Absorption Of Electromagnetic Radiation Research Articles

Dynamically Controllable Terahertz Electromagnetic Interference Shielding by Small Polaron Responses in Dirac Semimetal PdTe2 Thin Films

AbstractTerahertz (THz) electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials is crucial for ensuring THz electromagnetic protection and information confidentiality technology. Here, it is demonstrated that high electrical conductivity and strong absorption of THz electromagnetic radiation by type‐II Dirac semimetal PdTe2 film make it a promising material for EMI shielding. Compared to MXene film, a commonly used metallic 2D material, the PdTe2 film demonstrates a remarkable 40.36% increase in average EMI shielding efficiency per unit thickness within a broadband THz frequency range. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that a photoinduced long life‐time THz transparency in Dirac semimetal PdTe2 films is attributed to the formation of small polarons due to the strong electron‐phonon coupling. A 15 nm‐thick PdTe2 film exhibits a photoinduced change of EMI SE of 1.1 dB, a value exceeding three times that measured on MXene film with a similar pump fluence. This work provides insights into the fundamental photocarrier properties in type‐II Dirac semimetals that are essential for designing advanced THz optoelectronic devices.

Momentary analysis of the electromagnetic radiation of gabbro rock under compressive stress

The phenomenon of electromagnetic radiation resulting from the application of pressure to rocks is caused by physical and chemical processes. Applying uniaxial pressure on gabbro rocks breaks the peroxy bonds and produces electron-hole pairs. These holes flow in the volume of gabbro rock under pressure and cause changes in electric charge, and as a result, generate variable electric and magnetic fields that vary with time and create electromagnetic signal. In this research work, by measuring the electric current of gabbro rock under pressure, its Fourier function is extracted, and the equations of the electric and magnetic fields of the sample and the energy and radiation equations of electromagnetic waves are calculated. Also, the relationship between these equations and the electric current equation is expressed. In addition, the amounts of absorption, transmission, and reflection of electromagnetic radiation of the rock can be analyzed during the application of pressure using the diagram of the radiant power of electromagnetic signal. The study of electromagnetic radiation can be useful for the development of electromagnetic radiation technology, can provide early warning about the risk of rock falls, and can reduce human injuries caused by the fall of places such as mines and tunnels.

Elastic self-adhesive radioabsorbing materials

The article considers creation of elastic self-adhesive radio absorbing materials for frequency range of 2-7 GHz. Carbonyl iron is widely used in the production of radioabsorbing materials. Materials with this filler have a low absorption of electromagnetic radiation, and more reflect it. The main advantage of this filler is that it is produced by domestic manufacturers in industrial volumes. Another filler used for the production of radioabsorbing materials is carbon fibre. Materials on this filler have a high absorption coefficient of electromagnetic radiation, but operate in a very narrow frequency range. Therefore, in order to increase electromagnetic absorption and extend the frequency range, a certain amount of carbon fibre is introduced into the composition of the radioabsorbing material containing carbonyl iron. It is shown that in this case absorption of electromagnetic radiation reaches 93%. The material is intended for protection of premises and equipment against electromagnetic radiation.

Absorption of 5G sub-6 GHz electromagnetic radiation from base station to male reproduction system

Background The impact of electromagnetic radiation from communication on the male reproductive system has emerged as a significant concern in public health. A notable distinction of the 5G sub-6 GHz band, compared to traditional 2G, 3G, and 4G frequency bands, is the inclusion of higher frequency bands. This has raised public concerns regarding the potential effects of these higher frequencies on organisms, particularly their reproductive systems. While it is imperative to investigate the biological effects and potential risks associated with these new frequency bands in laboratory settings, comparing and evaluating differences between various frequency bands remain challenging due to the absence of standardized parameters such as exposure conditions and duration. In contrast, dose assessment offers a simpler and more reliable approach. Materials and methods The dose assessment method was employed in this study to investigate the risks associated with sub-6 GHz electromagnetic radiation from 5G base stations on the male reproductive system. A classical human body model (Duke) was utilized, and an electromagnetic simulation environment was established based on the actual polarization direction of the exposed base stations and various body postures. This research explored the effects of field direction, posture, public population, and frequency on the specific absorption rate of the reproductive system. Results and conclusions While maintaining the same level of exposure, a higher frequency results in a reduced dosage on reproductive system. Further analysis reveals that, considering the public exposure threshold, the employment of higher frequency bands in 5G sub-6 GHz does not present a greater dosage on reproductive system compared to lower frequency bands. Consequently, with regard to dosage, there is no need for excessive concern among the general public regarding the impact of electromagnetic radiation emitted by 5G base stations operating below 6 GHz on male reproductive health.

Внезонное поглощение электромагнитного излучения электронами с оптическим фононным участием в сверхрешетках квантовых точек

Physics Institute of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences In this paper, we investigate the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by a free electron gas interacting with lattice vibrations in a quantum dot superlattice. It is assumed that the electron gas in the quantum dot superlattice is limited by the anisotropic parabolic potential. The absorption of light by free carriers with the participation of phonons is calculated in the second order of the perturbation theory. When calculating the absorption coefficient, the matrix elements of the electron-photon and electron-phonon interactions (with polar and nonpolar optical phonons) are used. We can expect three possible transitions in the absorption coefficient for electron-polar phonon scattering: (1) a transition due to the size subband levels for only the x direction, (2) a transition due to the size subband levels for only the y direction and (3) a transition due to the size subband levels for both the x direction and the y direction. For electron-nonpolar phonon scattering we can expect оnly one possible transitions in the, the absorption coefficient: a transition due to the size subband levels for both the x direction and the y direction.

Charcoal-containing microwave electromagnetic radiation absorbers with relief surface

A new technology for manufacturing microwave electromagnetic radiation (EMR) absorbers characterized by a geometrically inhomogeneous surface is presented. The novelty of the presented technology lies in the use of radiotransparent polymer forms with hemispherical depressions of the same volume, which are the component for the formation of the surface layer of absorbers. The technology consists in filling these molds with a mixture of powdered activated (birch) charcoal and the binder in the liquid phase and further drying it in the forms. Compared with analogues, the developed technology is characterized by low complexity of reproduction. Most of the time required to implement the presented technology is associated with the drying process of a mixture of powdered activated birch charcoal and a binder. The experimentally established patterns of changes in the values of electromagnetic radiation reflection and absorption coefficients in the frequency range 1.0–28.0 GHz of the absorbers manufactured in accordance with the presented technology are provided, depending on the type of binder contained in them (polyvinyl acetate aqueous solution, gypsum aqueous solution, polyurethane mastic). It was determined that the most effective of the EMR absorbers studied in the course of establishing the indicated patterns are those ones that contain an aqueous solution of polyvinyl acetate. Electromagnetic radiation absorption coefficient values in the frequency range 1.0–28.0 GHz of such absorbers vary from 0.75 to 0.99. In addition, the mass per unit area of such absorbers is 1.5–2.0 times less than the mass per unit area of absorbers containing an gypsum aqueous solution or polyurethane mastic. Microwave EMR absorbers manufactured using the presented technology are characterized by higher mechanical strength, as well as lower cost compared to analogues and are recommended for use in the creation of anechoic chambers.

MICROWAVE ABSORBERS BASED ON MÖBIUS STRIP RESONATORS

The paper deals with technology of manufacturing of microwave absorbers with ordered and structured surface layer. This layer contains Möbius strip resonators, located on the fixed distance from each other. The technology was developed by the authors on the base of the following data: 1) results of theoretical study of microwaves interaction with Möbius strip resonator; 2) results of experimental study of electromagnetic radiation reflection, transmission and absorption coefficients in the microwave frequency range of the experimental samples of microwave absorbers based on Möbius strip resonators, which differ by the distance between these resonators. It was established on the base to the listed results that the microwave absorbers manufactured in accordance to the technology proposed by the authors are wide-band ones. Electromagnetic radiation absorption coefficient values of these absorbers changes from 0.5 to 0.97 in frequency range 2.0–17.0 GHz if the distance between the Möbius strip resonators containing in their surface layer, is 15.0 mm. If the distance between the Möbius strip resonators containing in the surface layer of the considered absorbers is less than 15.0 mm their electromagnetic radiation absorption coefficient in the indicated frequency bands is lower than presented values. The considered absorbers are promising for use in shielded rooms and anechoic chambers.

An Integrated Approach for Piezo-Electrochemical Nanoenergy Generation, Storage, and Real-Time Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Control.

The extensive utilization of high-end wireless electronic equipment in medical, robotics, satellite, and military communications has created a pressing challenge for real-time electromagnetic interference (EMI) control. Herein, a piezo-powered self-chargeable supercapacitor (PPSC) architecture based on an iron-doped graphitic nitride (Fe-g-C3N4: FGN) electrode with a solid piezoelectrolyte is devised, which can provide real-time controlled EMI shielding through piezo-powered self-charging voltage (SCV). This PPSC device along with real-time SCV-controlled EMI shielding also integrates additional features like nanoenergy generation and storing capability. The results demonstrate that the PPSC device is capable of exhibiting a piezo-tuned self-charging ability of up to 669.2 mV under 9.47 N of dynamic pressing for 180 s. The SCV electrostatically modifies the PPSC device that causes destructive interference and governs the absorption of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and controls the absorption-dominated EMI shielding up to 59.2 dB at 500 mV. Additionally, the SCV-led electrification of the PPSC device also controls a unique functional transition from the EMR reflector to the EMR absorber at ∼90 mV. Hence, this strategy of tailored absorption and reflection adjustments of EMR could also potentially contribute toward the advancement of stealth technology for military armaments with externally controlled stealth capabilities.

Analysis of harmful compounds concentrations in the exhaust behind a vehicle with compression ignition engine

The article presents issues related to the assessment of concentrations of harmful substances in the exhaust gas cloud behind a compression-ignition passenger vehicle. The introduction discusses the subject of optical measurement methods and refers to Lambert Beer's law describing the phenomenon of absorption of electromagnetic radiation when passing through a partially absorbing and scattering medium. The vehicle used during the tests was characterized by a four-cylinder drive unit with a maximum power of 110 kW at 4000 rpm and a maximum torque of 320 Nm at 2000 rpm. The vehicle was type-approved in accordance with the Euro 4 standard. Exhaust gas dispersion tests behind the vehicle were carried out both in stationary conditions (a specially prepared laboratory stand) and in real operating conditions. PEMS testing equipment was used for this type of measurements. During the measurements, concentrations of harmful exhaust gas compounds were analyzed in relation to the distance of the measuring probe from the exhaust system. In stationary conditions, the influence of the engine speed on the dispersion of pollutants was also studied. The tests carried out show that the concentrations obtained behind a moving vehicle significantly decrease with the distance of the measuring probe, and their dispersion in most cases is much smaller than in the case of stationary tests. This is the basis for recognizing that thanks to this, it is possible to analyze the concentrations obtained and conduct tests using the emission gate.

Investigation of electrical conductivity and electromagnetic wave absorption capabilities of water hyacinth biocarbon impregnated with Cu atom

This paper discusses the impregnation of Cu atoms at carbonization temperature of water hyacinth bio carbon composite. This composite is used as an absorber of electromagnetic waves. Because the inference of electromagnetic waves can cause damage to other electronic equipment. In addition, electromagnetic wave radiation can cause various human health problems. The purpose of the research is to obtain a material that is able to absorb electromagnetic waves and increase electrical conductivity, impregnation of Cu atoms at carbonization temperature of water hyacinth bio carbon composite. The composite material uses a composition ratio of water hyacinth powder and phenol-formaldehyde of 30:70. The carburization temperatures used were 600 °C, 800 °C, and 1000 °C with a heat increase rate of 7 °C/minute. This study used Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), LCR Meter, and vector network analyzer. The results show that the impregnation of Cu atoms at carbonization temperature can increase the area of the nanostructure, thereby increasing the formation of micropores in the composite. The higher the carbonization temperature, the percentage of Cu and carbon compounds can increase, while the percentage of crystal structure decreases. Impregnation of Cu atoms further strengthens the composite's absorption of electromagnetic wave radiation. Impregnation of Cu atoms in water hyacinth bio carbon composites at carbonization temperature can increase the electrical conductivity of the composite. The results of this research have potential applications in the electronics industry, batteries, and electrical devices, and can be used to protect devices from electromagnetic interference, especially in telecommunications and the medical field

Electromagnetic absorption/reflection manipulation by piezoelectric effect in PDMS/CZS/SWCNT/iron fabric hybrid composite

The development of externally controlled electromagnetic shielding materials for protecting high-end electronic devices operating in GHz frequencies in satellite, military, and other communication fields is a significant technological challenge. Previously developed foamed composites and capacitor-based shielding materials exhibit active modulation of reflection and absorption. However, the higher thickness of foamed composites and the costly complex manufacture process along with requirement of an external voltage source by capacitor-based shields constrain their direct usability in realistic electronic applications. Herein, a piezo-tuned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/carbon-doped zinc stannate (CZS)/single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/iron fabric-based hybrid composite is prepared which features piezo-voltage controlled shielding performance. In this composite, the electrostatic modification of iron fabric electrodes and PDMS/CZS, PDMS/SWCNT layers by piezo-voltage enables control of dynamic reflection/absorption ability of 14.5–20 GHz electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Additionally, this composite reveals a functional transition from EMR reflector to EMR absorber at higher than 14 mV piezo-voltage. At 14.5 GHz frequency, this piezo-composite (1.51 mm thick) attains an excellent total shielding (SET) performance of 87.8 dB along with >98 % EMR absorption capability at 30.6 kPa pressure tuned 243 mV piezo-voltage. Hence, this achievement not only reveals the strategies for developing shielding materials for the future of electronic applications but also boosts the advancement of self-adaptable electromagnetic shielding.

ЕФЕКТ АНОМАЛЬНО СИЛЬНОГО ПОГЛИНАННЯ ЕЛЕКТРОМАГНІТНОГО ВИПРОМІНЮВАННЯ ТОНКИМИ ПРОВІДНИКОВИМИ ВОЛОКНАМИ

Subject and Purpose. The effect of abnormally strong interaction of electromagnetic radiation with fine conductive fibers is сonsidered. Metal, semiconductor, or graphite fibers can heavily absorb electromagnetic radiation provided the fiber diameter is several hundred times smaller than the radiation wavelength. For the most effective transfer of radiation energy, a proper ratio of the radiation wavelength, fiber refractive index, and fiber diameter is sought. Methods and Methodology. The diffraction problem of a cylinder whose diameter is much smaller than the incident wavelength is treated. The formulas to compute the radiation absorption efficiency have a series appearance. The series coefficients depend on the diameter of the cylinder, its refractive index, and the wavelength. With the cylinder diameter much smaller than the wavelength, these coefficients can be series expanded in the small parameter, and it should suffice to take into account only the first term. The findings are experimentally verified by measurements of the microwave radiation energy transmitted to a fine graphite fiber. Results. Relationships have been determined of the fiber diameter, fiber conductivity, and wavelength when the effect of the electromagnetic radiation absorption was at its strongest. The experiment showed that even unfocused, an 8 mm wave beam transmitted more than 10% of the energy to a graphite fiber of a 12 μm diameter. The size of the fiber area struck by the beam was 300 times smaller than the beam cross-section. Conclusions. Conductive fibers of a cross-sectional diameter much smaller than the incident radiation wavelength strongly absorb this radiation. The absorption is at its strongest when the radiation wavelength in the fiber substance is approximately 10 times larger than the cross-sectional diameter of the fiber. The effect of the anomalously strong absorption of electromagnetic radiation can be used to transfer the electromagnetic radiation energy to fine-fiber targets no matter whether the radiation beam is focused or not. Also, this effect can be of use for making protective screens in the microwave region.

Metamaterial Perfect Absorbers for Controlling Bandwidth: Single-Peak/Multiple-Peaks/Tailored-Band/Broadband

Metamaterial absorbers have garnered significant interest due to their unique electromagnetic properties, which facilitate the efficient absorption of electromagnetic radiation in a specific frequency range or multiple frequency ranges. The metamaterial absorbers are designed based on artificially engineered structures that enable tailored absorption properties. These structures might include multiple resonances or incorporate electrical resistive components to achieve broadband absorption. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the progress made in the field of the bandwidth of metamaterial absorbers, encompassing the underlying design principles, key performance characteristics, diverse applications, and perspectives for further research. The paper draws to a conclusion by outlining the potential future directions for further advancements in this exciting area of research, and highlighting the challenges that need to be addressed for the widespread adoption of metamaterial absorbers.

Interface engineering to develop heterogeneous spindle-shaped FeS2/NiS2@C nanorods for high-efficient microwave attenuation

With the rapid development of 5G communication technology, the accompanied radiation pollution by electromagnetic waves has become increasingly serious. Therefore, high-performance wave-absorbing materials need to be developed. In this paper, spindle-shaped hierarchical porous composites based on iron metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) coated with hydroxides (Fe3O4/Ni@C, FeS2/NiS2@C, and FeSe2/NiSe2@C) were synthesized. The porous structure with a large specific surface area promotes multiple scattering and reflection of electromagnetic waves, and the unique hierarchical core-shell structure induces interfacial polarization, which is beneficial to improving the absorption of electromagnetic radiation. The doping of heteroatoms can enhance the relaxation process of interfacial polarization and improve the dielectric properties to optimize the impedance-matching characteristics of the composites. In particular, the synergistic effect between the magnetic carbon multicomponent, sulfur doping, and hierarchical porous structure of the FeS2/NiS2@C composite significantly improves the microwave absorption performance of the material, and a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −59.4 dB at 3.2 mm with a filler loading of 20 wt% was obtained. This work provides a new way for the development of MOF-derived hierarchical magnetic carbon composites doped with strongly polarized elements.

Study of Polymer Inorganic Composites for Electromagnetic Radiation Absorption Using Potassium Titanates

The article aims to investigate polymer inorganic composites for electromagnetic radiation absorption using potassium titanates. The selected polyamide 6 (durethane brand) and sodium polytitanate materials contain TiО2, K2СО3, and KCl received by charge sintering. Results showed that modification of polyamide 6 with sintering products in the form of a fine powder of potassium polytitanate with particle size 1-5 microns that contain the primary phase K2O × 2TiO2 with an admixture of a phase K2O × 4TiO2, which increased their strength properties. The optimal content of potassium polytitanate was over 10 % by mass. To fully ensure the reinforcing effect due to the filling of potassium polytitanate polyamide 6, it is necessary to use whiskers K2O × 6TiO2, which can be collected by the additional crystallization of the amorphous charge sintering product.

Simulation study of mobile phone radiation thermal effect in human heart tissue

The public's concern over potential health risks related to the absorption of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) has been developing due to the prolonged use of cell phones close to the human body, particularly the human heart. To address these issues, this study aims to present a numerical simulation of EMR in the spectral range (900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 2400 MHz) on human heart tissue using a Matlab program and the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method in One Dimension (1D). A mathematical analysis of electromagnetic radiation heating equations in a one-dimensional, one-layer model has also been discussed by numerically calculating the transient bioheat transfer equation and Maxwell's equations by using the FDTD to predict the effects of thermal physics properties on the transient temperature of human heart tissue. The results revealed that FDTD is an efficient method to evaluate the thermal effect of EMR due to its perfect boundary condition. It was found that the heart tissue reacts more at 900 MHz compared to 1800 MHz and 2400 MHz, and the tissue absorption is higher at the lower frequency. The effects of various parameters on the temperature increase in the human heart tissue were considered, such as the electric field, magnetic field, thicknesses, and thermal conductivity of the heart tissue. It was found that the frequency most affecting the tissue was 900 MHz. Our study found that the temperature distribution decreases with an increase in tissue thickness. We note that the results are similar for the different frequencies. It turns out that as the thermal conductivity of the heart tissue increases, the temperature distribution decreases slightly, while no change occurs here in the relationship between thermal conductivity and the temperature distribution of tissue with the change in the frequency of a wave.

Paraffin-Peloid Formulations from Copahue: Processing, Characterization, and Application.

The Copahue Thermal Center, situated in Neuquén, Argentina, produces natural and matured peloids, which are employed in the prevention and treatment of various osteoarticular and dermatological disorders. The presence of sulfur as a constituent and its thermotherapeutic potential constitute the primary strengths of these peloids. Nevertheless, accessing Copahue is challenging due to its distance from densely populated centers and the snow cover during the winter months in the southern hemisphere. Therefore, in order to propose a material that can be utilized year-round in any location, a mudpack was obtained by combining medicinal paraffin with dehydrated Copahue peloids, with concentrations evaluated up to 10% w/w. This mudpack was analyzed through X-ray diffraction, which detected the presence of sulfur, the most important component of Copahue's peloids. Through IR spectroscopy, the signals that identify medicinal paraffin were clearly observed, and for concentrations of 6% and 10% peloid in the material, it was possible to detect the presence of mineral clay components associated with Si-O stretching vibrations at around 1041 cm-1. The low values of luminosity and grey tonality obtained for the mudpack contributed to patient acceptability and the absorption of electromagnetic radiation. The experimental cooling rate, calculated using the ratio of the temperature variation (∆T) with respect to the time variation (∆t) in each interval of the experimental curve, was determined to be 0.6 °C·min-1 for both paraffin and the mudpack. However, for peloids, higher values ranging from 0.6 to 4.8 °C·min-1 were obtained. This suggests that the mudpack mixtures have a slower heat release, which is a desirable property for their use as a thermotherapeutic agent. Considering the reusability of the mudpack, its stability was evaluated after 10 cycles of cooling and heating through XRD, DSC, and FTIR tests, resulting in a system that retains its properties. The formulation of the obtained mudpack is promising for the development of these materials on a larger scale.

Frequency shifts of surface plasmon resonances in calculating the absorption coefficient of a composite based on bimetallic 1D-systems

In this paper analyzes the electromagnetic radiation absorption by a composite based on bimetallic nanowires. Using the Drude-Lorentz theory it was obtained the relationship for the polarizability frequency dependences, as well as real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function of layered 1D-systems was obtained. It is shown that the structure in the form of a metal core covered with a layer of another metal leads to splitting and the appearance of two maxima in the frequency dependence of the absorption coefficient. The magnitude and position of the maxima are determined by the composition of bimetallic nanowires and the volume content of metals. The influence of the dimensionality of the systems has been established by comparing the frequency dependences of the composite absorption coefficient based on bimetallic nanowires and nanoparticles. Calculations were performed for Ag@Au and Au@Ag nanowires immersed in Teflon.

Probing the electronic absorption spectrum of single gold nanoparticles in the gas phase

ABSTRACT Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) exhibit a localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) which can be excited in the visible spectral range and is sensitive to the size, shape and environment of the NP. Here, we present electronic action spectra of single 38.5–52.5 nm diameter Au NPs in the gas phase measured by means of single nanoparticle action spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures (cryo-SNAS). A single Au NP is trapped in a temperature-controllable Paul-type ion trap, thermalised by collisions with a buffer gas and coated with messenger molecules at sufficiently low temperature, while its absolute mass is non-destructively monitored. Absorption of monochromatic electromagnetic radiation (400–800 nm) is detected indirectly by monitoring the change in mass due to messenger desorption. We find that the LSPR is red-shifted by ∼ 75 nm compared to the predicted value for a bare Au NP in vacuum. Laser heating changes the intensity, but not position or width of the LSPR and can be used to ultimately quench the LSPR. The measured spectra are modelled using Mie theory and assuming the formation and annealing of a refractive surface layer.

Functional Materials Made by Combining Hydrogels (Cross-Linked Polyacrylamides) and Conducting Polymers (Polyanilines)-A Critical Review.

Hydrogels made of cross-linked polyacrlyamides (cPAM) and conducting materials made of polyanilines (PANIs) are both the most widely used materials in each category. This is due to their accessible monomers, easy synthesis and excellent properties. Therefore, the combination of these materials produces composites which show enhanced properties and also synergy between the cPAM properties (e.g., elasticity) and those of PANIs (e.g., conductivity). The most common way to produce the composites is to form the gel by radical polymerization (usually by redox initiators) then incorporate the PANIs into the network by oxidative polymerization of anilines. It is often claimed that the product is a semi-interpenetrated network (s-IPN) made of linear PANIs penetrating the cPAM network. However, there is evidence that the nanopores of the hydrogel become filled with PANIs nanoparticles, producing a composite. On the other hand, swelling the cPAM in true solutions of PANIs macromolecules renders s-IPN with different properties. Technological applications of the composites have been developed, such as photothermal (PTA)/electromechanical actuators, supercapacitors, movement/pressure sensors, etc. PTA devices rely on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation (light, microwaves, radiofrequency) by PANIs, which heats up the composite, triggering the phase transition of a thermosensitive cPAM. Therefore, the synergy of properties of both polymers is beneficial.