Absolute Space Research Articles

Does Mobility Drive Language Use? A Dual‐Spatialization Perspective

ABSTRACTMultilingualism refers to a phenomenon where individuals routinely use three or more languages. Spatial processes, such as mobility, may shape the outcome of multilingual linguistic behaviors but are considerably under‐explored. We evaluate the effect of mobility on language use in the framework of dual spatialization in a small‐scale multilingual society. We use a footpath network to characterize mobility in absolute space, and a language network to characterize language use in relational space; we then assess the correspondence between the two networks. Redundancy analysis and the k‐means method are used to support the research goal. We found a high correspondence between mobility and language use. The results identify the absence of regional “centers of gravity” as a distinctive feature in language use, as mobility has fostered local clusters of language use. Conceptually, this study showcases the power of dual spatialization in understanding the mechanisms underlying the space–language connection.

Music of the Clocks and Spheres: Mozart and Haydn's Experiments with Time

AbstractCompositions for musical clocks made possible a newly objective exploration of the relationship between music and time. Works by George Frideric Handel, Wilhelm Friedemann Bach and Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach reflected the absolute and uniform flow of Newtonian time. In contrast, Leopold Mozart's clock music alternated between two different metres and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart used more complex tempo ratios in a musical installation (k608) built around a dramatically illuminated pendulum. Repeated thousands of times, this installation pitted clock against music, in effect providing a new kind of experiment that favoured relative Leibnizian time over uniform Newtonian time. As if responding to k608, Joseph Haydn incorporated his own clock music into his Symphony No. 101 in order to underline, yet then to stop, time, while Schubert's Fantasy in F minor, d940, brought these temporal experiments into a new realm of intimate musical experience.

엘리아데 소설 『천상에서의 결혼식(Nunta în cer)』에서 구현된 아이테르눔(Aeternum) 공간에서의 사랑

This study researches two types of Eros, absolute space of eternity and love in the space of Aeternum through Eliade’s early novel The wedding in Heaven(1939). According to him the imperfection of love derives from main character’s corporeal aspect. As he assumes the verb love, a iubi in rumanian, is a antonym of the verb live, a trăi in rumanian, he determines the ambivalence of love through recalling his past. Eros completes itself by soaring itself into aeternum and marriage through memory and reminding in frame novel. Aeternum is originated from greek ancient god of greek mythology Aether which means immortal breath of god on the contrary of man’s mortal breath. Love abandons one’s own ego into identifying itself with the beloved and marriage stands for the beginning, end, highlighting moment of man’s life in rumanian literature. Marriage in heaven signifies escape from maze and entry into freedom in this novel and the death with the motif of Mioriţa(The Little Ewe Lamb) is a opportunity to ascend into aeternum and results into marriage. To be forgiven by Ileana he absorbs himself in novel and by doing this makes their love come true, he submits himself to universal creator and achieves marriage of Ileana's dream. Idea, which heavenly Eros seeks after through loving each other, discovers its harmonized status not in physical space but in ascending one. As Eliade asserts in his book Ordeal by Labyrinth the all possibilities to discover meaning of one’s existence indicates the possible salvation. Anyone who forgets one's ego and gives up one’s fruit of his actions, frees oneself from universal law of cause and effect and achieves salvation in aeternum.

Reconciling Tracking Error Volatility and Value-at-Risk in Active Portfolio Management: A New Frontier

AbstractThis article introduces the Risk Balancing Frontier (RBF), a new portfolio boundary in the absolute risk-total return space: the RBF arises when two risk indicators, the Tracking Error Volatility (TEV) and the Value-at-Risk (VaR), are both constrained not to exceed pre-set maximum values. By focusing on the trade-off between the joint restrictions on the two risk indicators, this frontier is the set of all portfolios characterized by the minimum VaR attainable for each TEV level. First, the RBF is defined analytically and its mathematical properties are discussed: we show its connection with the Constrained Tracking Error Volatility Frontier (Jorion in Financ Anal J, 59(5):70–82, 2003. https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v59.n5.2565) and the Constrained Value-at-Risk Frontier (Alexander and Baptista in J Econ Dyn Control, 32(3):779–820, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2007.03.005) frontiers. Next, we explore computational issues implied with its construction, and we develop a fast and accurate algorithm to this aim. Finally, we perform an empirical example and consider its relevance in the context of applied finance: we show that the RBF provides a useful tool to investigate and solve potential agency problems.

Jacobi group symmetry of Hamilton's mechanics

We show that diffeomorphisms of an extended phase space with time, energy, momentum and position degrees of freedom leaving invariant a symplectic 2-form and a degenerate orthogonal metric dt2, corresponding to the Newtonian time line element, locally satisfy Hamilton's equations up to the usual canonical transformation on the position-momentum subspace.

Berkeley on true motion

Studies of the Early Modern debate concerning absolute and relative space and motion often ignore the significance of the concept of true motion in this debate. Even philosophers who denied the existence of absolute space maintained that true motions could be distinguished from merely apparent ones. In this paper, I examine Berkeley's endorsement of this distinction and the problems it raises. First, Berkeley's endorsement raises a problem of consistency with his other philosophical commitments, namely his idealism. Second, Berkeley's endorsement raises a problem of adequacy, namely whether Berkeley can provide an adequate account of what grounds the distinction between true and merely apparent motion. In this paper, I argue that sensitivity to Berkeley's distinction between what is true in the metaphysical, scientific, and vulgar domains can address both the consistency and the adequacy problems. I argue that Berkeley only accepts true motion in the scientific and vulgar domains, and not the metaphysical. There is thus no inconsistency between his endorsement of true motion in science and ordinary language, and his metaphysical idealism. Further, I suggest that sensitivity to these three domains shows that Berkeley possesses resources to give an adequate account of how true motions are discovered in natural science.

The quantum luminiferous aether

A solid, two-component, quantum luminiferous aether is proposed to exist. Simple postulates are hypothesized, along with some physical laws and assignments. Derivations then lead to the equations of electrodynamics (Maxwell’s equations and the Lorentz force equation), Newton’s law of universal gravitation, and to two field-masses. The theory is shown to successfully meet the classic tests of general relativity: calculations for the advance of the perihelia, the Shapiro effect, and the gravitational redshift agree with experiment, and the experimental result concerning the bending of light in gravitational fields is also understood. Additionally, gravitational waves are understood, and the first of the field-masses allows for an understanding of what is presently known as dark matter. A new approach to analyzing dense objects such as white dwarfs and neutron stars is discussed, and since the theory has no singularity, a replacement for black holes is suggested. Replacing relativity with an absolute, realist, and physical model returns us to a flat Euclidean space and a separate time. Absolute simultaneity enables understanding of quantum mechanics. The underlying philosophical grounding is discussed.

The Search for the Origin of the Quantum Conditions under the Paradigm of Absolute Space

This study deals with the physical (not the mathematical) origin of the quantum conditions. The assumption of an absolute space together with the speed of 369.5 km/s of the sun leads to cycloidal or helical orbits of the electron around the proton. This kind of orbits is a previously unnoticed fact and not compatible with the model of a closed circular standing wave. It is the aim of this study to search for alternative models. The Alternating Field model (AFM) assumes the existence of alternating fields for both the proton and the electron. The Higgs-field provides the energy requirements. By Puthoff’s effect, adapted for the electrostatic field, the electron changes its Compton frequency according to its position in the field. The interference of the alternating fields of the proton and the electron causes beats that are integer multiples of the orbital frequencies when the electron moves on Bohr’s orbits. Important results of this study are: The electrostatic Schwarzschild-radius is exactly half the value of the classical electron radius. Bohr’s first three principal quantum numbers, 1, 2, 3, are reproduced as 1.000052, 2.000214, and 3.000685. A two-dimensional simulation shows that the AFM causes orbits with ribbon shape. A formula, using only the orbital frequencies of the two innermost circular orbits, can predict the shortest wavelength of the Lyman series. The AFM is still incomplete. E.g., it does not prevent illegal orbits, but only indicates them. Also, the AFM does not use the magnetic core field of the proton. On the other hand, the model has produced results showing that Newton’s absolute space and the QM are compatible.

Five Errors that Have Never Been Discussed Over the Theory of Special Relativity

We discuss special relativity from the following five aspects that none of them was discussed before:
 
 1. Einstein discussed special relativity extensively using a system that was not a relative system.
 
 2. The synchronous transfer rule defined by Einstein is wrong.
 
 3. The physical model (rays in inertial motion relative to a rigid rod) used by Einstein to derive the special theory of relativity was wrong, and the resulting mathematical model (Lorentz transformation, etc.) was also incorrect.
 
 4. Countless contradictory calculation results caused by passive relativity.
 
 5. Why did Einstein repeatedly emphasize that there is no “relative system that maintains absolute simultaneity?” Why people cannot find a relative system maintaining absolute simultaneity before? We proved countless relativistic systems maintain absolute simultaneity.

A calculative cosmography: Geodesy and absolute space

Visual signifiers of absolute space such as grids, points, and straight lines are often identified with absolute space as a concept, to the extent that critiques of one are taken to apply to the other. This article argues that this is a misidentification that forecloses attention to meaningful dimensions of the coordinate grid while muddling the concept of absolute space. Attending to the geodetic science that gives rise to these visual signifiers shows that the space they are used to construct is entirely relational, and that the mythless rationalism with which they and absolute space are commonly associated can be productively questioned through attention to geodesy’s performative and cosmological implications. This raises the question of how we might better understand absolute space. The suggested answer is a cosmological claim that can be pursued and pictured but never realized. Absolute space is absolute as a sovereign can be: neither empirically nor visually, but as a motivating idea that presents itself as an explanation.

From the Margins: There Must Be More to History than Logic

Abstract This review opens a conversation with Japan's Russia on hierarchy and hegemony in modern history. The goal declared in the volume's subtitle is ambitious: to challenge the East-West paradigm. The East-West binary is an old one and has been subject to many important and sophisticated critiques. But unlike most, which have focused on the problem of some East and the hegemony of the West, this volume brings two marginalized places, two Easts, into interaction. By doing so, these essays destabilize the grounding of modern history in absolute time and absolute space. Time, space, and the document have been foundational elements in modern history, especially in the marginalization of various peoples. By expanding the past to pasts and focusing on interactions, times, and permeable boundaries, this collection shows the potential of those margins for a more heterogeneous (and less hegemonic) history.

Lorentz Transformation and time dilatation

We consider two inertial frames S and and suppose that frame moves, for simplicity, in a single direction: the X -direction of frame S with a constant velocity v as measured in frame S. Using homogeneity of space and time we derive a modified Lorentz Transformation (LT) between two inertial reference frames without using the second postulate of Einstein, i.e., we do not assume the invariant speed of light (in vacuum) under LT. Roughly speaking we suppose: (H) Any clock which is at rest in its frame measures a small increment of time by some factor s=s(v). As a corollary of relativity theory (H) holds with Lorentz factor 1/γ. For s=1 we get the Galilean transformation of Newtonian physics, which assumes an absolute space and time. We also consider the relation between absolute space and Special Relativity Theory, thereafter STR. It seems here that we need a physical explanation for (H). We introduce Postulate 3. The two-way speed of light in and -directions are c and outline derivation of (LT) in this setting. Note that Postulate 3 is a weaker assumption than Einstein's second postulate.

Midterm Clinical and Radiological Outcomes of Revision Lateral Meniscal Allograft Transplantation.

It is unknown whether the outcomes achieved in the early period after revision lateral meniscal allograft transplantation (RLMAT) are maintained through the midterm period. To evaluate the midterm clinical and radiological results of patients who underwent RLMAT. Case series; Level of evidence, 4. We reviewed the outcomes of 19 RLMATs in 18 patients with at least 5 years of follow-up data. The mean follow-up period was 6 ± 1.1 years (range, 5-8.5 years). Clinical outcomes were assessed using the modified Lysholm score, the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective score, and the Tegner activity level. Radiographic progression of arthritis was measured by the absolute and relative joint space widths on 45° of knee flexion posteroanterior radiographs preoperatively, 1 year postoperatively, and at the latest follow-up.Failure was defined as meniscocapsular separation, removal, or tear of more than half of the meniscal allograft on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or conversion to total knee arthroplasty. Of the 18 patients, 3 underwent ≥2 RLMATs. The survival rate was evaluated according to the number of revision surgeries. For knees with an intact meniscus transplant at the final follow-up, the modified Lysholm and IKDC scores were significantly improved compared with preoperatively, but the Tegner activity level was unchanged. No significant differences were found in the absolute and relative joint space widths postoperatively. There were 6 failures within 3 years after RLMAT; the overall 5-year survival rate was 68.4% (13/19 knees). All failed knees showed bucket-handle tear patterns on MRI due to meniscocapsular healing failure. The survival rate decreased as the number of RLMATs increased-73.3% for a first RLMAT (n = 15 knees), 66.7% for a second RLMAT (n = 3 knees), and 0% for a third RLMAT (n = 1 knee). Midterm MRIs of 8 well-healed RLMATs showed evidence of meniscal degeneration; nonetheless, this did not affect clinical outcomes. The midterm results of RLMATs demonstrated a 5-year survival rate of 68.4% and positive clinical and radiological outcomes for failed MATs despite unimproved activity levels. Inadequate meniscocapsular healing was the leading cause of failure, and it needs to be carefully considered when performing RLMATs.

Физическое состояние объектов прошлого и будущего

The theory of absolute space-time, on which the theory of relativity is based, thanks to Minkowski, says that the events of the past, present and future are equal in relation to their existence, i.e. they always exist and never disappear. The article examines the question of the physical state of their existence. A formalism is being built within the framework of the Relativity theory, according to which, since we do not see or interact with objects of the past and future, their states represent the socalled ghostly matter, characterized by a zero energy- momentum tensor. With the passage of coordinate (global) time, ghostly matter passes into the present and is discovered as reality, and then again passes into ghostly and becomes an object of the past.

Replacing Einstein’s flawed version of relativity theory by incorporating Newton’s concept of absolute simultaneity

Replacing Einstein’s flawed version of relativity theory by incorporating Newton’s concept of absolute simultaneity

Toward the Relational Formulation of Biological Thermodynamics.

Classical thermodynamics employs the state of thermodynamic equilibrium, characterized by maximal disorder of the constituent particles, as the reference frame from which the Second Law is formulated and the definition of entropy is derived. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics analyzes the fluxes of matter and energy that are generated in the course of the general tendency to achieve equilibrium. The systems described by classical and non-equilibrium thermodynamics may be heuristically useful within certain limits, but epistemologically, they have fundamental problems in the application to autopoietic living systems. We discuss here the paradigm defined as a relational biological thermodynamics. The standard to which this refers relates to the biological function operating within the context of particular environment and not to the abstract state of thermodynamic equilibrium. This is defined as the stable non-equilibrium state, following Ervin Bauer. Similar to physics, where abandoning the absolute space-time resulted in the application of non-Euclidean geometry, relational biological thermodynamics leads to revealing the basic iterative structures that are formed as a consequence of the search for an optimal coordinate system by living organisms to maintain stable non-equilibrium. Through this search, the developing system achieves the condition of maximization of its power via synergistic effects.

Theoretical Model of an Experiment to Test the Isotropy of the Speed of Light

The value for the speed of light ‘c’ = 299792458 m/s is widely known and used in theoretical physics, experimental physics, astronomy and astrophysics. However, this is the roundtrip speed from the source to the detector and back. The roundtrip speed of light has been verified thoroughly by several experiments to be a constant. Still, the equality of the one-way speed of light with the roundtrip speed of light, or the isotropy of the one-way speed of light, has never been verified. It is impossible to measure the one-way speed of light unless an absolute (standard) simultaneity is to be found. Yet, testing the isotropy of the one-way speed of light using a mathematical structure that resembles an isosceles triangle is still possible. Since the roundtrip speed of light has already proven to be isotropic, there are values only with which the one-way speed of light can travel in a path, maintaining the roundtrip speed of light to be isotropic. These values serve as limits to the maximum speed that the one-way speed of light can have in its direction of propagation in its path, from which two light pulses from both ends of its path send to the same clock, thereby evading the need for synchronization and allowing the possibility to test the constancy of the one-way speed of light.

Correlation of Joint Space Widening on Valgus Stress Magnetic Resonance Imaging With Level of Play and Innings Pitched in Professional Pitchers.

Previous studies have described various techniques and confirmed the clinical utility of valgus stress radiography and stress ultrasound in overhead athletes. The addition of valgus stress and a high-resolution anatomic assessment of the elbow with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the active throwing position (flexed elbow valgus external rotation [FEVER] view) can add valuable diagnostic or prognostic information in throwing athletes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate findings on MRI and subsequent performance in professional throwing athletes. It was hypothesized that joint space widening in the FEVER view would be predictive of performance and the risk of subsequent injuries. Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. All pitchers on 2 Major League Baseball teams who consented to participate during their preseason screening in 2019 and 2020 underwent standard and FEVER MRI, and performance data from the following season were recorded, including injuries, mean throwing velocity, number of innings pitched, strikeout percentage, walk percentage, weighted on-base average, and level of play reached (not signed, minor league, or major league). Categorical variables were compared using the Fisher exact test or chi-square test, and continuous variables were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test, as appropriate. Ordered logistic regression was used to determine the independent factors predicting performance. A total of 91 players underwent preseason imaging, and all players had subsequent performance data available. Multivariate analysis revealed that when controlling for age, mean velocity, history of injuries, presence of symptoms, and history of ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction, increased absolute joint space widening was predictive of a lower level of play (β = -0.63; P = .042). Univariate analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between relative joint space widening and level of play reached (β = -0.54; P = .034). Relative joint space widening remained a significant predictor of level of play (β = -0.87; P = .012) on multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis also showed that both absolute joint space widening (β = -13.50; P = .012) and relative joint space widening (β = -13.60; P = .026) were predictive of the number of innings pitched in the subsequent season. The present study demonstrates that findings on MRI with valgus stress correlated with the level of play reached and number of innings pitched in professional throwing athletes.

Spatial correspondence in relative space regulates serial dependence

Our perception is often attracted to what we have seen before, a phenomenon called ‘serial dependence.’ Serial dependence can help maintain a stable perception of the world, given the statistical regularity in the environment. If serial dependence serves this presumed utility, it should be pronounced when consecutive elements share the same identity when multiple elements spatially shift across successive views. However, such preferential serial dependence between identity-matching elements in dynamic situations has never been empirically tested. Here, we hypothesized that serial dependence between consecutive elements is modulated more effectively by the spatial correspondence in relative space than by that in absolute space because spatial correspondence in relative coordinates can warrant identity matching invariantly to changes in absolute coordinates. To test this hypothesis, we developed a task where two targets change positions in unison between successive views. We found that serial dependence was substantially modulated by the correspondence in relative coordinates, but not by that in absolute coordinates. Moreover, such selective modulation by the correspondence in relative space was also observed even for the serial dependence defined by previous non-target elements. Our findings are consistent with the view that serial dependence subserves object-based perceptual stabilization over time in dynamic situations.

The One-Way Linear Effect, a first order optical effect

In the One-Way Linear Effect, the round-trip time interval T0′ taken by light to propagate around a moving linear closed contour, is measured by a device. If the contour changes velocity by Δv, the round-trip interval T′(X′,Δv) turns out to depend on the device position X′ and Δv. The variation ΔT′=T′(X′,Δv)−T0′, related to Δv/c, is experimentally observable by means of standard interferometry, ring laser techniques, or high precision time-delay detectors of light pulses. Being sensitive to velocity variations, if experimentally confirmed the One-Way Linear Effect may have relevant applications in inertial guidance systems and related areas. Furthermore, the One-Way Linear Effect can be used to confirm Lorentz invariance by testing relative simultaneity versus absolute simultaneity.