Absorption Of Dietary Nutrients Research Articles

Protein source and nutrient density in the diets of male broilers from 8 to 21 d of age: Effects on small intestine morphology

In a companion study, high amino acid (AA) or apparent metabolizable energy (AME) densities in the diets of broilers from 8 to 21 d of age were found to improve feed conversion. A total of 1,120 male Ross × Ross 708 chicks were randomly allocated to 80 pens (8 treatments, 10 replications per treatment, 14 chicks per pen). A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to investigate the interaction among the protein source (high distillers dried grains with solubles diet [hDDGS] or high meat and bone meal diet [hMBM]), AA density (moderate or high), and AME density (2,998 or 3,100 kcal/kg) of diets on small intestine morphology. Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum samples from 2 chicks per pen were collected and measured individually at 21 d. Jejunum sections were processed for histological analysis. Chicks fed hDDGS diets exhibited longer small intestines than did chicks fed hMBM diets. Particularly, when chicks were fed high AA density diets, jejuna were longer in groups fed hDDGS diets than groups fed hMBM diets. Dietary treatments did not affect jejunum villus height, width, area, crypt depth, villus to crypt ratio, goblet cell size, or cell density. In birds fed diets containing a moderate AA and a high AME density, jejunum muscle layers of chicks fed hDDGS diets were thicker than those fed hMBM diets. Chicks exhibited a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) and a higher BW gain when their crypts were shorter. In conclusion, an hDDGS diet may facilitate small intestine longitudinal growth in broilers, which may subsequently improve dietary nutrient absorption. In addition, broiler chicks with shallow intestinal crypts exhibited better growth performance.

Insuficiencia pancreática exocrina (ipe) en canina

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is a syndrome characterized by bad digestion and poor absorption result of the failure of the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and other substances that facilitate the absorption of dietary nutrients and certain vitamins and minerals necessary for normal digestion food. The goal of treatment is replacement of pancreatic enzymes by oral enzyme extracts when clinical signs appear, which consists of administer enzyme supplements with every meal. In dogs has achieved the highest enzyme activity in the duodenum without enteric coating supplements, including cut crude pancreatic or pulverized enzymes. This review aims to upgrade from exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs, which addresses the etiology, pathophysiology, history, clinical signs, differential diagnosis, sequelae, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and treatment failures.

Evaluating effects of penicillin treatment on the metabolome of rats

Penicillin (PEN) V, a well-known antibiotic widely used in the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections, was evaluated in this study. LC/MS- and NMR-based metabolic profiling were employed to examine the effects of PEN on the host's metabolic phenotype. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into groups that were orally administered either 0.5% methylcellulose vehicle, 100 or 2400mg PEN/kg body weight once daily for up to 14 consecutive days. Urine, plasma and tissue were collected from groups sacrificed at 6h, 24h or 14d. The body fluids were subjected to clinical chemistry and metabolomics analysis; the tissue samples were processed for histopathology. The only notable clinical chemistry observation was that gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) significantly decreased at 24h for both dose groups, and significantly decreased at 14d for the high-dose groups. Partial least squares discriminant analysis scores plots of the metabolomics data from urine and plasma samples showed dose- and time-dependent grouping patterns. Time- and dose-dependent decreases in urinary metabolites including indole-containing metabolites (such as 3-methyldioxyindole sulfate generated from bacterial metabolism of tryptophan), organic acids containing phenyl groups (such as hippuric acid, phenyllactic acid and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid), and metabolites conjugated with sulfate or glucuronide (such as cresol sulfate and aminophenol sulfate) indicated that the gut microflora population was suppressed. Decreases in many host-gut microbiota urinary co-metabolites (indole- and phenyl-containing metabolites, amino acids, vitamins, nucleotides and bile acids) suggested gut microbiota play important roles in the regulation of host metabolism, including dietary nutrient absorption and reprocessing the absorbed nutrients. Decreases in urinary conjugated metabolites (sulfate, glucuronide and glycine conjugates) implied that gut microbiota might have an impact on chemical detoxification mechanisms. In all, these results clearly show that metabolic profiling is a useful tool to better understand the effects of the antibiotic penicillin has on the gut microbiota and the host.

3-0 methylglucose absorption in vivo correlates with nutrient absorption and intestinal surface area in experimental short bowel syndrome.

Inert carbohydrate probes are widely used to study intestinal permeability and examine the passive uptake of markers. This study examined the use of quantifying 3-0 methylglucose (3-0 MG) absorption as a marker of intestinal surface area and active nutrient transport capability. Using a rat model, varying degrees of short bowel syndrome (SBS) were induced: sham operation (intestinal transection only), 50% resection (R50), 75% resection (R75), and 90% resection (R90; n = 6 to 8 in each group). Animals were pair fed, and over days 5 and 6 postoperation, a balance study was done to quantify absorption of dietary fat, protein, and carbohydrate. On day 7, animals were gavaged with the test solution containing 3-0 MG, lactulose, and mannitol, followed by a 16-hour urine collection. Urine recovery of probes was quantified using high-performance liquid chromotography. Animals were then killed, and the gross and microscopic intestinal morphology was determined. As expected, increased resection resulted in reduced absorption of dietary nutrients and 3-0 MG, which reached significance in the R90 resected animals. 3-0 MG absorption was significantly correlated with intestinal surface area and the absorption of dietary protein and fat (p < .01 for all comparisons). Interestingly, 3-0 MG absorption was not significantly correlated with the absorption of dietary carbohydrate. 3-0 MG absorption is a useful marker of functional intestinal surface area and of the absorption of dietary fat and protein in experimental SBS. 3-0 MG may be a useful marker of nutrient absorptive capacity in patients with SBS; further study is indicated.

Cholesterol in health and disease.

Imagine if an excess amount of a critical, life-sustaining molecule like ATP were, by a perverse series of events involving the lifestyle of modern humans, causally related to a major human disease. The thought of “ATP” being synonymous with poor health and poor living in the minds of the lay public and press, even of health care providers, would be difficult for any selfrespecting scientist to accept. So one might view the biomedical history of cholesterol — indeed, this history might be seen as even stranger than the hypothetical ATP scenario, given that evolution has devoted close to 100 genes to the synthesis, transport, metabolism, and regulation of cholesterol. This structurally fascinating lipid is utterly essential to the proper functioning of cells and organisms. Cholesterol, cholesterol metabolites, and immediate biosynthetic precursors of cholesterol play essential roles in cellular membrane physiology, dietary nutrient absorption, reproductive biology, stress responses, salt and water balance, and calcium metabolism. Indeed, many of the articles in this Perspective series are devoted to the normal physiology of cholesterol. Still, there is little doubt that the disease process responsible for the leading cause of death in the industrialized world — atherosclerosis — is a disorder in which an excess of cholesterol is a major culprit. How did evolution come up with a molecule that is critical for so many aspects of normal physiology, and what went “wrong”? The physiology of cholesterol Cholesterol and cellular membranes: an evolutionary perspective. As organisms became more complex, cells required membranes that would provide the proper conformational environment for a wide variety of integral membrane proteins, such as channels, transporters, and enzymes. Moreover, the cells of these advanced organisms required sophisticated signaling machinery, and this machinery would have to be organized as multiprotein complexes in focal, nonhomogenous areas of cellular membranes. Put simply, these requirements were met by focally increasing the “stiffness” or viscosity of phospholipid bilayers. In theory, this goal could be achieved by increasing the degree of saturation of the fatty acyl moieties of membrane phospholipids. However, unsaturated fatty acids in these phospholipids, particularly in the sn-2 position, are needed for a wide variety of cellular signaling functions, and so an exogenous “stiffening factor” was needed. This factor would have to be able to pack tightly with the long saturated and unsaturated fatty acyl chains of membrane phospholipids through van der Waals interactions. This would require a long, flat, and properly shaped hydrophobic molecule, accompanied by additional features (see below) to help further stabilize this interaction. To meet these needs, nature began with molecules, probably originating from prebiotic anaerobic times, that were formed by the sequential condensation of the two-carbon acetate molecule. Prokaryotes evolved enzymes to synthesize more complex linear molecules from these precursors (e.g., carotenoids), which were able to meet the membrane-organizing requirements of most of these primitive organisms. These primitive molecules, however, lacked the proper shape, rigidity, and amphipathic nature to properly organize the mem

Nutrient tasting and signaling mechanisms in the gut V. Mechanisms of immunologic sensation of intestinal contents.

Immune perception of intestinal contents reflects a functional dualism with systemic hyporesponsiveness to dietary antigens and resident microflora (oral tolerance) and active immune responses to mucosal pathogens. This facilitates optimal absorption of dietary nutrients while conserving immunologic resources for episodic pathogenic challenge. Discrimination between dangerous and harmless antigens within the enteric lumen requires continual sampling of the microenvironment by multiple potential pathways, innate and adaptive recognition mechanisms, bidirectional lymphoepithelial signaling, and rigorous control of effector responses. Errors in these processes disrupt mucosal homeostasis and are associated with food hypersensitivity and mucosal inflammation. Mechanisms of mucosal immune perception and handling of dietary proteins and other antigens have several practical and theoretical implications including vaccine design, therapy of systemic autoimmunity, and alteration of enteric flora with probiotics.

Hormonal therapy for short bowel syndrome

Purpose: Treatment of short bowel syndrome (SBS) can be difficult; this study examines the effect of parental administration of different peptide hormones in a rat model of SBS.Methods: Juvenile male Lewis rats (220 to 240 g) underwent resection of the proximal 90% of small bowel and were assigned randomly to treatment groups: growth hormone (GH), insulinlike growth factor-1 (IGF-1), glucagonlike peptide-2 (GLP-2; given as ALX-0600, a potent protease resistant analogue of the human GLP-2), control-resected (Con-R), or control-transected (Con-T). Drugs were delivered by continuous subcutaneous infusion via Alzet mini-pumps: controls received equivalent volumes of drug vehicle. Animals were pair-fed (23 g chow per day) and followed up for 14 days monitoring weight gain. Animals were killed and active transport, hormone profiles, and intestinal morphology were assessed.Results: Hormonal treatments significantly increased weight gain in all groups (GH, 9.9 ± 4.9; IGF-1, 6.0, 9.6; and GLP-2, 0.8 ± 2.7 v -6.2 ± 4.7 in untreated resected animals [weight as percentile initial weight]). This was associated with a significant alteration in intestinal morphology in the IGF-1-treated animals, and an increase in glucose transport rates in all hormonally treated animals when compared with untreated control resected animals.Conclusions: These results show that IGF-1, GH, and GLP-2 all improve short-term weight gain after massive bowel resection in a rat model. The effects seen on weight gain may be caused by improved dietary nutrient absorption from an increase in the intestinal surface area or increase in transporting activity or alterations in the metabolic efficiency of the animal. These findings suggest further studies of these therapies as treatment for short-bowel syndrome are indicated.

Effects of wakame Undaria pinnatifida and Ascophyllum nodosum on absorption of dietary nutrients, and blood sugar and plasma free amino-N levels of red sea bream.

In order to clarify the causes of the improvement of the growth and feed efficiency by the supplement of seaweed in the previous study, diets with and without5% Ascophy11um, 5% and 10% Wakame were fed once to red sea bream at a fixed level, and the changes in percent absorption of carbohydrate and protein and in blood sugar and plasma free amino-N levels after the feeding were determined. The supplement of seaweed into the diets at a 5% level delayed the absorption of carbohydrate and protein, and the blood sugar and plasma free amino-N levels did not increase between the 2nd and 5th hour after the feeding. From these findings, it can be assumed that the dietary nutrients are utilized effectively by this delaying effect of seaweed, thus the growth and feed efficiency of red sea bream are improved.

Effect of carboxymethylcellulose supplement on the absorption of dietary nutrients, and on the levels of blood sugar and plasma amino nitrogen.

In order to clarify a reason for which carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) increases the growth of red sea bream Chysophrys major and feed efficiency, the effects of CMC supplement on the absorptions of dietary dextrin and protein, and on the levels of blood sugar and plasma amino nitrogen were studied. CMC supplement into diets delayed the absorptions of dextrin and protein, and suppressed the elevation of blood sugar and plasma amino nitrogen levels within 2 hours after the feeding. From these results, it is presumed that the dietary dextrin and protein are effectively utilized by the supplementation of CMC as the energy source and for the biosynthesis of body components, consequently the growth of red sea bream and feed effciency are improved.

Changes in metabolite concentration in the plasma, liver and muscle of feed restricted Japanese quail exposed to cold.

Quail fed ad libitum and 50% ad libitum were cold exposed for several weeks, during time control quail remained at 21 degrees C. The concentration of plasma glucose, FFA, and uric acid, tissue glycogen and carcass fat content was measured at the end of the cold exposure period. Quail fed ad libitum showed no significant change in the levels of plasma and tissue metabolites, or the carcass fat content, following cold exposure. The feed consumption by the cold exposed quail increased, and the mean body weight showed little variation from that of the controls. Feed restricted quail which were cold exposed lost significantly more weight, and had a lower ranked fat content than their controls. Whereas feed restriction caused a lowering of the liver glycogen concentration in both treatment groups, muscle glycogen levels were higher than in quail fed ad libitum. However, cold exposure was not accompanied by a change in muscle and liver glycogen levels in feed restricted quail. Feed restricted quail at 21 degrees C were hypoglycaemic and hyperlipaemic compared to quail fed ad libitum, but cold exposed feed restricted quail had a much higher plasma glucose concentration than the controls. The ranked carcass fat content was inversely related to plasma FFA level in both control and cold exposed feed restricted quail. It is suggested that both a glycolytic and lipid mobilizing response to cold is obtained in quail whose body reserves are not spared from catabolism by adequate dietary nutrient absorption, and the possibility of gluconeogenesis from precursors produced by proteolysis is indicated.