Absolute Quality Research Articles

Genetic variation at MHC class II loci influences both olfactory signals and scent discrimination in ring-tailed lemurs

BackgroundDiversity at the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is critical to health and fitness, such that MHC genotype may predict an individual’s quality or compatibility as a competitor, ally, or mate. Moreover, because MHC products can influence the components of bodily secretions, an individual’s body odors may signal its MHC composition and influence partner identification or mate choice. Here, we investigated MHC-based signaling and recipient sensitivity by testing for odor-gene covariance and behavioral discrimination of MHC diversity and pairwise dissimilarity in a strepsirrhine primate, the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta).MethodsFirst, we coupled genotyping of the MHC class II gene, DRB, with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of genital gland secretions to investigate if functional genetic diversity is signaled by the chemical diversity of lemur scent secretions. We also assessed if the chemical similarity between individuals correlated with their MHC-DRB similarity. Next, we assessed if lemurs discriminated this chemically encoded, genetic information in opposite-sex conspecifics.ResultsWe found that both sexes signaled overall MHC-DRB diversity and pairwise MHC-DRB similarity via genital secretions, but in a sex- and season-dependent manner. Additionally, the sexes discriminated absolute and relative MHC-DRB diversity in the genital odors of opposite-sex conspecifics, suggesting that lemur genital odors function to advertise genetic quality.ConclusionsIn summary, genital odors of ring-tailed lemurs provide honest information about an individual’s absolute and relative MHC quality. Complementing evidence in humans and Old World monkeys, we suggest that reliance on scent signals to communicate MHC quality may be important across the primate lineage.

An investigation of quantitative accuracy for deep learning based denoising in oncological PET

Reducing radiation dose is important for PET imaging. However, reducing injection doses causes increased image noise and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), subsequently affecting diagnostic and quantitative accuracies. Deep learning methods have shown a great potential to reduce the noise and improve the SNR in low dose PET data.In this work, we comprehensively investigated the quantitative accuracy of small lung nodules, in addition to visual image quality, using deep learning based denoising methods for oncological PET imaging. We applied and optimized an advanced deep learning method based on the U-net architecture to predict the standard dose PET image from 10% low-dose PET data. We also investigated the effect of different network architectures, image dimensions, labels and inputs for deep learning methods with respect to both noise reduction performance and quantitative accuracy. Normalized mean square error (NMSE), SNR, and standard uptake value (SUV) bias of different nodule regions of interest (ROIs) were used for evaluation.Our results showed that U-net and GAN are superior to CAE with smaller SUVmean and SUVmax bias at the expense of inferior SNR. A fully 3D U-net has optimal quantitative performance compared to 2D and 2.5D U-net with less than 15% SUVmean bias for all the ten patients. U-net outperforms Residual U-net (r-U-net) in general with smaller NMSE, higher SNR and lower SUVmax bias. Fully 3D U-net is superior to several existing denoising methods, including Gaussian filter, anatomical-guided non-local mean (NLM) filter, and MAP reconstruction with Quadratic prior and relative difference prior, in terms of superior image quality and trade-off between noise and bias. Furthermore, incorporating aligned CT images has the potential to further improve the quantitative accuracy in multi-channel U-net.We found the optimal architectures and parameters of deep learning based methods are different for absolute quantitative accuracy and visual image quality. Our quantitative results demonstrated that fully 3D U-net can both effectively reduce image noise and control bias even for sub-centimeter small lung nodules when generating standard dose PET using 10% low count down-sampled data.

An Analytical Study of Intelligence in the Makkī Era

Security is most important need of every state and community. Surveillance and keeping eye on the enemy are the core responsibilities of every state. All the absolute qualities of a leader can be found in The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). Therefore, the first nucleus of security education was in Makkah and expanded with the expansion of the Da’wah till the declaration of Madina as a Islamic state. There are various studies on the subject of surveillance, but they did not cover all aspects of Sīrah in Makkī era regarding the various steps and methods of surveillance. This article investigates how the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) maintained the security measures during Makkī era to ensure the security of all his companions and followers. In the First section of this article definition and history of intelligence was discussed, followed by the various techniques of surveillance used in different occasions by the Prophet (P.B.U.H). The last section of the article focused on the techniques used in Makkī era. The article further elaborates the practical steps taken by Prophet (P.B.U.H) to secure his companions and their families from the opponents to the extent possible, like migration to Habash and finally to Madina which concluded in establishment of a free state for Muslims.

Comparison of two accelerated 4D-flow sequences for aortic flow quantification

To compare two broadly used 4D-flow- with a 2D-flow-sequence in healthy volunteers, regarding absolute flow parameters, image quality (IQ), and eddy current correction (ECC). Forty volunteers (42 ± 11.8 years, 22 females) were examined with a 3T scanner. Thoracic aortic flow was assessed using a 3D-T2w-SPACE-STIR-sequence for morphology and two accelerated 4D-flow sequences for comparison, one with k-t undersampling and one with standard GRAPPA parallel-imaging. 2D-flow was used as reference standard. The custom-made software tool Bloodline enabled flow measurements for all analyses at the same location. Quantitative flow analyses were performed with and without ECC. One reader assessed pathline IQ (IQ-PATH) and occurrence of motion artefacts (IQ-ART) on a 3-point grading scale, the higher the better. k-t GRAPPA allowed a significant mean scan time reduction of 46% (17:56 ± 5:26 min vs. 10:40 ± 3:15 min) and provided significantly fewer motion artefacts than standard GRAPPA (IQ-ART 1.57 ± 0.55 vs. 0.84 ± 0.48; p < 0.001). Neither 4D-flow sequence significantly differed in flow volume nor peak velocity results with or without ECC. Nevertheless, the correlation between both 4D-flow sequences and 2D-flow was better with ECC; the k-t GRAPPA sequence performed best (R = 0.96 vs. 0.90). k-t GRAPPA 4D-flow was not inferior to a standard GRAPPA-sequence, showed fewer artefacts, comparable IQ and was almost two-fold faster.

Alcohol consumption and risk of dementia: A dose-response meta-analysis.

To investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and the incidence of dementia. We will conduct a systematic search without language and year restrictions to identify all relevant published studies. The following electronic databases will be searched: PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Chinese BioMedical Literature Database (CBM) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP, Wan-Fang. Cohort studies published in Chinese or English are considered for inclusion. Two authors will independently select studies base on inclusion criteria, extract data and assess the quality of included studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system will be used to quantify absolute effects and quality of evidence. Any disagreement will be resolved by consensus. We will use the hazard ratio (HR) as the effect indicator, piecewise linear regression model and restricted cubic spline model will be used for linear and nonlinear trend estimation, respectively. The dose-response meta-analysis is registered in the PROSPERO (CRD42019127367) international prospective register of systematic review. In the previous related dose-response meta-analysis studies, there were some limitations: on the 1 hand, the sex was not taken into account. On the other hand, relative risk (RR) is not the best effect indicator for time-to-event data, but compare with RR, HR is much better. This study intends to use HR as the effect indicator to explore the dose-response relationship and the sex difference between alcohol intake and dementia. Accurate alcohol drinking data can provide high-quality evidence for the prevention of dementia.

Gender and Television Viewership of Professional Football

Abstract: This study examines the factors impacting sport demand separately by gender. Most determinants exerted statistically significant influence on both male and female viewers, notably income, population, team tenure, home telecasts, prime time, team quality, and games back in the division. Among the significant factors, differences between males and females only existed with respect to population, absolute team quality, and relative team quality, with female viewers more responsive to these factors than male viewers. No evidence of differences between male and female viewers was found for anticipated game uncertainty. Counter to the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis, viewership was associated with larger gaps in the winning percentages of the competing teams, demonstrating a preference for local team supremacy, a factor that was greater among female fans.

From Genuineness to Finder Authenticity in Communicative Language Teaching

The shift from traditional towards more learner-centered approaches to teaching has resulted in the concept of authenticity becoming central to Communicative Language Teaching (CLT). As a relational notion, authenticity has to do with the interaction between learners and input materials in terms of appropriate responses, as opposed to its notion of genuineness as an absolute quality. It paves the way for language to be authenticated through context, as it encourages a use-to-learn rather than a learn-to-use approach. Using authentic materials requires a great deal of attention to be paid to not only the contextualization and authenticity of tasks, but also to the incorporation of genuine texts into task design, which itself has been revolutionized through modern technology. Using the Web as a technological tool has resulted in another version of authenticity, which might be in line with finder authenticity. The main aim of this paper is to argue that the notion of authenticity has come a long way from genuineness to finder authenticity.

Assessment bias of environmental quality (AEQ), consideration of future consequences (CFC), and environmentally responsible behavior (ERB) in tourism

Optimism bias in the environmental field and its effects on environmental behaviors have not been well investigated to date. This study examines if temporal and spatial biases exist when tourists assess the environment’s current and projected quality of (1) their residential places, (2) their travel destinations, and (3) a country overall. Thereafter, we examined the effects of assessment bias and consideration of future consequences on tourists’ environmental behaviors (including behaviors in destinations and general behaviors). In a sample of Chinese domestic tourists, temporal optimism was dominant in their assessment of the future environmental quality for all three spatial areas, above. Spatial optimism was found when comparing residential places and destinations to the whole country, but spatial pessimism was found when comparing residential places to destinations. Assessment bias was not associated with the environmentally responsible behavior (ERB) of tourists. However, the consideration of future consequences and absolute environmental quality assessment did have a significant influence on their ERB. Furthermore, the general ERB of tourists had a significant effect on their site-specific destination ERB.

Quantifying Visual Abstraction Quality for Computer-Generated Illustrations

We investigate how the perceived abstraction quality of computer-generated illustrations is related to the number of primitives (points and small lines) used to create them. Since it is difficult to find objective functions that quantify the visual quality of such illustrations, we propose an approach to derive perceptual models from a user study. By gathering comparative data in a crowdsourcing user study and employing a paired comparison model, we can reconstruct absolute quality values. Based on an exemplary study for stippling, we show that it is possible to model the perceived quality of stippled representations based on the properties of an input image. The generalizability of our approach is demonstrated by comparing models for different stippling methods. By showing that our proposed approach also works for small lines, we demonstrate its applicability toward quantifying different representational drawing elements. Our results can be related to Weber--Fechner’s law from psychophysics and indicate a logarithmic relationship between number of rendering primitives in an illustration and the perceived abstraction quality thereof.

Three couples of vedic compounds

Three couples of Vedic compounds The paper discusses three couples of compounds occurring in the Rg Veda and made of the same verbal root as a second member, and the same nominal element, either inflected or not, as a first member. The analysis allows an interesting conclusion. When added to the nominal first member of one of the two compounds in each of the couples here at issue, the case ending may be tentatively assumed to determine the meaning of the compound itself in proportion to both the space-time-variables and the different circumstances in which the content conveyed by the lines of verse is to be considered. Instead, the absence of the case mark in the first member of the compounds entering into the three couples at issue excludes any further nuances of meaning of the type conveyed by the compounds with the first member inflected. The compounds with the first member non-inflected referred to an absolute quality that could not be related to situations different each time but proved fully effective independently of time anyhow, and had therefore to be contemplated irrespective of these situations themselves. In other words, when formed with the first member non-inflected, the compounds of the three couples here examined served the purpose of identifying the referent. It is worth noting that the difference between the three couples of compounds taken into consideration receives independent confirmation from other aspects of the Vedic language explored in unrelated research.

THE EFFECT OF ADDITION CURCUMA’S (Curcuma Xanthorrhiza Roxb) EXTRACT TO THE INCREASE OF FEED CONSUMPTION, EFFICIENCY AND THE GROWTH OF CATFISH (Pangasius)

Catfish (Pangasius sp.) Is one of the most cultivated freshwater fish, because it is one of the fish that has a high economic value. However, the use of phytopharmaca is used to improve feed efficiency and fish growth. One of the phytopharmaca which can be used as an antimicrobial is temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb). This study aims to determine the optimal dose of the effect of temulawak extract on artificial feed in increasing feed consumption, efficiency of feed utilization, and growth rate of catfish (Pangasius sp.). The test fish is maintained with a stocking density of 1 tail / l with a maintenance time of 42 days. This study used an experimental method with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments in this study were Treatment A (addition of 0 ml ginger extract), B (addition of 6 ml temulawak extract), C (addition of 12 ml curcuma extract), and D (addition of 18 ml ginger extract). The data observed included absolute weight, crime scene, EPP, SGR, REP, SR and water quality. The results showed that the addition of temulawak extract to artificial feed had a very significant effect on absolute weights, crime scenes, EPP, SGR, REP but did not differ significantly for survival. The optimum dose of addition of curcuma extract to total feed consumption is 11 ml capable of producing a maximum crime scene of 168.1 g, efficiency of feed utilization is 10.5 ml capable of producing a maximum EPP of 70.3% and specific growth rate is 10.8 ml resulting in maximum SGR 2.46% / day

Quality contracts with the supplier’s private product manufacturability information

Abstract In the production outsourcing environment, the manufacturer may also outsource the product design to the supplier. In this case, the supplier determines not only the quality effort during the manufacturing process but also the ease degree of production, which comes into being during the product design process and is referred to as product manufacturability. Both the manufacturing effort and the product manufacturability (either low- or high-type) may be the supplier’s private information. In this paper, we examine the manufacturer’s separating equilibrium piece rate quality contract (the quality penalty is based on the supplier’s absolute quality performance) and tournament quality contract (the quality penalty is based on relative performance) under asymmetric product manufacturability information. With the piece rate quality contract, the supplier with low-type product manufacturability exerts a lower manufacturing effort than the first-best level and obtains the reservation payoff, while the high-type supplier spends the first-best effort and earns a positive information rent. By contrast, with the tournament quality contract, the low-type supplier obtains an information rent, while the high-type supplier only gets the reservation payoff. Finally, we find that the manufacturer prefers the piece rate (tournament) quality contract when the manufacturer believes the supplier is high-type with a low (high) probability by a numerical example.

Validating a Monte Carlo approach to absolute dose quality assurance for proton pencil beam scanning

For radiotherapy, it is crucial to guarantee that the delivered dose matches the planned dose. Therefore, patient specific quality assurance (QA) of absolute dose distributions is necessary. Here, we investigate the potential of replacing patient specific QA for pencil beam scanned proton therapy with Monte Carlo simulations. First, the set-up of the automated Monte Carlo model is presented with an emphasis on the absolute dose validation. Second, the absolute dose results obtained from the Monte Carlo simulation for a comprehensive set of patient fields are compared to patient specific QA measurements. Absolute doses measured with the Farmer chamber are shown to be 1.4% higher than the doses measured with the Semiflex chamber. For single energy layers, Monte Carlo simulated doses are 2.1% ± 0.4% lower than the ones measured with the ionization chamber and 1.1% ± 1.0% lower than measurements compared to patient field verification measurements. After rescaling to account for this 1.1% discrepancy, 98 fields (94.2%) agree within 2% to measurements, the maximum difference being 2.3%. In conclusion, an automated, easy-to-use Monte Carlo calculation system has been set up. This system reproduced patient specific QA results over a wide range of cases, showing that the time consuming measurements could be reduced or even replaced using Monte Carlo simulations without jeopardizing treatment quality.

Age-related histomorphological studies on the spleen of Chinese yellow quail

This study was aimed to investigate the morphology, growth, histological structure and development of the spleen of the Chinese yellow quail at different ages(from 0 to 38 weeks). The yellow Quail spleen was spherical, brownish red, located at the right dorsal of the junction of the muscle stomach and glandular stomach. The absolute quality, length and width of the spleen gradually increased with age, reaching a maximum for each of these measurements at the age of 6 weeks and then remainied unchanged between 10 and 26 weeks of age. Finally, these measurements of the spleen were no significant difference at 30 weeks of age compared to at 34 to 38 weeks (P&gt;0.05). Although, these measurements were found to gradually decrease during 30-38 weeks of age, the decrease was not obvious. The basic structure of the spleen included red pulp, white pulp and the edge area. In addition, the average area and diameter of the splenic nodules, the white pulp ellipsoid and the periarterial lymphatic sheath gradually increased, reaching maximum sizes at the age of 26 weeks. It was seen that a sustained developmental period occurred at 0-6 weeks of age and a maturation period occurred at 10-38 weeks during the development of quail spleen.

Impact of pretransplant recipient body mass index on postheart transplant mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The ISHLT's 2016 Guidelines on the selection of heart transplant (HT) candidates recommends weight loss prior to listing for persons with body mass (BMI) index greater than 35kg/m2 . We conducted a systematic review to assess the impact of BMI on all-cause mortality. We searched to identify eligible observational studies that followed HT recipients. We used the GRADE system to quantify absolute effects and quality of evidence, and meta-analyzed survival curves to assess post-transplant mortality across BMI categories. We found a significantly increased risk of mortality in patients with BMI>30kg/m2 across all age categories, independently of transplant era and study source (BMI 30-34.9: HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.04-1.17; BMI≥35: HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.12-1.38). We also found an increased risk of death in underweight (BMI<18.5kg/m2 ) candidates over 39years of age (Age 40-65: HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.02-1.53; Age>65: HR 1.70, 95% 1.13-2.57). We found obesity and underweight BMI to be associated with mortality post-HT. The similar and overlapping increased risk of mortality in patients with BMI 30-34.9 and BMI≥35 does not support the recently updated ISHLT guidelines. Future evidence in the form of randomized controlled trials is required to assess effectiveness of interventions targeting obesity-related comorbidities and weight management.

An effective assessment method for absolute phase retrieval in digital fringe projection profilometry

In this paper, we propose an effective method for assessing absolute phase retrieval quality in digital fringe projection profilometry (DFPP). The method provides a quantitative analysis of the phase retrieval quality with a new integrated quality metric. The phase map of the measured object is pre-defined on the imaging plane and called the inverse ground truth. To obtain the measurement result of the inverse ground truth, object-adapted patterns are projected onto the object and the phase map of the object is retrieved by a phase retrieval technique. Subsequently, the retrieved phase map of the object is compared with the inverse ground truth to assess the phase retrieval quality. The structural similarity between the measurement result and the inverse ground truth is quantified by the proposed quality metric in terms of mean, contrast and structure comparisons. Experiments are carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method from two aspects: comparing the accuracies of different phase retrieval techniques and evaluating the influence of different setup parameters on the accuracy. Experimental results show that the analysis by the proposed quality metric is well consistent with the existing findings for the phase retrieval quality in DFPP.

Oil-based versus water-based contrast for hysterosalpingography in infertile women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

To determine the effect of the using oil-soluble contrast material (OSCM) vs. water-soluble contrast material (WSCM) for hysterosalpingography on pregnancy rates in infertile women. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Not applicable. Infertile women. We included randomized controlled trials comparing pregnancy outcomes in women with infertility undergoing hysterosalpingography using OSCM and WSCM. Paired reviewers independently screened citations, assessed risk of bias of included studies, and extracted data. A random-effects model was used to report all outcomes. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, Evaluation（GRADE） system was used to quantify absolute effects and quality of evidence. The primary outcome was ongoing pregnancy per randomized women. Six trials with a total of 2,562 patients were selected. Our meta-analysis showed OSCM was associated with significantly higher rates of ongoing pregnancy compared with WSCM (odds ratio [OR] 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-1.93; I2 = 44%, moderate-quality evidence). Three trials reported live birth, but they were not pooled owing to extreme statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 86%). There was no difference in incidence of miscarriage (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.56-1.24) or ectopic pregnancy (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.18-2.36) between OSCM and WSCM groups. Three trials were rated as low risk of bias, whereas three were considered unclear. Women who previously underwent hysterosalpingography using oil contrast had higher rates of ongoing pregnancy compared with women who underwent this procedure using water contrast. There is not enough evidence to either support or oppose the difference between groups concerning miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy.

Polyculture Engineering technology of larasati red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) based for protease enzyme

The objective is polyculture technology of red tilapia larasati fish and white shrimp with different combinations density. The material is saline red tilapia larasati 3.29 ± 0.018 g and white shrimp with initial weight 1.39 ± 0.025 g. Seeds are density of red tilapia larasati larvae 5 and 10 larvae / m2 fish. And white shrimp 5 larvae / m2 and 10 larvae / m2. An artificial feed used enzyme dose of 2.25 g / kg. The experimental using complete randomized design 4 treatments and 3 replications that is given seeds 5 larvae / m2 larvae red tilapia larasati and given 5 larvae / m2 white shrimp (A), 5 larvae / m2 red tilapia) and 10 m2 / m2 of white shrimp (B), 10 m2 larvae and 5 m2 white shrimp (C), 10 m2 larvae and 10 m2 white shrimp (D)). The data were growth of absolute weight, survival rate, FCR, and water quality data (temperature, salinity, pH, O2, NO2, NH3). Data were analyzed of variance (F test). The results showed significantly effect (P <0.01) on the growth. The highest absolute growth in D treatment were red tilapia larasati (185.75 ± 0.50g) and white shrimp (25.25 ± 0.95 g).

Modeling and resistant alleles explain the selectivity of antimalarial compound 49c towards apicomplexan aspartyl proteases.

Toxoplasma gondii aspartyl protease 3 (TgASP3) phylogenetically clusters with Plasmodium falciparum Plasmepsins IX and X (PfPMIX, PfPMX). These proteases are essential for parasite survival, acting as key maturases for secreted proteins implicated in invasion and egress. A potent antimalarial peptidomimetic inhibitor (49c) originally developed against Plasmepsin II selectively targets TgASP3, PfPMIX, and PfPMX To unravel the molecular basis for the selectivity of 49c, we constructed homology models of PfPMIX, PfPMX, and TgASP3 that were first validated by identifying the determinants of microneme and rhoptry substrate recognition. The flap and flap-like structures of several reported Plasmepsins are highly flexible and critically modulate the access to the binding cavity. Molecular docking of 49c to TgASP3, PfPMIX, and PfPMX models predicted that the conserved phenylalanine residues in the flap, F344, F291, and F305, respectively, account for the sensitivity toward 49c. Concordantly, phenylalanine mutations in the flap of the three proteases increase twofold to 15-fold the IC50 values of 49c. Compellingly the selection of mutagenized T.gondii resistant strains to 49c reproducibly converted F344 to a cysteine residue.

Tight glycemic control in critically ill pediatric patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundHyperglycemia is prevalent in patients in the pediatric intensive care unit. The purpose of this study was to describe the benefits and risks of tight glucose control (TGC) in critically ill children.MethodsA systemic review and meta-analysis of the literature was carried out on randomized controlled trials of TGC in critically ill children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. The databases searched were Medline, Embase, and CENTRAL databases until May 1, 2017. Paired reviewers independently screened citations, assessed risk of bias of included studies, and extracted data. A random-effects model was used to report all outcomes. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system was used to quantify absolute effects and quality of evidence. The primary outcome was hospital mortality. The secondary outcomes were hypoglycemia (any, severe), sepsis, new need for dialysis, and seizures.ResultsA total of 4030 patients were included from six studies. All six studies were rated as at low risk of bias. Our meta-analysis showed that TGC did not result in a decrease in risk of hospital mortality (odds ratio (OR), 0.95; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.62–1.45; I2 = 40%; moderate quality), sepsis (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.63–1.08), or seizures (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.59–1.63). TGC was associated with a decrease in new need for dialysis (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.45–0.86). However, TGC was associated with a significant increase in any hypoglycemia (OR, 4.39; 95% CI, 2.39–8.06) and severe hypoglycemia (OR, 4.11; 95% CI, 2.67–6.32).ConclusionsAmong critically ill children with hyperglycemia, TGC does not result in a decrease in hospital mortality, but appears to reduce a new need for dialysis. However, TGC is associated with higher incidence of hypoglycemia.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO registration number CRD42017074039.