Absorption Of Colostral Immunoglobulins Research Articles

Failure of the administration of ACTH to affect the absorption of colostral immunoglobulin in neonatal foals

Failure of the administration of ACTH to affect the absorption of colostral immunoglobulin in neonatal foals

Maximising the absorption of colostral immunoglobulins in the newborn dairy calf.

Various systems of early post natal management of the newborn calf were examined to determine which would consistently achieve high serum concentrations of maternally derived immunoglobulins, and to examine the factors which might influence this transfer. Early assisted sucking of colostrum to satiation produced consistently high serum concentrations of absorbed immunoglobulins with a mean of 27.17 +/- 8.92 zinc sulphate turbidity (ZST) units for 100 calves. No significant increase in the serum concentrations of absorbed immunoglobulins occurred when calves, which had been assisted to suck immediately after birth, were permitted to remain with their dams and encouraged to suck again at 12 hours (29.20 +/- 9.40 ZST units). Despite early assisted sucking, a small proportion of calves may remain hypogammaglobulinaemic because of the low concentration of immunoglobulins in their dams' colostrum; leakage of colostrum from the udder before calving was the major cause of these low immunoglobulin concentrations. A highly significant correlation was demonstrated between the colostral immunoglobulin concentrations and the passively acquired serum immunoglobulin concentrations of the calves. With this intensive system of early assisted sucking the breed of the calf did not significantly influence the absorption of colostral immunoglobulins.

Colostral Immunoglobulin Absorption Linearly Related to Concentration for Calves

This experiment shows colostral immunoglobulin concentration is a major factor in the rate of immunoglobulin absorption and the amount of absorption when it is fed to newborn calves.First-milking colostrum was collected from two cows and blended with fresh whole milk in immunoglobulin concentrations ranging from 7.5 to 123.8mg/ml for immunoglobulin G, .38 to 5.53 mg/ml for immunoglobulin A, and .46 to 11.19mg/ml for immunoglobulin M. Six batches of colostrum were prepared separately with each having a different range of immunoglobulin concentration. Calves were separated from their dams at birth and fed either 1 or 2 liters of the prepared colostrum at the appropriate concentration. Feeding was repeated after 12h. One-hundred and twenty Holstein-Friesian calves were fed in six blocks, a block for each freshly prepared colostrum, of 20 animals each. Blood samples were taken at prefeeding and at 12 and 24h postpartum. The three isotypes in serum and colostrum were quantitated by single radial immunodiffusion procedure.Immunoglobulin G and A concentrations in serum of the calf at 24h after feeding colostrum had a positive linear relationship with immunoglobulin G and A concentrations in the colostrum fed, whereas immunoglobulin M concentrations in the serum had a quadratic response. When compared on equal mass, the amount of colostrum fed, 1 or 2 liters, had less influence on immunoglobulin absorbed than did concentration.

Absorption of Colostral Immunoglobulin G in the Newborn Dairy Calf

Five groups of eight newborn calves were used to study absorption of colostral immunoglobulin G. One feeding of 2 liters of pooled colostrum was given at one of 6, 12, 24, 36, or 48h after birth. Concentrations of immunoglobulin G in blood plasma and feces were measured by an immunodiffusion technique. Plasma volume and fecal excretion also were measured. When colostrum was given 6h after birth, 65.8% of the ingested immunoglobulin G appeared in the plasma. This percentage declined rapidly to reach 46.9%, 11.5%, 6.7%, and 6.0% when colostrum was given at the ages of 12, 24, 36, and 48h. Total fecal immunoglobulin G increased linearly with age. The quantities not recovered from plasma and feces reached a maximum when colostrum was given at 24 or 36h after birth. Immunoglobulin G can be “lost” to a great extent via routes other than plasma and feces during this time. Quantities of immunoglobulin G measured in plasma represent apparent rather than true absorption.

Cold Exposure and Absorption of Colostral Immunoglobulins by Neonatal Pigs

To investigate the effect of cold exposure on absorption of colostral immunoglobulins, 56 piglets were weaned at birth and placed in either a thermoneutral (35 C) or cold (21 C) environmental chamber. Thermoneutral piglets had a survival rate of 62% at 48 h, but survival among cold-exposed piglets was only 36% (P less than .10). Cold aid reduced (P less than .01) rectal temperature by more than 6 C after 24 h of exposure. A constant amount of bovine colostrum was administered orally at 4 h after initiation of thermal treatments. Bovine immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) was readily absorbed and reached a serum level of 17 mg/ml after 24 h. Bovine IgM also was absorbed and increased to approximately 2 mg/ml at 24 h. However, absorption of colostral IgG1 and IgM was not affected by cold exposure. Cold air increased (P less than .05) incidence of diarrhea by over five fold after 72 h, and severity of diarrhea was nearly doubled (P less than .01). Hematocrit was also higher (P less than .05) in cold-exposed piglets. These data demonstrate that a cold stressor sufficient to induce hypothermia does not impair absorption of colostral macromolecules in piglets. However, cold exposure was related to increase incidence and severity of diarrhea.

Colostral Immunoglobulin Concentration in Two Fractions of First Milking Postpartum and Five Additional Milkings

Colostrum removed from mammary glands of parturient cows before letdown contained no greater concentration of immunoglobulins than colostrum collected after letdown and complete milking. Greater absorption of colostral immunoglobulins in calves suckling their dams initially postpartum over those hand fed by buckets or bottles is not from higher concentration of immunoglobulins in the gland and teat cistern.Colostral concentrations of three immunoglobulin classes (G, M, and A) obtained from one partial and six consecutive complete milkings at 12-h intervals postpartum decreased at different rates over time or number of milkings. Potential prophylactic value is discussed of continued lacteal secretion of immunoglobulins A and M available to the calf after intestinal closure to systemic absorption of colostral immunoglobulins.

Adrenal Response of the Newborn Calf to Acute Inanition and Colostral Feeding

This is a study of hyperadrenalemia from inanition in neonatal calves and the influence of elevated postpartum concentrations of Cortisol in serum in intestinal absorption of colostral immunoglobulins. Feeding of newborn Holstein-Friesian calves was delayed up to 24h after parturition. Concentrations of Cortisol in serum were measured at 0, 12, 24, and 40h following birth. Delaying colostrum intake 8h or more elevated Cortisol concentrations in serum at 24h postpartum. Adrenal response as indicated by concentrations of Cortisol in serum followed a positive linear trend with delay in feeding.Concentrations of Cortisol also were increased acutely by ingestion of colostrum following inanition. As time elapsed after the feeding, concentration of Cortisol in serum decreased.Partial correlations were negative between concentrations of Cortisol and maximum Immunoglobulin G but not Immunoglobulin M or Immunoglobulin A.

Absorption of Colostral Immunoglobulins in Newborn Calves

Passive immunity to some infectious agents is transferred from the cow to calf via colostrum. Transfer is by an apical tubular system in the intestinal absorptive cells for a limited time after birth. Uptake of macromolecules into the cells appears to be nonselective; however, some substances are not transferred to the blood. Cessation of transfer of material from the epithelial cells to blood occurs spontaneously at a progressively increased rate after 12h of age with mean closure time at approximately 24h. Proportions of the different classes of immunoglobulins in serum of calves after ingestion of colostrum reflect the proportions in colostrum when absorption is completed.Variation among calves in serum concentration of immune is wide. Amount of total γ-globulin or IgG ingested per unit of body weight soon after birth is the most important factor determining concentration of these in serum. In contrast, efficiency of absorption of IgM decreases as intake increases, so that ingestion of a larger amount of IgM does not increase the absolute amount absorbed. Absorption efficiency is decreased when ingestion of first colostrum is delayed, indicating the importance of colostrum intake soon after birth. Even more important is that transmigration of pathogenic bacteria can be prevented by colostrum in the intestinal lumen.

Immunoglobulin Absorption in Calf Neonates with Special Considerations of Stress

The concept that hyperadrenalemia resulting from stress may suppress colostral immunoglobulin absorption or terminate intestinal permeability in the bovine neonate has not been substantiated by objective research. Experiments with exogenous corticosteroids or induction of endogenous secretion of the adrenals have not demonstrated the same effect as in rodents where precocious maturation of intestinal epithelium terminates macromolecular protein absorption.Evidence is given that certain prepartum stressors on the dam may influence colostral immunoglobulin absorption in the calf. High environmental temperature influences colostral immunoglobulin absorption.

Colostral Immunoglobulin Transfer in Calves. IV. Effect of Suckling

The greater absorption of colostral immunoglobulin in neonate calves suckling their dams over bottle-feeding pooled colostrum was studied to determine if age (hours postpartum) at initial feeding, amount of colostrum ingested, or mothering effect of being with the dam were responsible. Rate of absorption and maximum absorption were superior in calves that suckled, regardless of age or amount of colostrum ingested. Though the mothering effect is questionable, there is evidence that something labile is being transferred to the calf in the fresh colostrum, acting as a messenger to stimulate rapid absorptive activity in the intestinal epithelium.

Colostral Immunoglobulin Transfer in Calves II. The Rate of Absorption

The rate and pattern of colostral immunoglobulin absorption, based upon increase in concentration of immunoglobulin in serum in calves, has been determined from the interaction of three factors: starting age of colostral feeding, amount of colostrum fed, and time after feeding. All immunoglobulin classes show common characteristics of absorption following a rapid transfer during the first 4h after feeding. An analysis of three-dimensional response surface for each of the three immunoglobulin classes indicated positive linear trend in the amount fed up to 2 liters. Rates of absorption in succeeding time periods following the initial feeding had decreasing linear trends. That is, age at first feeding had an inverse effect on rate of absorption. A linear-by-linear interaction between amount fed and starting age was shown for all three classes. Only immunoglobulin IgM had a significant quadratic response for amount fed.Concentration of immunoglobulin in the pooled colostrums fed had no influence on rate of absorption. Evidence is that 2 liters of colostrum fed to Holstein calves may be optimum in the range studied for maximum pinocytotic activation of absorptive cells and maximum rate of absorption.

Absorption of Colostral Immunoglobulins by the Neonatal Calf

SUMMARY The time course of the appearance of immunoglobulin classes G, M and A were measured in the plasma of suckled newborn calves. Under natural conditions considerable amounts of immunoglobulin had appeared by 3 h after suckling. At least 5 h were required for half maximal saturation levels to be achieved. There were differences in the rate of appearance of the individual immunoglobulin classes, with IgG appearing before both IgM and IgA. The implication of these findings is discussed in relation to protection of the calf against infective agents.

Diarrhoeal diseases of the calf: Observations on treatment and prevention

Abstract Extract During the past two decades intestinal absorptive and secretory functions and the intestinal flora have been significantly clarified. Important concepts of intestinal dysfunction have emerged which have proved of immense clinical value(32) Moon, H. W. 1974. Pathogenesis of Enteric Diseases Caused by Escherichia coli. Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med, 18: 179–211. [PubMed] , [Google Scholar] (39) Phillips, S. F. 1972. Diarrhoea: A Current View of the Pathophysiology. Gastroenterology, 63: 495–518. [Google Scholar] (46) Smith, H. W. 1965. Observations on the Flora of the Alimentary Tract of Animals and Factors Affecting its Composition. J. Pathol, 89: 95–122. [Google Scholar] (47) Smith, H. W. 1971. The Bacteriology of the Alimentary Tract of Domestic Animals Suffering from E. coli Infection. Ann. N. Y. Acad Set, 176: 110–125. [Google Scholar] (51) Soergel, K. H. 1973. New Concepts of Intestinal Function. Hepatogaslroenterol, 20: 351–358. [Google Scholar]. Despite this, the medical and economic consequences of diarrhoea continue to beset the cattle industry(1) Barnum, D. A., Glantz, P. J. and Moon, H. W. 1967. Colibacillosis. CIRVeterinary Monograph Series/Two, : 5–44. [Google Scholar] (18) Hubbert, W. T. 1974. Factors Affecting Survival of the Bovine Fetus and Neonate. Theriogenology, 1: 15–34. [Google Scholar] (30) Marsh, H. 1968. Prenatal and Postnatal Mortality in Cattle. National Academy of Science. Pub. No. 1685,, : 1–6. [Google Scholar] (56) Vollmar, R. E. 1974. Diarrhoea Control in a Dairy Operation. Mod Vet. Pract., 55: 509–512. [Google Scholar] (57) White, R. G. Scours-The Calf Killer. Presented at the California Livestock Symposium. An. Nut. Health, pp.14–18. [Google Scholar]. Diarrhoeal disease of the calf occurs at a time of complex developmental, environmental and functional change. The surface defences and enzyme systems of the neonatal gut are maturing in a protective film of maternal antibody, while undergoing increasing stimulation from environmental microbial challenge. The precarious nature of this defence system is not surprising. It is contingent upon a balance of such changing conditions as maternal antibody quantity, quality and delivery(5) Bush, L. J., Aguilera, M. A., Adams, G. D. and Jones, E. W. 1971. Absorption of Colostral Immunoglobulins by Newborn Dairy Calves. J. Dairy Sci., 54: 1547–1549. [Google Scholar], environmental microbial challenge(46) Smith, H. W. 1965. Observations on the Flora of the Alimentary Tract of Animals and Factors Affecting its Composition. J. Pathol, 89: 95–122. [Google Scholar] (47) Smith, H. W. 1971. The Bacteriology of the Alimentary Tract of Domestic Animals Suffering from E. coli Infection. Ann. N. Y. Acad Set, 176: 110–125. [Google Scholar] and neonatal immunological and intestinal epithelial maturation(7) Corley, L. D., Staley, T. E., Bush, L. J. and Jones, E. W. 1977. Influence of Colostrum on Transepithelial Movement of E. coli 055. J. Dairy Sci., in press [Google Scholar] (52) Staley, T. E., Corley, L. D., Bush, L. J. and Jones, E. W. 1972. The Ultra-structure of Neonatal Calf Intestine and Absorption of Heterologous Proteins. A rial. Rec, 172: 559–579. [Crossref], [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]. While both infectious and non-infectious etiologic factors are involved(1) Barnum, D. A., Glantz, P. J. and Moon, H. W. 1967. Colibacillosis. CIRVeterinary Monograph Series/Two, : 5–44. [Google Scholar] the former (Escherichia coli, Saltiionsllci and Shigella spp., and reo and corona viruses) is the more significant. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), a major contributor to neonatal diarrhoeal disease, will be discussed primarily. Four syndromes, septicaemia, enteric-toxaemia, local invasive and enterotoxic have been described(32) Moon, H. W. 1974. Pathogenesis of Enteric Diseases Caused by Escherichia coli. Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med, 18: 179–211. [PubMed] , [Google Scholar] and ad verseoutcomes may result from endotoxic shock and/or hypovolemic shock, from systemic infection and from malnutrition. The clinician is thus faced with the selection of a multi-faceted approach to the problem. Avenues of attack, in addition to prophylactic husbandry, include: passive and active immunization, reduction of challenge, specific antimicrobial therapy, and resolution of fluid and electrolyte loss and shock. This presentation includes a resumé of the calf scour syndrome, together with observations concerning treatment and control. These observations include active and passive immunization, antimicrobial therapy, and modification of intestinal fluid loss.

Factors affecting antibody transfer in the newborn puppy.

ARTICLESFactors affecting antibody transfer in the newborn puppyDD Gillette, and M FilkinsDD Gillette, and M FilkinsPublished Online:01 Feb 1966https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1966.210.2.419MoreSectionsPDF (776 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByImmunologic DisordersTurning up the Volume on Man’s Best Friend: Ethical Issues Associated with Commercial Dog BreedingJournal of Applied Animal Ethics Research, Vol. 1, No. 2Periparturient Diseases in the DamVeterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Vol. 48, No. 4Medicating the Very Young and the Very Old CatThe Mammary Gland in Mucosal and Regional ImmunityNeonatal Resuscitation: Canine and Feline18 July 2014Toxicologic Considerations in the Pediatric PatientPharmacologic Considerations in the Young PatientImmunoglobulin concentrations in feline colostrum and milk, and the requirement of colostrum for passive transfer of immunity to neonatal kittens11 November 2016 | Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, Vol. 8, No. 3Clinically Relevant Physiology of the NeonateVeterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Vol. 36, No. 3Considerations in Pediatric and Geriatric Poisoned PatientsNeonatal ImmunologyImmunoglobulins and Immunocytes in the Mammary Gland and Its SecretionsChapter 2 Vacuolation in the youngUse of adult cat serum to correct failure of passive transfer in kittensJournal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 219, No. 10Secondary Immunodeficiencies of HorsesVeterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, Vol. 16, No. 1Failure of the administration of ACTH to affect the absorption of colostral immunoglobulin in neonatal foalsEquine Veterinary Journal, Vol. 19, No. 6The effect of glucocorticoids and prematurity on absorption of colostral immunoglobulin in the calfAustralian Veterinary Journal, Vol. 63, No. 6Receptor Mechanisms of the Neonatal Intestine and Their Relationship to Immunoglobulin Absorption and DiseaseJournal of Dairy Science, Vol. 68, No. 1Absorption of colostral IgG1 by the newborn lamb: influence of the length of gestation, birthweight and thyroid functionResearch in Veterinary Science, Vol. 31, No. 2Adrenal Response of the Newborn Calf to Acute Inanition and Colostral FeedingJournal of Dairy Science, Vol. 64, No. 2Immunoglobulin Absorption in Calf Neonates with Special Considerations of StressJournal of Dairy Science, Vol. 63, No. 4Absorption and endogenous production of immunoglobulins in calvesFACTORS AFFECTING THE DURATION OF INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY TO MACROMOLECULES IN NEWBORN ANIMALSBiological Reviews, Vol. 52, No. 4Septicaemia in the Foal. A Review of 61 CasesBritish Veterinary Journal, Vol. 129, No. 3PASSIVE IMMUNITY AND ITS TWSFER WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE HORSEBiological Reviews, Vol. 47, No. 4 More from this issue > Volume 210Issue 2February 1966Pages 419-422 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1966 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1966.210.2.419PubMed4285265History Published online 1 February 1966 Published in print 1 February 1966 Metrics