes were studied using the inverse distance weighted method in GIS. Results showed that the river water was alkaline in nature, HCO3− and Cl− are the major anions, and Ca2+ and Na+ are the cations in the river water during both seasons. The regression analysis of EC with cations and anions showed that the regression coefficient was mainly significant with Ca2+ and HCO3−, irrespective of the season. The concentration of ions was not significantly affected by season, but it was higher along transboundary of the river. Total alkalinity of water was significantly (p < 0.05) higher during pre-monsoon than post-monsoon season. The EC, SAR and RSC values during different seasons showed that > 85% of the water samples were in good categories for irrigation purposes. According to grades of WQI for drinking purposes, the poor WQI was observed in 3.6%, 3.7% and 5.9% of the samples during pre-2017, pre-2018 and post-monsoon 2018, respectively. The poor water quality index for irrigation purposes was observed in 16.7% and 4.7% of the samples during pre-monsoon 2017 and 2018, respectively. The water quality index values for drinking and irrigation were higher (poor water quality) along transboundary of the river. The ratio of Ca2+/Mg2+, (Na+ + K+)/TZ+ and Ca2+ + Mg2+/(Na+ + K+) indicated both carbonate and silicate lithology contribute to hydrochemistry of the river besides anthropogenic factors. Non-metric multidimensional scaling showed that all the samples are of a similar origin across the river including transboundary, whereas cluster analysis resulted in the two main groups: pH and Cl in the one group, and EC along with the remaining cations and anions in the other group during pre-monsoon, but pH in the one group, and EC along with the remaining cations and anions in the other group during post-monsoon. The high concentration of Cl− is a signature of anthropogenic inputs in addition to the contribution of natural factors. These results suggest that the cultivation of crops on the soils along transboundary may cause the transfer of ions through the food chain to human beings affecting their health. Moreover, drinking of river water by inhabitants living along transboundary may affect their health.

The effects of phytoremediation of treated urban wastewater on the discharge of surface and subsurface drippers (Case study: Gorgan wastewater treatment plant in northern Iran)

Clogging of drippers in drip irrigation systems is one of the main problems in exploiting unconventional water resources such as saline water and wastewater. Therefore, developing a method for avoiding the pores’ clogging is an essential step in exploiting these water resources to compensate for the shortage of freshwater in droughts. Various methods, including chemical, physical, and biological techniques, have been introduced in this regard, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of phytoremediation on preventing clogging of surface and subsurface drippers when using well water and treated wastewater. The experiments were conducted at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, northern Iran. Experiments were performed in the form of split plots with six treatments and three replications to investigate the phytoremediation effects of Vetiver ( Chrysopogonzizanioides ), Pampas ( Cortaderiaselloana ), and control (no phytoremediation) for well water and treated wastewater on preventing drippers clogging in surface and subsurface irrigation systems for 105 days. The results showed that during the 3-day retention time, Pampas grass performed better compared to Vetiver and control in reducing the dripper clogging evaluation indexes, including Langelier saturation index (LSI), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), total hardness (TH), and total dissolved solids (TDS). Compared to control, this decrease in Pampas grass was 85.93%, 38.23%, 20.75%, and 16.85% for the above indexes, respectively. On the other hand, during the 105 days of the experiment, the maximum discharge of surface and subsurface drippers was 4.27 and 2.17 L/h, respectively, when using Pampas grass for well water. Similar results were obtained when using this plant for refining wastewater. The findings of this study revealed that the dripper discharges when using Pampas grass for both surface and subsurface drippers and for both water types are significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those for control or when using Vetiver for phytoremediation. Therefore, when using wastewater, Pampas grass can be practically used in complementary treatment units of drip irrigation systems to reduce operating costs. • The possibility of using treated urban wastewater has investigated in surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems by phytoremediation process. • The effects of Vetiver and Pampas in purifying and reduction of problematic ions in the wastewater, as well as reducing the drippers clogging has compared. • Using the phytoremediation process by Pampas grass and Vetiver grass, can significantly reduce drippers clogging when using treated wastewater and even well water. • Phytoremediation of treated wastewater by Pampas grass showed better performance in reduction of the drippers clogging indicators.

Amelioration of takyric solonetz using drip irrigation with soil‐water‐redistribution medium*

AbstractTakyric solonetz is a highly saline‐sodic soil with poor soil structure and a saturated hydraulic conductivity close to zero. Drip irrigation, soil‐water‐redistribution medium (RM), ridge planting and film mulching have been successfully used to ameliorate such soils. Here, we compared soil moisture and cation distribution during the amelioration with planting years of 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6. A suitable root zone with low electrical conductivity, pH and sodium absorption ratio was quickly and continuously formed in the arid area. An irrigation regime with a decreasing soil matric potential threshold of −5 to −20 kPa in improving years 1–4 and stabilized at −20 kPa was feasible. The wetting front kept moving downward with time, and the dry soil layer in the middle of the profile gradually disappeared after 4 years. In the initial 4 years, the Na+ in the root zone leached mainly to the top layer of ridge slope and furrow. And then the Na+ leached downward. The spatial distribution of soil water and Na+ indicated that soil permeability improved with time, and significant changes occurred after the fifth year.

Rectal bioavailability of amoxicillin sodium in rabbits: Effects of suppository base and drug dose

In this paper, rectal absorption and tissue tolerance of amoxicillin sodium (AS) suppositories prepared in a hydrophilic base, polyethylene glycol (PEG) or lipophilic base, Suppocire® NA 15 (SNA 15), were investigated. Following in vitro characterization, including drug distribution in the suppository bases, drug-base interactions and drug release, pharmacokinetics were investigated in rabbits to determine absolute bioavailability (F) at two dose levels (100 mg and 200 mg). Both types of suppositories were found uniform in weight and content. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry indicated that AS existed as solid dispersion or anhydrous crystalline dispersion in both suppositories at different ratios without changing melting points of the bases. This was supported by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy conjugated with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX). In dissolution medium, melting and spreading of SNA 15 and dissolution of PEG suppositories accounted for their different drug release kinetics and mean dissolution time (MDT). A rapid and complete amoxicillin absorption (F close to 100%) with a double peak pharmacokinetic profile was observed alongside minimal signs of tissue irritation in rabbits treated with SNA 15 suppositories at both dose levels. In contrast, the F of amoxicillin from PEG suppositories was 59%, increasing to 77.3% as AS dose doubled from 100 mg to 200 mg, reflected in the slower release predominately controlled by erosion of the base. An in vitro – in vivo correlation was observed (MDT vs F; p < 0.01). AS was stable in SNA 15 suppositories at least for three months at 20 ± 0.2 °C. This research highlighted the advantages of SNA 15 suppositories over the PEG suppositories in providing rapid and complete rectal absorption of AS and tissue compatibility.

Using a Mamdani Fuzzy Inference System Model (MFISM) for Ranking Groundwater Quality in an Agri-Environmental Context: Case of the Hammamet-Nabeul Shallow Aquifer (Tunisia)

Using an adaptive Mamdani fuzzy inference system model (MFSIM), the purpose of this paper is mainly to assess and rank the assessment and ranking of water quality for irrigation occurring in the Hammamet-Nabeul (Tunisia) shallow aquifer. This aquifer is under Mediterranean climate conditions and affected by intensive and irrational agricultural activities. In the current study, the Mamdani fuzzy logic-based decision-making approach was adapted to classify groundwater quality (GW) for irrigation. The operation of the fuzzy model is based on the input membership functions of electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and on the output membership function of the irrigation water quality index (IWQI). Validation of the applied MFISM showed a rate of about 80%. Therefore, MFISM was shown to be reliable and flexible in quality ranking for irrigation in an uncertain and complex hydrogeological system. The results demonstrated that water quality contamination in the aquifer is affected by the overlaying of three types of negative anthropogenic practices: the excess use of water for irrigation and chemical fertilizers, and the rejection of partially treated wastewater in some areas. The implemented approach led to identifying the spatial distribution of water quality for irrigation in the studied area. It is considered a helpful tool for water agri-environmental sustainability and management.

A new palatable oral rehydration solution: A randomised controlled cross-over study in patients with a high output stoma.

Patients with a jejunostomy or high output stoma may need a glucose-sodium oral rehydration solution drink to maintain hydration. These solutions are unpalatable and a new flavoured pre-packaged solution was developed. After 8 h of fasting, 27 patients took 500 mL of the modified World Health Organization (WHO) cholera solution or Glucodrate® (Vitaflo) on two occasions in a cross-over random order and urine and stomal output was collected for 6 h. There was a small but significant difference in net sodium absorption in favour of the modified WHO cholera solution (10 ± 28 mmol modified WHO cholera solution vs. -1 ± 26 mmol Glucodrate®, p = 0.01). However the Glucodrate® was more palatable, with 24 patients (89%) preferring it to the modified WHO cholera solution (p < 0.005). Glucodrate® is a more palatable solution than the modified WHO cholera solution and is almost as effective and so can be used when patients find the modified WHO cholera solution unpalatable.

P-056. Profound changes in hemodynamics proving late-onset PE being of maternal origin

In this paper, rectal absorption and tissue tolerance of amoxicillin sodium (AS) suppositories prepared in a hydrophilic base, polyethylene glycol (PEG) or lipophilic base, Suppocire® NA 15 (SNA 15), were investigated. Following in vitro characterization, including drug distribution in the suppository bases, drug-base interactions and drug release, pharmacokinetics were investigated in rabbits to determine absolute bioavailability (F) at two dose levels (100 mg and 200 mg). Both types of suppositories were found uniform in weight and content. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry indicated that AS existed as solid dispersion or anhydrous crystalline dispersion in both suppositories at different ratios without changing melting points of the bases. This was supported by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy conjugated with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX). In dissolution medium, melting and spreading of SNA 15 and dissolution of PEG suppositories accounted for their different drug release kinetics and mean dissolution time (MDT). A rapid and complete amoxicillin absorption (F close to 100%) with a double peak pharmacokinetic profile was observed alongside minimal signs of tissue irritation in rabbits treated with SNA 15 suppositories at both dose levels. In contrast, the F of amoxicillin from PEG suppositories was 59%, increasing to 77.3% as AS dose doubled from 100 mg to 200 mg, reflected in the slower release predominately controlled by erosion of the base. An in vitro – in vivo correlation was observed (MDT vs F; p < 0.01). AS was stable in SNA 15 suppositories at least for three months at 20 ± 0.2 °C. This research highlighted the advantages of SNA 15 suppositories over the PEG suppositories in providing rapid and complete rectal absorption of AS and tissue compatibility.

Hydro-Chemical Study with Geospatial Analysis of Groundwater Quality Illizi Region, South-East of Algeria

For the aim of evaluating the physical and chemical groundwater quality of six layers (the Lower Devonian, Mio Pliocene, Infero Flux, Cambro Ordovician, Albian, and Zaraitine in Illizi, and to identify the sources of its chemical composition and detect the suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes, 44 samples were collected during tow years 2018-2019 to measure pH, T°, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Salts (TDS), major elements concentrations were analyzed in the laboratory. The suitability of groundwater for irrigation and other uses was assessed by determining the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Soluble-Sodium Percentage (SSP), Permeability Index (PI), Kelly Index (KI), and Total Hardness (TH) of water samples. The spatial distribution of key parameters was assessed using a GIS-based spatial gridding technique. This analysis indicated that the Zaraitine groundwaters used to have the worst chemical quality, while the Infero Flux, Cambro Ordovician and Albian groundwaters have suitable water for drinking. Based on Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Solubility Sodium Percent (SSP), Kelly Index (KI), Permeability Index (PI), Residual Sodium Carbonate content (RSC), and Magnesium Hazard (MH). we find that the Lower Devonian, the Infero Flux, and Cambro Ordovician have suitable water for irrigation, on the other hand, all of Mio-Pliocene, Albian, and Zaraitine consider as unsuitable for agriculture practice. PCA analyses with the comparison between Lower Devonian wells in Illizi town and Lower Devonian wells in Fadnoun town in groundwater quality confirm that the local environmental conditions are a more important factor for groundwater quality than geographical distribution. Geospatial mapping of hydro-chemical parameters shows that the southeast of Illizi and the western part of Djanet are the best sub-areas for agriculture practice.

A Novel LSSVM Model Integrated with GBO Algorithm to Assessment of Water Quality Parameters

In this study, a novel least square support vector machine (LSSVM) model integrated with gradient-based optimizer (GBO) algorithm is introduced for the assessment of water quality (WQ) parameters. For this purpose, three stations, including Ahvaz, Armand, and Gotvand in the Karun river basin, have been selected to model electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS). First, to prove the superiority of the LSSVM-GBO algorithm, the performance is evaluated with three benchmark datasets (Housing, LVST, Servo). Then, the results of the new hybrid algorithm were compared with those of artificial neural network (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy interface system (ANFIS), and LSSVM algorithms. Input combination for assessment of WQ parameters EC and TDS consists of Ca+2, Cl−1, Mg+2, Na+1, SO4, HCO3, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), sum cation (Sum.C), sum anion (Sum.A), pH, and Q. The modeling results based on evaluation criteria showed the significant performance of LSSVM-GBO among all benchmark datasets and algorithms. Other results showed that in Ahvaz station, Sum.C, Sum.A, and Na+1 parameters, and in Armand and Gotvand stations, Sum.C, Sum.A, and Cl−1 parameters have the greatest impact on modeling EC and TDS parameters. Then, EC and TDS modeling was performed based on the best input combination and the best algorithm in different time delays. The highest accuracy of modeling EC and TDS parameters in Gotvand station was and C1 time delay.

Bacterial Exopolysaccharides: Insight into Their Role in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance.

Various abiotic stressors like drought, salinity, temperature, and heavy metals are major environmental stresses that affect agricultural productivity and crop yields all over the world. Continuous changes in climatic conditions put selective pressure on the microbial ecosystem to produce exopolysaccharides. Apart from soil aggregation, exopolysaccharide (EPS) production also helps in increasing water permeability, nutrient uptake by roots, soil stability, soil fertility, plant biomass, chlorophyll content, root and shoot length, and surface area of leaves while also helping maintain metabolic and physiological activities during drought stress. EPS-producing microbes can impart salt tolerance to plants by binding to sodium ions in the soil and preventing these ions from reaching the stem, thereby decreasing sodium absorption from the soil and increasing nutrient uptake by the roots. Biofilm formation in high-salinity soils increases cell viability, enhances soil fertility, and promotes plant growth and development. The third environmental stressor is presence of heavy metals in the soil due to improper industrial waste disposal practices that are toxic for plants. EPS production by soil bacteria can result in the biomineralization of metal ions, thereby imparting metal stress tolerance to plants. Finally, high temperatures can also affect agricultural productivity by decreasing plant metabolism, seedling growth, and seed germination. The present review discusses the role of exopolysaccharide-producing plant growth-promoting bacteria in modulating plant growth and development in plants and alleviating extreme abiotic stress condition. The review suggests exploring the potential of EPS-producing bacteria for multiple abiotic stress management strategies.

T594M mutation of the epithelial sodium channel beta subunit: No association with essential hypertension in Sudanese hypertensive

Background Hypertension is a multi-factorial disease, results from interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The epithelial sodium channel gene (SCNN1β) was known to regulate sodium absorption in the distal renal tubule. The T594M mutation of this gene results in an excess sodium reabsorption leading to high blood pressure. This study aimed to demonstrate a possible association between T594M C/T mutation of the SCNN1β (rs1799979) with essential hypertension in our population. Method 179 hypertensive and 100 normotensives were enrolled in this study. T594M mutation was detected by RFLP-PCR using NlaIII restriction enzyme. Results T594M mutation was found to be non-polymorphic.; both hypertensive and normotensives have the CC wild-type pattern and only one hypertensive carries the mutant heterozygote CT. A significant gender difference was observed with three folds of females increased risk (OR=2.79); 92% of the cases were above 40 years old, with significant difference when compared to the controls (p = 0.01); 41.3% and 26% of the hypertensives developed diabetes and hyperlipidaemia, respectively. Conclusion This study did not show any association between the T594M mutation of the SCNN1β gene with essential hypertension in the examined subjects, but also showed the rarity of the T594M mutation in our population.

Evaluation of monsoon effect on groundwater quality using GIS mapping: A case study of Bahawalnagar district-Pakistan

A research was carried out in Bahawalnagar, South Punjab. Both water quality and quantity have great importance for the existence of the agriculture sector that is a backbone of economy of Pakistan. Water is necessary for all living creatures. The groundwater quality was assessed using GIS (Geographical Information System) applications and GS+ software. The three major indicators Electrical Conductivity (EC), Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) were analyzed during pre and post-monsoon season. These three major parameters and pH of groundwater quality are mostly checked in both seasons. The water quality parameters of 183 monitoring sites were analyzed according to standard protocol by Punjab Irrigation Department and PCRWR (Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources). The groundwater quality was mainly affected by EC, SAR and RSC parameters. The area effected during pre and post monsoon was “75 and 70%” respectively. The groundwater quality maps showing adverse effects increasingly from north-east to south-west. But most of the area affected due to EC parameter and high adverse effect was observed during post monsoon season in case of SAR and RSC parameters.

Ground-based Transmission Spectroscopy with VLT FORS2: Evidence for Faculae and Clouds in the Optical Spectrum of the Warm Saturn WASP-110b

Abstract We present a ground-based optical transmission spectrum for the warm Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-110b from two transit observations made with the FOcal Reducer and Spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope. The spectrum covers the wavelength range from 4000–8333 Å, which is binned in 46 transit depths measured to an averaged precision of 220 parts per million (ppm) over an averaged 80 Å bin for a Vmag = 12.8 star. The measured transit depths are unaffected by a dilution from a close A-type field dwarf, which was fully resolved. The overall main characteristic of the transmission spectrum is an increasing radius with wavelength and a lack of the theoretically predicted pressure-broadened sodium and potassium absorption features for a cloud-free atmosphere. We analyze archival high-resolution optical spectroscopy and find evidence for low to moderate activity of the host star, which we take into account in the atmospheric retrieval analysis. Using the AURA retrieval code, we find that the observed transmission spectrum can be best explained by a combination of unocculted stellar faculae and a cloud deck. Transmission spectra of cloud-free and hazy atmospheres are rejected at a high confidence. With a possible cloud deck at its terminator, WASP-110b joins the increasing population of irradiated hot-Jupiter exoplanets with cloudy atmospheres observed in transmission.

Efficacy of oil and gas produced water as a dust suppressant

The effectiveness of oil and gas produced water (OGPW) applied to unpaved roads to reduce particulate matter (PM10) generation has not been well-characterized. Here we quantify the efficacy of OGPW compared to commercial and alternative byproducts as dust suppressants applied to unpaved roads and estimate efficacy of a dust suppressant extrapolated from both lab experiments and published data for OGPW across U.S. states. Both treated and untreated OGPW, simulated brines, and commercial dust suppressants were characterized by major and trace element composition and then applied to road aggregate in the laboratory. PM10 generation after treatment was quantified, both before and after simulated rain events to assess the need for multiple applications. We found the dust suppression efficacy of all OGPW to be less than commercial products and alternative byproducts such as waste soybean oil. In addition, OGPW lost efficacy following simulated rain events, which would require repeated applications of OGPW to maintain dust suppression. The dust suppression efficacy of OGPW can be estimated based on two chemical measurements, the sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and the total dissolved solids (TDS). OGPW with the lowest SAR and highest TDS performed best as dust suppressants while high SAR and lower TDS led to greater dust generation.

Assessing Reliability of Recycled Water in Wicking Beds for Sustainable Urban Agriculture

Urban agriculture requires sustainable solutions to secure its water resources. A wicking bed (WB) is a simple system that could provide high yield and water use efficiency. This single trial glasshouse study compares the performance of a WB and surface irrigation (SI) system for growing tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) using fresh (FW) and recycled water (RW). The performance of both treatments was compared when irrigating 2 days per week and for two environmental conditions (indoor and outdoor). In addition, the reliability of using FW and RW at a 7-day irrigation interval was studied for WBs alone. Results showed that the irrigation water use efficiency (kg/m3) and the yield (kg/plant) are significantly different only between WB (FW) and SI (RW) considering all conditions. The accumulation of salts and the sodium absorption ratio (SAR) were high in the surface layer of WBs compared to SI. This indicates that the use of RW affects the level of salinity and sodicity in soil, which in turn may decrease the yield. However, WBs perform similar to, if not better than, SI with FW. The WBs show the advantage of reducing the leachate of nutrients into groundwater, compared to SI systems. Further research into irrigation and nutrient management in WBs to reduce the effect of salinity at the surface is recommended to increase the efficiency of the system.

Identifying influencing groundwater parameter on human health associate with irrigation indices using the Automatic Linear Model (ALM) in a semi-arid region in India

Quality of water for the purposes of irrigation is a serious threat to the sustainable development of the agriculture sector. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the suitability of groundwater for irrigation purposes using various irrigation indices such as: Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Percentage Sodium (%Na), Magnesium Hazards (MH), Permeability Index (PI), Potential Salinity (PS), Residual Sodium Bicarbonate (RBSC), Kelly's Ratio (KR), Synthetic Harmful Coefficient (K), and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP). A total of 30 samples were collected from the bore well of agricultural farmland and analysed for cations and anions. MH reveal that 53.33 % of samples exceed the permissible level. PS shows that 43.33 % of samples are marginally affected and 33.33 % of samples are unsuitable for use in irrigation. About 76 % of the groundwater samples were suitable for irrigation and the remainder require treatment before use. Automatic Linear Modelling (ALM) is used to predict the major influence parameter for MH and PS are RBSC, RSC and K value of groundwater. ALM shows that excess magnesium concentration and salinity are the primary factors that affect the suitability of groundwater for irrigation use. This integrated technique showed that water from approximately 25 % of the sample locations would require treatment before use. This study will improve the pattern of irrigation, identify sources of contamination and highlight the importance of organic fertilizers to develop and enhance the sustainable practices in the study region.

Intrinsic sodium occurrence in Zhundong coal: Experimental observations and molecular modeling

Detailed intrinsic sodium occurrence for future research on migration, release, and catalyst effect behavior of sodium is necessary. Complementary characterizations, such as 13C CP/MAS NMR, FT-IR, 23Na CP/MAS NMR, XPS, elemental composition analysis, and sequential extraction experiments, were employed to elucidate the actual compound form of sodium as well as Zhundong coal's structural features. Thus, a molecular occurrence model of sodium in Zhundong coal was constructed based on its structural characteristics via computational chemistry. The occurrence model of alkali metals in Zhundong coal, including their compound form, relative content, and distribution properties, was investigated at the microstructural level. Preliminary results show that the amorphous cell formula of Zhundong coal is (C2080H980O380N30S10Na) n. Organic oxygen in Zhundong coal was 67.7% hydroxyl (ethoxy), 15.5% carbonyl, and the remaining 16.8% was attributed to carboxyl. Combined with the 23Na CP/MAS NMR and sequential extraction experiment, organic sodium accounts for 18.01% of the total. Most inorganic sodium (81.99%) is present as hydrated sodium ion (75.08%), while a small part is present as NaCl crystal phase (3.34%) insoluble-sodium account for 3.57%. Calculated 13C NMR, FT-IR, and 23Na NMR spectra of the proposed model agree well with the experimental spectra suggesting that the molecular occurrence model of sodium in Zhundong coal is a particularly convincing model at the approximate condition of statistical average. The highest negative electrostatic potential area is near the carboxyl group and may be attributed to organic sodium absorption sites; the hydroxy or phenoxy group nearby may form additional coordination bonds to sodium, indicating the reflection of the complexity of the Na chemical environment as concluded from 23Na CP/MAS NMR.