Absolute Overlap Research Articles

A coarse graining CFD–DEM simulation on contact erosion of layered cohesionless soils

A coarse graining computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method (DEM) model is developed to analyze the contact erosion of cohesionless soils at the coarse/fine soil interface. Two benchmark cases are provided to verify the model implementation, including the collision of two groups of particles and collapse of a soil column in water. It is demonstrated the CG approach significantly reduces the computational cost with sufficiently good accuracy. Two typical CG approaches, i.e., the relative overlap scaling (ROS) and absolute overlap scaling approaches, are compared and show similar model performance. While the DEM time step of ROS approach is scaled up by the scaling factor, it is recommended in this study for the better computational performance. The verified model is used to simulate the laboratory contact erosion experiment under various flow conditions. The critical discharge rate calculated from the numerical model is 357 mL/s, which achieves a high consistency with the experimental value of 311 mL/s. Further study shows the scaling factor influences the critical discharge rate, as large parcels introduce boundary effects especially for coarse soils. It is also shown the packing state of coarse soils is a determinant in the erosion initiation, as the void fraction distribution is the key for particle and fluid transports, especially near the contact surface.

Assessing the effect of sample bias correction in species distribution models

1. Open-source biodiversity databases contain a large number of species occurrence records but are often spatially biased; which affects the reliability of species distribution models based on these records. Sample bias correction techniques require data filtering which comes at the cost of record numbers, or require considerable additional sampling effort. Since independent data is rarely available, assessment of the correction technique often relies solely on performance metrics computed using subsets of the available – biased – data, which may prove misleading.2. Here, we assess the extent to which an acknowledged sample bias correction technique is likely to improve models’ ability to predict species distributions in the absence of independent data. We assessed variation in model predictions induced by the aforementioned correction and model stochasticity; the variability between model replicates related to a random component (pseudo-absences sets and cross-validation subsets). We present, then, an index of the effect of correction relative to model stochasticity; the Relative Overlap Index (ROI). We investigated whether the ROI better represented the effect of correction than classic performance metrics (Boyce index, cAUC, AUC and TSS) and absolute overlap metrics (Schoener’s D, Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficients) when considering data related to 64 vertebrate species and 21 virtual species with a generated sample bias.3. When based on absolute overlaps and cross-validation performance metrics, we found that correction produced no significant effects. When considering its effect relative to model stochasticity, the effect of correction was strong for most species at one of the three sites. The use of virtual species enabled us to verify that the correction technique improved both distribution predictions and the biological relevance of the selected variables at the specific site, when these were not correlated with sample bias patterns.4. In the absence of additional independent data, the assessment of sample bias correction based on subsample data may be misleading. We propose to investigate both the biological relevance of environmental variables selected, and, the effect of sample bias correction based on its effect relative to model stochasticity.

Tracheid and Pit Dimensions Hardly Vary in the Xylem of Pinus sylvestris Under Contrasting Growing Conditions.

Maintaining sufficient water transport via the xylem is crucial for tree survival under variable environmental conditions. Both efficiency and safety of the water transport are based on the anatomical structure of conduits and their connections, the pits. Yet, the plasticity of the xylem anatomy, particularly that of the pit structures, remains unclear. Also, trees adjust conduit dimensions to the water transport distance (i.e., tree size), but knowledge on respective adjustments in pit dimensions is scarce. We compared tracheid traits [mean tracheid diameter d, mean hydraulic diameter dh, cell wall reinforcement (t/b)2], pit dimensions (diameters of pit aperture Da, torus Dt, margo Dm, and pit border Dp), and pit functional properties (margo flexibility F, absolute overlap Oa, torus overlap O, and valve effect Vef) of two Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands of similar tree heights but contrasting growth rates. Furthermore, we analyzed the trends of these xylem anatomical parameters across tree rings. Tracheid traits and pit dimensions were similar on both sites, whereas Oa, O, and F were higher at the site with a lower growth rate. On the lower growth rate site, dh and pit dimensions increased across tree rings from pith to bark, and in trees from both sites, dh scaled with pit dimensions. Adjusted pit functional properties indicate slightly higher hydraulic safety in trees with a lower growth rate, although a lack of major differences in measured traits indicated overall low plasticity of the tracheid and pit architecture. Mean hydraulic diameter and pit dimension are well coordinated to increase the hydraulic efficiency toward the outer tree rings and thus with increasing tree height. Our results contribute to a better understanding of tree hydraulics under variable environmental conditions.

Related plants tend to share pollinators and herbivores, but strength of phylogenetic signal varies among plant families.

Related plants are often hypothesized to interact with similar sets of pollinators and herbivores, but this idea has only mixed empirical support. This may be because plant families vary in their tendency to share interaction partners. We quantify overlap of interaction partners for all pairs of plants in 59 pollination and 11 herbivory networks based on the numbers of shared and unshared interaction partners (thereby capturing both proportional and absolute overlap). We test for relationships between phylogenetic distance and partner overlap within each network; whether these relationships varied with the composition of the plant community; and whether well-represented plant families showed different relationships. Across all networks, more closely related plants tended to have greater overlap. The strength of this relationship within a network was unrelated to the composition of the network's plant component, but, when considered separately, different plant families showed different relationships between phylogenetic distance and overlap of interaction partners. The variety of relationships between phylogenetic distance and partner overlap in different plant families probably reflects a comparable variety of ecological and evolutionary processes. Considering factors affecting particular species-rich groups within a community could be the key to understanding the distribution of interactions at the network level.

Good Ruler in Political Thought of Najm Al-Din Razi

Good Ruler in Political Thought of Najm Al-Din Razi Mohammad Ali Tavana, Yosouf Haghighi Abstract Two macro views exist about the connection of mysticism and politics. One, attached an absolute distinguish between them, another adjudicate on the partial and sometimes absolute overlap of them. Based on this recent attitude, it could be review on the thoughts of Najm al-Din Razi, the sighted policy mystic and the thinker of sixth and seventh Hegira century, and design this question: What are the subjects of his political mysticism? It seems that Najm al-Din Razi tries to introduce politics as the part of human intellectual-spiritual evolution process, with removal of inherent contradiction between wise and love, Therefore to join these together. Also, it seems that his political mysticism is about the good ruler. So he enumerates positive features ( such as, Divine charisma, justice, equity, beneficence, patience, toleration, consult vulnerability, anticorruption, pragmatism and moderation) and negative features ( such as, separation from passion, arrogance, corruption, blasphemy, depravity, denier, rebellion, greed, anger and asthenia, extremes) for a good ruler which are underlie of change and intellectual-spiritual evolution of society. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/rhps.v4n1a4

The interference of distal humeral plating with the medial and lateral collateral ligaments of the elbow

The aim of the present study was to determine the anatomical relationship and evaluate the potential interference of today's common distal humerus plates with the medial and lateral collateral ligaments of the elbow. The elbow joints of 23 embalmed upper extremities were dissected. Three different brands of distal humerus double-plating systems were applied in a standardized fashion. We used a caliper to measure the amount of absolute overlap of the plates on the corresponding collateral ligaments. The data show contact and overlap with the medial and lateral collateral ligaments in all tested medial and lateral plates. The posterolateral and posteromedial plates showed no contact with the ligaments, yet they did contact the posterior joint capsules. The medial plates showed less contact/overlap when compared with the lateral and extended medial plates. Based on the present data, we conclude that distal humerus plating using the perpendicular technique with standard-sized medial plates shows the least amount of overlap over the medial and lateral collateral ligaments. The extent of the overlap of the ligaments by the humeral plates is clearly shown in the present study.

STAGNIRA LI DOISTA SIROMAŠTVO U HRVATSKOJ?

The main goal of the paper was to compare poverty rates in Croatia based on the EU poverty methodology (60% of median equivalent income) with alternative indicators of income poverty, material deprivation and subjective poverty. Together with poverty indicators referring to different dimensions of poverty, the cumulative approach to poverty was used, meaning that poverty was measured by combining more dimensions of poverty. The Household Budget Survey in the 2003–2008 period was used as a data source. All alternative poverty indicators, as well as cumulative poverty indicators, confirmed that the scope of poverty was significantly reduced in the 2003–2008 period (the rates of material deprivation were almost halved), being at odds with stagnant relative poverty rates (obtained according to the poverty line defined as 60% of median). There has been a lack of absolute overlap among poverty dimensions (measures), but dimensions are interrelated. Different poverty measures result in different poverty profiles. The paper has shown that it is necessary to use more poverty measures and cumulative approach in order to monitor poverty, because this way it is possible to identify much better not only the scope but also the depth of poverty.

Beyond “Risk”: Exploring Sexuality among Diverse Typologies of Bisexual Men in the United States

Little public health research has explored male bisexuality and the wide range of behaviors experienced by bisexual men beyond disease transmission and other negative consequences. There is a general lack of information on diverse expressions of sexuality among diverse groups of bisexual men in the United States. Researchers collected data on a wide range of variables related to sexual behavior from a sample of 26,042 participants, recruited via a large social and sexual networking Website. Four distinct typologies of male bisexuality were constructed: self-identified bisexual, bisexual dating, bisexual with current sexual partners and bisexual by behavior. These categories were examined individually as well as compared and contrasted with one another. Demographic characteristics varied among men depending on bisexual categorization. Although participants that identified as bisexual within each typology often met criteria for other categories for other typologies, there was no absolute overlap between categories. The recency and frequency of sexual behaviors significantly varied based upon the participant's bisexual typology. Findings suggest that previous research on bisexual men's sexual behaviors and sexual risk behaviors may be misleading if bisexuality is restricted to a single typology. Further research should examine the potential subjective meanings and health implications of diverse typologies of male bisexuality, beyond sexual risk. Comprehensive and insightful research on aspects of life other than disease infection and transmission among bisexual men will help to ensure a more accurate understanding of male bisexuality in a comprehensive sexual health framework.

Household Poverty and Deprivation Among Children

This article focuses on the links between family income, deprivation as reported by parents and deprivation as experienced by children. Data are drawn from a survey of Norwegian families, in which low-income families are oversampled. Three areas of deprivation are explored: housing, consumption and subjective experiences. In each area, indicators of childhood deprivation are developed. It is found that there are clear links, if no absolute overlap, between `adult' and `child' deprivation in each area. When looking at which children experience deprivation, we find that non-western immigrants, children with many siblings and children with non-employed parents are most at risk.

Analyses for elucidating current question answering technology

In this paper, we take a detailed look at the performance of components of an idealized question answering system on two different tasks: the TREC Question Answering task and a set of reading comprehension exams. We carry out three types of analysis: inherent properties of the data, feature analysis, and performance bounds. Based on these analyses we explain some of the performance results of the current generation of Q/A systems and make predictions on future work. In particular, we present four findings: (1) Q/A system performance is correlated with answer repetition; (2) relative overlap scores are more effective than absolute overlap scores; (3) equivalence classes on scoring functions can be used to quantify performance bounds; and (4) perfect answer typing still leaves a great deal of ambiguity for a Q/A system because sentences often contain several items of the same type.

Energy Transfer among CP29 Chlorophylls: Calculated Förster Rates and Experimental Transient Absorption at Room Temperature

The energy transfer rates between chlorophylls in the light harvesting complex CP29 of higher plants at room temperature were calculated ab initio according to the Förster mechanism (Förster T. 1948, Ann. Physik. 2:55–67). Recently, the transition moment orientation of CP29 chlorophylls was determined by differential linear dichroism and absorption spectroscopy of wild-type versus mutant proteins in which single chromophores were missing (Simonetto R., Crimi M., Sandonà D., Croce R., Cinque G., Breton J., and Bassi R. 1999. Biochemistry. 38:12974–12983). In this way the Q y transition energy and chlorophyll a/b affinity of each binding site was obtained and their characteristics supported by reconstruction of steady-state linear dichroism and absorption spectra at room temperature. In this study, the spectral form of individual chlorophyll a and b ligands within the protein environment was experimentally determined, and their extinction coefficients were also used to evaluate the absolute overlap integral between donors and acceptors employing the Stepanov relation for both the emission spectrum and the Stokes shift. This information was used to calculate the time-dependent excitation redistribution among CP29 chlorophylls on solving numerically the Pauli master equation of the complex: transient absorption measurements in the (sub)picosecond time scale were simulated and compared to pump-and-probe experimental data in the Q y region on the native CP29 at room temperature upon selective excitation of chlorophylls b at 640 or 650 nm. The kinetic model indicates a bidirectional excitation transfer over all CP29 chlorophylls a species, which is particularly rapid between the pure sites A1-A2 and A4-A5. Chlorophylls b in mixed sites act mostly as energy donors for chlorophylls a, whereas site B5 shows high and bidirectional coupling independent of the pigment hosted.

W.B. Yeats: Endings and Beginnings: A Review Essay

W.B. YEATS: ENDINGS AND BEGINNINGS: A REVIEW ESSAY DECLAN KIBERD Seamus Deane, Strange Country: Modernity and Nationhood in Irish Writing since 1790, OUP, 1997. R.F. Foster, W.B. Yeats: A Life, Volume I, The Apprentice Mage 1865–1914, OUP, 1997. W.B. Yeats, The Collected Letters of W.B. Yeats: Volume II 1896–1900, Ed. Warwick Gould, John Kelly, and Deirdre Toomey, OUP, 1997. “We were the last romantics—chose for theme Traditional sanctity and loveliness . . .” a poet’s beautiful lines may echo in the minds of his readers, rewriting themselves into the tradition of their very interpretation. Liberal analysts, beginning with Louis MacNeice (123–25), have often worried that Yeats’s poems seem to assert rather than to earn their chosen terms, and thus to invite disciples or detractors but few real critics. Criticism may properly allow us to admire this element, to reject that, and nevertheless arrive at a generally positive view of a great poet; but Yeats writes every other poem as if the only conditions for acknowledging its power are absolute (even prior) agreement with the sentiments it is about to deliver. If it is easy, it is not necessarily wise to take Yeats’s words for the true state of things. Despite the seductiveness of his view that we should believe any proposition until it has been categorically disproved, his is a program for the long-time postponement rather than the suspension of disbelief. The problem is this: The philosophers of the enlightenment had claimed that what cannot be proved doesn’t exist. And since a prejudice cannot be proven, the enlightenment liquidated all that did not have a strictly rational basis. W.B. YEATS: ENDINGS AND BEGINNINGS: A REVIEW ESSAY 183 It is now more than a quarter-century since Donald Davie—hardly the most politicized of critics—invited us to imagine how we should feel if, instead of “We Irish . . . thrown upon this filthy modern tide,” the poet had actually written “We Nazis”?1 The textual scruples to which this rather melodramatic moment gave rise in the critical literature of the subsequent decade were considerable. It was not long before Seamus Deane was pointing out that Yeats’s ideas of wisdom were established only in the texts, yet these ideas were the very precondition of our ability to decode the texts or make sense of them at all (“Heroic Styles” 45–60). “Pythagoras planned it”—but what? “I have met them at close of day”—who are “them”? In an utterly romantic solution to the problem of prejudice and tolerance, intimacy is assumed rather than being earned. The Yeatsian aesthetic is based on the proposition that to understand a text we must first align our readerly horizons with those of the author. Yet not even the most ardent admirer has ever managed to achieve an absolute overlap. Every reader, as much as every writer, is the product of a singular history and conscious of it as a subject. The reading of a text thus involves some sort of interpretation, for there can be no such thing as an unmediated experience. Each interpreter comes with a pre-understanding of the text, constituted of personal horizons that will be at variance with those of the greatest poet. The understanding of the text then becomes an event: Hans Georg Gadamer argues that we use a poem to test those preunderstandings while allowing it to evoke questions to which we do not as yet have answers (417 ff). In the best sense, the encounter may be dialogic , calling upon readers to examine their own prejudices and tolerances even as they interrogate the poet’s. Yeats’s poetry remains a fascinating test-case because of its power to insinuate its accompanying argument into the mind of the most resisting sort of reader. No critique of Yeats written in the past generation has been as subtle or ferocious as that of Seamus Deane, yet even he ends up recycling the “last romantics” thesis in his most compelling essay. In “Yeats and the Idea of Revolution,” Deane remarks that “Yeats had no idea or attitude which was not part of the late-Romantic stock-in-trade” (Celtic Revivals...

Pairwise correlated generalized valence bond model of electronic structure. VII. The b3∑ state of H2

AbstractA modification of the overlap approximation for triplet pair correlation energies is presented. The modification allows the use of either the canonical absolute overlap or the minimum absolute overlap. When applied to the b 3∑ state of H2, this approximation reproduces the observed correlation energy to within 0.0002 hartree (or ±3%) for all internuclear distances from 1.3 bohr to infinity.

Absolute overlap and second moment dispersions as measures of localizability in the spatial and energetic methods

The effect of the procedure and basis set size on localizability is studied on the basis of absolute overlap and second moment dispersion. Valence ELMO's and BLMO's are found very similar — but the spatial localization method gives core LMO's 20 to 30% less disperse than the energy localization method for the molecules studied. The BLMO's localizability decreases upon increasing the basis set size and increases upon the addition of polarization functions.

Hartree-Fock (1s,2s) interorbital pair correlation energies and absolute overlap integrals

Interorbital pair correlation energies between 1s and 2s Hartree-Fock orbitals are shown to be proportional to the square of the absolute overlap integral ℱ‖φ1Sφ2S‖dτ. The proportionality constant is independent of the nuclear charge and the number of 1s and 2s electrons, but shows an exclusion effect of about 10% for each occupied 2p orbital. Using only four parameters (a proportionality constant and a 2p exclusion effect each, for singlet and triplet coupled pairs) we reproduce fifty-six ab initio pair energies (ranging from −0.00047 to −0.00891 hartree) with a root-mean-square deviation of 0.0001 hartree.