Absorption Of Pulses Research Articles

パルス発光レーザーダイオードを用いた多成分瞬時濃度測定システムの開発

Elucidation of turbulent diffusion phenomena are of practical importance with many engineering and environmental fields (e.g., in the combustor design and the prediction of pollutant diffusion). In order to clarify turbulent diffusion field experimentally, it is useful to measure instantaneous concentrations of multiple species simultaneously in a turbulent flow. In the present study, measurement system for instantaneous concentrations of multiple species by using pulsed laser diodes and absorption method has been developed, and instantaneous concentrations in a turbulent jet were measured. Red and blue laser diodes emit pulse light in turn on this occasion. It was confirmed that the instantaneous concentrations of multiple species in the turbulent jet can be measured by the present measurement system.

Shock-wave-induced Thin-film Delamination (SWIFD): A Non-thermal Structuring Method of Functional Layers

The laser structuring of thermally sensitive functional layers is a challenge for laser methods. However, already ultrashort laser pulses can induce thermal modifications. The spatial separation of the laser pulse absorption from the functional layer removal process allows a non-thermal structuring process. Therefore, the rear side of the substrate is irradiated and the following laser ablation process induces a transverse shock wave through the substrate. Finally, the interaction of the shock wave with the substrate/functional layer interface results in a delamination of the functional layer. This shock-wave-induced thin-film delamination (SWIFD) method was tested on a layer system (1.5 μm thick epoxy-based negative photoresist SU 8, 250 nm–1 μm chromium layer) on a 25 μm polyimide flexible substrate where the influence of the systematic variation of the thickness of the metallic intermediate layer on the delamination process was studied. The resultant surface morphology was analyzed by optical microscopy as well as by white light interferometry (WLI).

Detection and Classification of Changes in Buildings from Airborne Laser Scanning Data

The difficulty associated with the Lidar data change detection method is lack of data, which is mainly caused by occlusion or pulse absorption by the surface material, e.g., water. To address this challenge, we present a new strategy for detecting buildings that are “changed”, “unchanged”, or “unknown”, and quantifying the changes. The designation “unknown” is applied to locations where, due to lack of data in at least one of the epochs, it is not possible to reliably detect changes in the structure. The process starts with classified data sets in which buildings are extracted. Next, a point-to-plane surface difference map is generated by merging and comparing the two data sets. Context rules are applied to the difference map to distinguish between “changed”, “unchanged”, and “unknown”. Rules are defined to solve problems caused by the lack of data. Further, points labelled as “changed” are re-classified into changes to roofs, walls, dormers, cars, constructions above the roof line, and undefined objects. Next, all the classified changes are organized as changed building objects, and the geometric indices are calculated from their 3D minimum bounding boxes. Performance analysis showed that 80%–90% of real changes are found, of which approximately 50% are considered relevant.

Contrasting levels of absorption of intense femtosecond laser pulses by solids.

The absorption of ultraintense, femtosecond laser pulses by a solid unleashes relativistic electrons, thereby creating a regime of relativistic optics. This has enabled exciting applications of relativistic particle beams and coherent X-ray radiation, and fundamental leaps in high energy density science and laboratory astrophysics. Obviously, central to these possibilities lies the basic problem of understanding and if possible, manipulating laser absorption. Surprisingly, the absorption of intense light largely remains an open question, despite the extensive variations in target and laser pulse structures. Moreover, there are only few experimental measurements of laser absorption carried out under very limited parameter ranges. Here we present an extensive investigation of absorption of intense 30 femtosecond laser pulses by solid metal targets. The study, performed under varying laser intensity and contrast ratio over four orders of magnitude, reveals a significant and non-intuitive dependence on these parameters. For contrast ratio of 10−9 and intensity of 2 × 1019 W cm−2, three observations are revealed: preferential acceleration of electrons along the laser axis, a ponderomotive scaling of electron temperature, and red shifting of emitted second-harmonic. These point towards the role of J × B absorption mechanism at relativistic intensity. The experimental results are supported by particle-in-cell simulations.

Absorption of femtosecond light pulses due to indirect interband transitions in crystals

The theory of absorption of femtosecond light pulses due to indirect interband transitions in crystals is developed. The absorption occurs due to two-quantum processes with participation of a photon and a phonon. Expressions governing J, the density of energy absorbed during the laser pulse action, and its dependence on laser pulse duration, temperature, and frequency of light are obtained.

Drift and noise of the carrier–envelope phase in a Ti:sapphire amplifier

We report on the drift and noise measurement of the carrier–envelope phase (CEP) of ultrashort pulses in a three-pass Ti:sapphire-based amplifier. Spectrally and spatially resolved interferometry makes it possible to investigate the absolute CEP changes due exclusively to the amplifier, that is, entirely separated from the incidental phase fluctuations of the oscillator. We found that propagation through the amplifier crystal could result in an increase up to 30 mrad noise depending on the repetition rate, cooling, and pumping conditions. Most of this noise is related to mechanical vibrations and thermal instabilities. The absolute CEP drift of thermal origin can be as large as 11 mrad/°C for each mm of the amplifier crystal, originating from inefficient heat conduction during the absorption of pump pulses. The noise of the thermal CEP drift is inversely proportional to the repetition rate, as was shown experimentally and proven by simulations.

Real-time observation of coherent acoustic phonons generated by an acoustically mismatched optoacoustic transducer using x-ray diffraction

The spectrum of laser-generated acoustic phonons in indium antimonide coated with a thin nickel film has been studied using time-resolved x-ray diffraction. Strain pulses that can be considered to be built up from coherent phonons were generated in the nickel film by absorption of short laser pulses. Acoustic reflections at the Ni–InSb interface leads to interference that strongly modifies the resulting phonon spectrum. The study was performed with high momentum transfer resolution together with high time resolution. This was achieved by using a third-generation synchrotron radiation source that provided a high-brightness beam and an ultrafast x-ray streak camera to obtain a temporal resolution of 10 ps. We also carried out simulations, using commercial finite element software packages and on-line dynamic diffraction tools. Using these tools, it is possible to calculate the time-resolved x-ray reflectivity from these complicated strain shapes. The acoustic pulses have a peak strain amplitude close to 1%, and we investigated the possibility to use this device as an x-ray switch. At a bright source optimized for hard x-ray generation, the low reflectivity may be an acceptable trade-off to obtain a pulse duration that is more than an order of magnitude shorter.

Molecular dynamics simulation of subpicosecond double-pulse laser ablation of metals

Subpicosecond double-pulse laser ablation of metals is simulated using a hybrid model that combines classical molecular dynamics and an energy equation for free electrons. The key advantage of our model is the usage of the Helmholtz wave equation for the description of the laser energy absorption. Applied together with the wide-range coefficients of optical and transport properties of the electron subsystem, the model gives the possibility to correctly describe the second pulse absorption on an arbitrary profile of the nascent plasma plume produced by the first pulse. We show that the integral absorption of the second pulse drastically increases with the delay between pulses, which varies in the simulation from 0 to 200 ps. As a result, the electron temperature in the plume increases up to three times with the delay variation from 0 to 200 ps. Thus the results of simulation resemble the previous experimental observations of the luminosity increase in the double-pulse irradiation for the delay interval from 100 to 200 ps. Besides, we bring to light two mechanisms of suppression of ablation responsible for the monotonic decrease of the ablation crater depth when the delay between pulses increases.

Coupled hydrodynamic model for laser-plasma interaction and hot electron generation

We present a formulation of the model of laser-plasma interaction (LPI) at hydrodynamical scales that couples the plasma dynamics with linear and nonlinear LPI processes, including the creation and propagation of high-energy electrons excited by parametric instabilities and collective effects. This formulation accounts for laser beam refraction and diffraction, energy absorption due to collisional and resonant processes, and hot electron generation due to the stimulated Raman scattering, two-plasmon decay, and resonant absorption processes. Hot electron (HE) transport and absorption are described within the multigroup angular scattering approximation, adapted for transversally Gaussian electron beams. This multiscale inline LPI-HE model is used to interpret several shock ignition experiments, highlighting the importance of target preheating by HEs and the shortcomings of standard geometrical optics when modeling the propagation and absorption of intense laser pulses. It is found that HEs from parametric instabilities significantly increase the shock pressure and velocity in the target, while decreasing its strength and the overall ablation pressure.

Application of two-photon absorption in PWO scintillator for fast timing of interaction with ionizing radiation

This work was aimed at searching for fast phenomena in scintillators in sub-10-ps range, a benchmark timing for the time response of radiation detectors in particle colliders. The pump-and-probe optical absorption technique with a tunable-wavelength parametric oscillator as the pump and a continuous-spectrum source as the probe beam was used to study lead tungstate PbWO4 (PWO) single crystals. It is shown that the rise time of the probe pulse absorption induced by the pump pulse is shorter than the pump pulse width of 200fs. The approximately linear dependence of the probe absorption on the pump pulse energy density evidences that the induced absorption is caused by two-photon absorption involving one probe and one pump photon. We demonstrate that the intensity of the induced absorption at certain wavelengths is influenced by gamma irradiation, provided that an appropriate light polarization is selected. The application of the irradiation-sensitive nonlinearity for fast timing in radiation detectors is discussed.

Analysis of interference in attosecond transient absorption in adiabatic condition

We simulate the transient absorption of attosecond pulses of infrared-laser-dressed atoms by considering a three-level system with the adiabatic approximation. The delay-dependent interference features are investigated from the perspective of the coherent interaction processes between the attosecond pulse and the quasi-harmonics. We find that many features of the interference fringes in the absorption spectra of the attosecond pulse can be attributed to the coherence phase difference. However, the modulation signals of laser-induced sidebands of the dark state is found related to the population dynamics of the dark state by the dressing field.

황산염 및 알칼리계의 혼합 활성화제에 대한 고로슬래그미분말의 역학적 특성

Abstract: This study shows the mechanical properties of alkali-activated slag cement (AASC) synthesized using sulfate with NaOH solution. The used sulfates were calcium sulfate (CaSO 4 , denoted CS) and sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 , denoted SS). The replacement ratio of sulfates was 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0% by weight of slag. NaOH solution of 2M and 4M concentration was used. A sample was activated with sulfate and activated w ith blended activator (blending NaOH solution with sulfate) respectively. 24 mix ratios were used and the water-binder weight ratio for the test was set 0.5. This research carried out the compressive strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), absorption and X-ray diffraction (XRD ). In the case of samples with CS, sample with 7.5% CS, sample with 2M NaOH+5.0% CS and sample with 4M NaOH+5.0% CS showed the good performance in the st rength development. In the case of samples with SS, sample with 10.0% SS, sample with 2M NaOH+7.5% SS and sample with 4M NaOH+2.5% SS obtained good performance in strength. The results of UPV and water absorption showed a similar tendency to the strength properties. The XRD analysis of samples indicated that the hydration products formed in samples were ettringite, CSH and silicate phases. In this study, it is indicated that when compared to the use of sulfate only, the use of both sulfate and NaOH solution makes mechanical properties of AASC better.Keywords: Calcium sulfate, Sodium sulfate, Sodium hydroxide, Blended activator, Alkali-activated slag cement

Zinc oxide-praseodymia semiconducting varistors having a powerful surge suppression capability

We introduced the varistor having more powerful surge suppression capability. This research focuses on the effect of sintering time on electrical properties and pulse current degradation of Pr/Co/Cr/Y/Mg co-doped zinc oxide varistors for surge suppression. With increasing sintering time, the breakdown field decreased from 2768 to 1680V/cm, and the nonlinear coefficient decreased from 57.7 to 29.3. Considering pulse current, a higher nonlinear coefficient led to the lower clamp voltage ratio. Therefore, the sample sintered for 1h exhibited the best clamp characteristics, in which the clamp voltage ratio was in the range of K=1.52–1.77 for pulse currents of 1–10A and K=2.04–3.43 for pulse currents of 400–2500A. Considering pulse absorption capability, the sample sintered for 3h exhibited the strongest electrical stability; −3.9% in ∆E1mA/cm2/E1mA/cm2 and −6.9% ∆α1/α1 after application of a pulse current of 2500A.

Absorption of short laser pulses in underdense plasma by considering ohmic heating and ponderomotive force effects

The effect of the non-relativistic ponderomotive force in the interaction of an intense laser pulse with isothermal and non-isothermal underdense collisional plasmas is studied. In this work by considering the ohmic heating of plasma electrons and the ponderomotive force, the nonlinear dielectric permittivity of the plasma medium is obtained and the equation of electromagnetic wave propagation is solved. It is shown that due to the effect of the ponderomotive force in both isothermal and non-isothermal plasmas, the increasing of laser pulse intensity leads to the steepening of the electron density profile and the narrowing of electron bunching. Since the ponderomotive force modifies the electron density and temperature distribution, the spatial damping rate of laser energy and the absorption coefficient are obtained in the collisional regime of isothermal and non-isothermal plasmas. It is shown that in these plasmas, the amplitude of the electric field is increased by increasing laser pulse energy while their wavelength is decreased. Furthermore, by increasing laser pulse intensity, the absorption coefficient is decreased strongly.

Active absorption of electromagnetic pulses in a cavity

We show that a pulse of electromagnetic radiation launched into a cavity can be completely absorbed into an infinitesimal region of space, provided one has a high degree of control over the current flowing through this region. We work out explicit examples of this effect in a cubic cavity and a cylindrical one, and experimentally demonstrate the effect in the microwave regime.

Waveform-selective metasurfaces with free-space wave pulses at the same frequency

Waveform-selective metasurfaces, reported by Wakatsuchi et al. in 2014, have enabled us to distinguish different surface waves even at the same frequency in accordance with their waveforms or pulse widths. In this study we demonstrate that such new characteristics are applicable to controlling not only surface waves but also free-space waves normal to metasurfaces. Both simulation and measurement results show selective absorption or transmission for specific pulses at the same frequency. Thus the waveform selectivity is expected to create a wider range of new applications, for instance, waveform-selective antennas and wireless communications.

Anomalous collisional absorption of laser pulses in underdense plasma at low temperature.

In a previous paper [M. Kundu, Phys. Plasmas 21, 013302 (2014)], fractional collisional absorption (α) of laser light in underdense plasma was studied by using a classical scattering model of electron-ion collision frequency ν(ei), where total velocity v=√[v(th)(2)+v(0)(2)] (with v(th) and v(0) as the thermal and the ponderomotive velocity of an electron) dependent Coulomb logarithm lnΛ(v) was shown to be responsible for the anomalous (unconventional) increase of ν(ei) and α(∝ν(ei)) with the laser intensity I(0) up to a maximum value about an intensity I(c) in the low temperature (T(e)<15eV) regime and a conventional ≈I(0)(-3/2) decrease when I(0)≫I(c). One may object that the anomalous increase in ν(ei) and α were partly due to the artifact introduced in lnΛ through the maximum cutoff distance b(max)∝v. In this work, we show similar anomalous increase in ν(ei) and α versus I(0) (in the low temperature and underdense density regime) with more accurate quantum and classical kinetic models of ν(ei) without using lnΛ, but with a proper choice of the total velocity dependent inverse cutoff length k(max)∝v(2) (classical) or k(max)∝v (quantum). For a given I(0)<5×10(14)Wcm(-2), ν(ei) versus T(e) also exhibits so far unnoticed identical anomalous increase as ν(ei) versus I(0), even if the conventional k(max)∝v(th)(2) or k(max)∝v(th) (without v(0)) is chosen. The total velocity dependent k(max) in the kinetic models, as proposed here, is found to explain the anomalous increase of α with I(0) measured in some earlier laser-plasma experiments.

Oscillations of absorption of a probe picosecond light pulse caused by its interaction with stimulated picosecond emission of GaAs

The self-modulation of absorption of a picosecond light pulse was observed earlier [1] in a thin (∼1-μm thick) GaAs layer pumped by a high-power picosecond pulse. Analysis of the characteristics of this self-modulation predicted [5] that the dependences of the probe pulse absorption on the pump pulse energy and picosecond delay between pump and probe pulses should be self-modulated by oscillations. Such self-modulation was experimentally observed in this work. Under certain conditions, absorption oscillations proved to be a function of part of the energy of picosecond stimulated emission of GaAs lying above a certain threshold in the region where the emission front overlapped the probe pulse front. Absorption oscillations are similar to self-modulation of the GaAs emission characteristics observed earlier [4]. This suggests that the self-modulation of absorption and emission is determined by the same type of interaction of light pulses in the active medium, the physical mechanism of which has yet to be determined.

Remote sensing measurements of the CO2 mixing ratio in the planetary boundary layer using cloud slicing with airborne lidar

AbstractWe have measured the CO2 volume mixing ratio (VMR) within the planetary boundary layer (PBL) using cloud slicing with an airborne pulsed integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar from flight altitudes of up to 13 km. During a flight over Iowa in summer 2011, simultaneous measurement of the optical range and CO2 absorption to clouds and the ground were made using time‐resolved detection of pulse echoes from each scattering surface. We determined the CO2 absorption in the PBL by differencing the two lidar‐measured absorption line shapes, one to a broken shallow cumulus cloud layer located at the top of the PBL and the other to the ground. Solving for the CO2 VMR in the PBL and that of the free troposphere, we measured a ≈15 ppm (4%) drawdown in the PBL. Both CO2 VMRs were within ≈3 ppm of in situ CO2 profile measurements. We have also demonstrated cloud slicing using scatter from thin, diffuse cirrus clouds and cumulus clouds, which allowed solving for the CO2 VMR for three vertical layers. The technique and retrieval algorithm are applicable to a space‐based lidar instrument as well as to lidar IPDA measurements of other trace gases. Thus, lidar cloud slicing also offers promise toward space‐based remote sensing of vertical trace gas profiles in the atmosphere using a variety of clouds.

Thermally induced nonlinear optical absorption in metamaterial perfect absorbers

A metamaterial perfect absorber consisting of a tri-layer (Al/ZnS/Al) metal-dielectric-metal system with top aluminium nano-disks was fabricated by laser-interference lithography and lift-off processing. The metamaterial absorber had peak resonant absorbance at 1090 nm and showed nonlinear absorption for 600ps laser pulses at 1064 nm wavelength. A nonlinear saturation of reflectance was measured to be dependent on the average laser power incident and not the peak laser intensity. The nonlinear behaviour is shown to arise from the heating due to the absorbed radiation and photo-thermal changes in the dielectric properties of aluminium. The metamaterial absorber is seen to be damage resistant at large laser intensities of 25 MW/cm2.