Absolute Majority Of Cases Research Articles

ВТОРИЧНЫЕ ГНОЙНЫЕ ОТОГЕННЫЕ МЕНИНГИТЫ У ВЗРОСЛЫХ: ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРОТИВОМИКРОБНОЙ ТЕРАПИИ

Secondary purulent otogenic meningitis (SPOM) in adult patients is less common than in children, but among all intracranial complications of middle ear pathology it occupies the leading position. In the absolute majority of cases, a patient with SPOM on admission to the emergency room is supervised by a neurologist with a suspicion of acute cerebral circulation disorder, and an otorhinolaryngologist, along with other subspecialists, is initially an invited consultant. All this is associated with the risks of untimely diagnosis of SPOM and inadequate tactics of medical care, including the rationality of prescribing the choice of systemic antimicrobial therapy (SPMT), which increases the likelihood of unfavorable outcomes. As a result of retrospective analysis of medical records of 33 completed cases of SPOM for the period from 2017 to October 2023, the features of the course of SPOM microbial landscape in this pathology and the nature of SPMT were studied. It was revealed that in the structure of secondary meningitis of otogenic and rhinosinusogenic etiology VHOM took the leading positions (81.1%). In 62.5% of cases, patients had comorbid pathology, which negatively affected the course of the underlying disease and worsened the prognosis of the disease. Such manifestations as headache, vomiting, disorders of consciousness were observed in 62.5%, 57.6%, 62.1% of cases, respectively. Clearly expressed signs of inflammatory process on the part of general blood analysis and cerebrospinal fluid were revealed. The structure of etiologic factors in adult SPOM was dominated by coccal microflora (S.pneumoniae, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp.). In 81.8% of cases of SPOM we started with recommended ceftriaxone, but absence of positive dynamics, severity of the course of the inflammatory process required correction of SPMT and transition to meropenem. Timely diagnosis, clear tactics of medical care, including the choice of effective SPMT using, including de-escalation schemes, led to favorable outcomes in 87.9% of patients.

Про західнобалтські типи фібул з могильника Острів

The article is devoted to the research of two types of brooches from the Ostriv burial ground in Porossia (Middle Dnipro River region). The morphological characteristics of the objects, the type and chronological attribution and the accompanying archaeological context are considered. In general, seven penannular brooches with connected star-shaped terminals and four ring brooches with ribbed bows were discovered during the first seven years of research at the Ostriv burial ground. All the brooches were recorded in female burials, except two items found in the cultural layer and one brooch with a controversial archaeological context. Together, they make up 23 % of all the clasps found at the territory of the cemetery or 27 % of the brooches discovered in the burial complexes of the necropolis. These types of ancient pins now make up 52 % of women’s burials with brooches. Penannular brooches with connected star-shaped terminals can be divided into two subtypes — larger ones with seven transverse ribs and surface coating with white metal, and slightly smaller ones with six ribs. The damaged brooch from the burial no. 100 stands out for its massiveness and could contain eight or nine decorative ribs, but the item is fragmented, which does not allow clarifying its specific features. Brooches with ribbed bows can also be divided into two subtypes: two items are larger and have twelve decorative ribs on their surface, and two more specimens are slightly smaller and contain seven transverse ribs on the front side. Among the latter two variants can be distinguished — with a concave semicircular and a simple semicircular section of the case. Significantly, the penannular brooch with connected star-shaped terminals and the brooch with ribbed bows with a surface coating of white metal were found in rich burials with neck-rings of the Totenkrone type. Therefore, it is possible to emphasise the probable connection between the objects, the production of which was more time-consuming, with the social position of the deceased during their lifetime, and probably with the chronological factor. Furthermore, only these two types of fibulae among all the categories of jewellery and clothing elements discovered at this necropolis now reliably testify to the long-term habitation and high-quality repair of the objects. In addition, the general features of the repair do not differ from technological receptions within the mother regions of migrants. In conclusion, penannular brooches with connected star-shaped terminals and brooches with ribbed bows had been widespread in the Baltic region during the 11th—12th centuries. However, they were most typical for the population of the South-East Baltic, the medieval Prussians, from whose area they spread among other Baltic, Finnish and Scandinavian people due to trade connections and/or resettlement of groups or individuals within the region (migration of warriors, marriages, etc.). Finally, these types of brooches in the absolute majority of cases are found in the burials of men, mainly in two-tiered cremation burials with a horse and weapons in burial complexes on the territory of the Sambi Peninsula and its adjacent territories. Sometimes such items occur in women’s and children’s burials outside the Prussian area, but they are still more numerous in men’s complexes. Such a contrast of the Ostriv burial ground with synchronous Baltic burial sites seems very interesting, however, conducting a detailed comparative study of the costumes of representatives of the Baltic enclave in Porossia and the female population of the Sambia Peninsula is extremely problematic. The reason is almost absent separated women burials of the 8—13th centuries in the range of the Prussians, because of their dependent social position in this tribe. Thus, it is still impossible to establish whether the materials of the Ostriv burial ground reflect (at least partially) the traditions of medieval Prussian women’s clothing, or whether the composition of the costume underwent significant changes due to migration. The location of these types of brooches in burial complexes in most cases indicates their direct use in a costume to fasten outer clothing — woollen cloaks or capes. However, other provisions are also recorded, which may be related to this population’s peculiarities of burial practices.

Effectiveness of ESIN osteosynthesis in pediatric forearm diaphyseal fractures: A retrospective analysis

Aim to retrospectively evaluate the treatment results in children with diaphyseal forearm fractures operated on using intramedullary metal osteosynthesis with titanium elastic rods according to the Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nailing (ESIN) method.
 Material and methods. The treatment results of 79 children were included in the retrospective analysis. The patients' mean age was 11.8 years (from 6 to16 years).
 Results. The results of treatment were evaluated using the classification of Anderson et al. [20] in the early postoperative period, at 2, 4 and 6 months after surgery.
 Conclusion. The ESIN osteosynthesis for diaphyseal fractures of the forearm bones in children allows for achieving excellent treatment results and early limb functionality in the absolute majority of cases.

SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF ENCODERS OF INTERFERENCE-RESISTANT CASCADE CODES FOR DYNAMIC SYSTEMS

For various channels of information transmission that can be used in local control systems of a wide range of processes, affordable, scalable, and inexpensive transmission methods are needed that allow the necessary information to be transmitted reliably without errors. Errors that occur in discrete, continuous communication channels are the main obstacle to the reliability of transmitted data. The main causes of errors are signal attenuation, noise and various interferences. As a result of the analysis of error statistics in discrete data transmission channels, it was concluded that single and double errors occur in the absolute majority of cases. It is proposed to combat errors by using tamper-resistant coding. Among the interference-resistant codes, redundant block-separated systematic codes are highlighted, among which is the Hamming code. The basis of the interference-resistant coding model is proposed to be the use of a systematic Hamming code followed by cascade coding by adding a parity check bit. The used model made it possible to deal with all the most likely cases of errors. Since this coding model must be flexibly used in different systems, a necessary criterion of the model is its universality. Therefore, the model was tested on a sample with code combinations of different numbers of bits. The purpose of this article is to analyze the dependence of the coding procedure execution time for encoders of different levels: a separate first-stage encoder, as well as a first-stage encoder with the addition of a second-stage encoder. Experiments were conducted with a large sample, which were subsequently analyzed and interpreted. Since the model proved to be flexible, simple, stable and effective as a result of experiments, and the process of combating interference by using cascade codes has proven itself well in world practice, it is recommended for use in various information management systems. The implementation of the coder for interference-resistant data transmission is given.

The Spectrum of Causative Agents of Complicated Abdominal Infections in Surgical Patients

RELEVANCE Treatment of patients with complicated abdominal infections (AI) is still a difficult task, as evidenced by high mortality rates. THE AIM OF THE STUDY is to analyze the results of microbiological investigations of patients with advanced diffuse peritonitis who were treated in the surgical department of the emergency hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, the main pathogens of advanced peritonitis were identified in 69 patients (the average age of patients was 64±17 years). The cause of peritonitis in the absolute majority of cases (94%) was a perforation of the gastrointestinal tract. A study of various types of clinical material was carried out: blood — 143 samples, urine — 125 samples, bronchoalveolar lavage — 119 samples and 130 samples of wound discharge. 260 strains of microorganisms were isolated. RESULTS The predominance of the Enterobacteriacea species (K. pneumoniae and E. coli), non-fermenting bacteria (Acinetobacter spp.) as well as the increasing role of Enterococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. (S. aureus and CNS) were found. Multidrug-resistant strains dominated among the identified pathogens. CONCLUSION The obtained data on the structure of pathogens of complicated abdominal infection confirm global trends. In order to develop new treatment methods for complicated AI, one of the possible solutions may be the use of human microbial ecology approaches.

Chordoid gliomas of the third ventricle

Chordoid glioma is a rare slow-growing tumor of the central nervous system. Available world experience includes no more than 200 cases (lesion of the third ventricle in absolute majority of cases). Recognition and treatment of chordoid glioma are currently difficult problems due to small incidence of this disease. To describe clinical manifestations and surgical treatment of chordoid glioma of the third ventricle considering literature data and own experience. There were 12 patients (6 men and 6 women) with chordoid glioma between 2004 and 2023 (10 patients with lesion of the third ventricle, 1 - lateral ventricle, 1 - pineal region). Only patients with tumors of the third ventricle were analyzed. Total and subtotal resection was performed in 1 and 3 cases, respectively. Five patients underwent partial resection, 1 patient underwent biopsy. The follow-up data were available in 7 out of 10 patients (mean 25 months). Radiotherapy was performed in 4 patients (continued tumor growth in 2 cases). One patient died. Chordoid glioma is a benign tumor predominantly localized in the third ventricle. Preoperative MRI and CT in some cases make it possible to suspect chordoid glioma and differentiate this tumor from craniopharyngioma, meningioma and pituitary adenoma by such signs as isointense signal in T1WI, hyper- or isointense signal in T2WI, homogeneous contrast enhancement and edema of basal ganglia in T2 FLAIR images. The only effective treatment for chordoid glioma is surgery. Total resection is often impossible or extremely dangerous due to location of tumor, large size and invasion of the third ventricle. Postoperative mental disorders and diabetes insipidus, including severe hypernatremia, are common that requires mandatory monitoring of water and electrolyte balance.

Correction system effectiveness of the children physical development of early and younger preschool age with psychomotor disorders (on the example of posture)

Purpose: to reveal the reliability of the effectiveness of the developed author's system for correcting the physical development of young and preschool children with psychomotor disorders.
 Material and methods. A total of 208 children of early (2-3 years) and younger preschool (3-4 years) age with psychomotor disorders took part in the study. Specially organized studies of the effectiveness of the system of corrective physical education for children of early and younger preschool age with psychomotor disorders were conducted during 2019 - 2021. They took place in specialized preschool education institutions, as well as kindergartens of the combined type in the city of Odesa, Odesa region, as well as in the cities of Kramatorsk, Kharkiv, Mykolaiv, Balaklia (Kharkiv region). I also summarized my own long-term (over 25 years) experience of individual rehabilitation activities with the specified contingent of children in the Odessa Movement Rehabilitation Center. All children were divided into two groups: 108 from experimental groups and 100 from control groups.
 Results. Summarizing the analysis of the results of the dynamics of physical development indicators of children with psychomotor disorders (on the example of the study of their posture), we should conclude that almost all the indicators of children from the experimental groups had a marked improvement in results, which in the absolute majority of cases was confirmed statistically (P<0,01‒0,05). Children from control groups also demonstrated some improvement of physical development indicators, but it was by no means confirmed by the methods of mathematical statistics (P>0,05).
 Conclusions: the conducted formative pedagogical experiment confirmed the reliability of the effectiveness of the developed author's system of correction of physical development of children of early and early preschool age with psychomotor disorders in comparison with the traditional system of their education.

Revealing measles cases in Vietnam during the spread of a new coronavirus infection

Introduction. According to the WHO Strategic Plan, five out of six geographical regions were expected to achieve measles elimination by 2020, among which is the Western Pacific Region (WPR), which includes the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (VNM). In 2019, 14 156 measles cases were detected in Vietnam, which significantly exceeds the level required to achieve its elimination (less than 1 case per 1 million population). Analyzing the causes of the ongoing measles virus circulation in diverse global regions is very important. It is also important to assess a potential impact on the measles incidence due to anti-epidemic measures aimed at combating the COVID-19 pandemic. This research is devoted to revealation measles cases in South Vietnam within the period covering January 2020 to March 2021. Materials and methods. 799 samples of blood sera obtained from different territories of South Vietnam in 2020–2021 were examined for IgM antibodies against measles virus using the Anti-Measles Virus ELISA (IgM) test system (Euroimmun, Germany). The presence of IgM measles virus antibodies in the blood serum was assessed as an acute measles infection. Results. The measles virus was actively circulating in South Vietnam in the first months of 2020. Residents of large cities and industrial centers were mainly involved in the epidemic process. Measles spread mainly among unvaccinated (71.58%) subjects, or who was unaware of vaccinations (25.48%), but also among those who were vaccinated (2.12%) and revaccinated (0.64%). The absolute majority of cases (71%) affected children under the age of three, with a predominance of those at the first year of life. Among the latter, 48% were children aged 7-9 months old. In March- April 2020, there was a sharp decrease in the number of measles cases in South Vietnam, down to a sporadic level (from May 2020 to March 2021). This is probably due to the anti-epidemic measures that were carried out in the VNM in order to limit the spread of COVID-19. Consequently, after the restrictions are lifted, we can expect an increase in the measles incidence in VNM.

Names of sanctuaries in Russian translations of Ovid’s Metamorphoses from Polish in the early 18th Century

The article deals with the principles of translation of lexemes naming sanctuaries in two Russian translations of Ovid’s Metamorphoses, made in the early 18th century from Polish Otwinowski’s verse adaptation Księgi Metamorphoseon, to jest, Przemian (Kraków, 1638). In the Latin original of Ovid, the lexemes templum, aedes and delubrum are most often used for the nomination of pagan sanctuaries. In the Polish version of the text, in the absolute majority of cases, they correspond to the lexeme kościół. In the first Russian translation, the lexeme kościół in the meaning of ‘pagan sanctuary’ corresponds to капище, and in the second translation a number of unevenly distributed synonyms are presented: капище, церковь, божница, костел. From these, капище and божница can be considered standard nominations for pagan temples in the texts written in Russian milieu. However, the lexemes костел and церковь are rather used in the Western Russian written tradition. Comparison with another Polish translation of Metamorphoses, Jakob Żebrowski’s Metamorphoseon, to jest Przeobrażenia (Kraków, 1636), shows that the Russian translators did not use this text as an additional source.

ETHNOCULTURAL NEEDS, NATIVE LANGUAGES OF THE STUDENT YOUTH IN CHUVASHIA

The article presents the results of a sociological survey conducted in October 2018 which involved 300 students of three higher educational institutions of Chuvashia. The main attention was paid to the projective opportunities for using various subjects in studies that are directly related to the ethnocultural differences of the peoples of Russia. The theme of the history and culture of the native land became the undisputed leader in this choice, followed by themes related to folk cuisines, national traditions and folk holidays. A significant interest of students in the opportunity to make such a choice is noted: on average, each respondent chose about 5 out of 13 proposed options. Comparing the responses given by the Russians and the Chuvash in terms of frequency of choice and preferences shows that Chuvash students are more interested in national traditions: in 7 out of 13 cases their answers surpassed the answers of students belonging to the Russian nationality in terms of frequency of choosing certain cultural characteristics. The students expressed their viewpoint about possible using the acquired knowledge about folk traditions and culture in their future professions. The answer to the question about native languages confirmed the already existing observations that not one, but two languages act as the native language for one fifth of respondents. For Chuvashia, in the absolute majority of cases, this option means that the Russian and the Chuvash languages are recognized as native languages.

Флуоресцентные свойства гуминовых кислот почв разных условий формирования

The purpose of the study. To identify the features of humic acids of soils of different formation conditions using quantitative indicators of fluorescence spectra. Place and time of the event. The research was carried out on the territory of Siberia, where in the period 2000-2021, key areas with different natural conditions were identified in different regions. Methodology. Humic acids (HA) are considered as an independent component of the system of humus substances (SHS) of soils, the properties of which depend on the ecological conditions of formation. Soil samples were taken during the period of the most stable state of the system of humus substances in a continuous column every 5–10 cm and (or) less within the visible boundaries of genetic horizons. The HA preparations were isolated with 0.1 n NaOH after preliminary soil decalcification followed by precipitation with 2 n HCl. Additional purification from ash elements was not carried out. Fluorescence spectra of humic acid solutions with the same concentration of the substance (0.01 % HA) at pH of 13 were recorded in the wavelength range of 300–650 nm on an Agilen Cary Eclipse Fluorescence Spectrophotometer at an excitation wavelength of 330 nm. The main results. The average statistical quantitative indicators of the fluorescence spectra of humic acids of soils formed under different natural conditions were calculated: the position of the fluorescence maximum (λmax), the value of the first moment (M1), and the ratio of the integral fluorescence intensities in the areas of its maximum manifestation in the red and blue parts of the spectrum (coefficient α). The results showed that soils formed in different natural conditions have different ranges of values of all quantitative indicators of the fluorescent properties of humic acids. They differ significantly in tundra soils of plain and mountainous conditions, within the same mountainous country due to vertical zonality, within the same territory with ring zonality due to the change of humidification areas, and with other qualitative differences in the natural environment forming them. It is shown that M1 reflects the configuration features of humic acids due to the conditions of soil formation, while the coefficient α reflects the state of this soil component during the period of soil sampling depending on the local conditions of their functioning. Conclusion. The analysis of quantitative parameters of the fluorescence spectra of humic acids of soils of different conditions of formation made it possible, using emission spectra at one excitation wavelength (330 nm), to identify the specifics of the fluorescent properties of humic acids, which manifests itself in the position of the fluorescence maximum on the spectral scale, the value of the first moment and the ratio of the values of integral intensities in the long-wave and short-wave spectral regions. The data showed that the fluorescence maximum as well as the value of the first moment in mountain-tundra soils lies within very narrow limits and is among the lowest values identified in our studies. Humic acids of plain tundra soils differ significantly from their mountain analogues in all indicators of fluorescent properties. In conditions of vertical zonation in the direction from the zone of tundra soils to the zone of steppe mountain areas, a shift of the fluorescence maximum towards an increase in the wavelength is observed, however, it does not go beyond the boundaries of the blue region of the spectrum. The maximum values of these indicators are characteristic of the fluorescence of GC soils of steppe areas of intermountain basins and steppe areas of plain conditions of the Trans-Urals and Altai Region Territory. The assessment of the significance of humic acid differences in the fluorescence properties of soils of hillocks and sports of plain tundra showed that the values of λ and M differ by 10 and 7 units, respectively, and that the differences between them are significant. Differences for other objects formed in different natural conditions at the local level in the absolute majority of cases turned out to be significant. The existence of a close correlation of the values of quantitative indicators of the fluorescent properties of humic acids with the ratio of the main structure–forming elements - H:C and with climatic parameters is shown, using the example of mountain soils of Tuva and pedogenically processed deposits of the archaeological monument Grotto Obi-Rahmat, which allows us to recommend the use of these easily and quickly obtaining characteristics as an indicator for assessing the state of soils and the natural environment.

Ускоренная проходка шахтных стволов механизированным способом

REDPATH DEILMANN GmbH from Germany has been sinking and lining two shafts and initial underground development since 2017 on the territory of the Republic of Belarus (Starobinskoe potassium salt deposit, Luban) by request of Slavkaliy LLC. Shaft sinking is one of the most complicated and time-consuming stages in renovation and construction of new underground mines. In the absolute majority of cases, shaft sinking and lining are at the critical path for implementation of such projects. Rapid rates of shaft construction ensure high technical and economic performance during the commissioning phase and earlier supply of end products to the market. The article introduces an innovative method of mechanized mine shaft sinking that provides rapid parallel sinking and lining of the mine shafts. Unique mechanized shaft boring roadheaders (SBR) manufactured by Herrenknecht are employed. Shaft sinking is done in complicate geotechnical and geological conditions intensified by a very low stability of the rocks using a dedicated rock freezing method. Modern materials are used for additional hydrosealing of the tubing liner. Workings in the near shaft insets are driven with roadheaders. A combination of all these solutions makes it possible to accelerate shaft sinking in a safe way without blasting operations and with high technical and economic performance both for the shaft sinking project and the overall construction of the mining and processing plant.

Optimizing the management of smoking patients with acute rhinosinusitis

Introduction. Viral infection is the main cause of damage to the ciliated epithelium of the nasal cavity mucosa, which in turn leads to disruption of mucociliary transport, increased viscosity and mucus hypersecretion in the sinuses and deceleration of its evacuation. Smokers suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, in particular obstructive bronchitis. Their cough symptom complex sharply increases in acute respiratory viral infection (ARVI), especially when the mucociliary airway system is affected. The etiotropic treatment of this combined pathology is a therapy capable of affecting the entire mucociliary system of the upper and lower respiratory tract, including a drug based on ivy leaf extract, with the active ingredient of the saponin group.Aim of the study. To determine the effectiveness of phytopreparation in preventing exacerbation of chronic bronchitis of smokers in patients with acute viral rhinosinusitis.Materials and methods. Complex examination of 20 active smokers suffering from acute viral rhinosinusitis (AVR), including computed tomography of the lungs, was conducted. The randomized study included the use of phytopreparations in the complex therapy of acute rhinosinusitis in patients with obstructive bronchitis.Results and discussion. Use of medicines based on ivy extract in the complex treatment of acute rhinosinusitis in smokers allowed to achieve reduction of AVR symptom complex complicated by exacerbation of chronic bronchitis by the 5th day of the disease. Dynamics of cough complaints reduction in comparison groups reflects the beneficial effect of ivy extract in smokers with ARVI, complicated by AVR, and in the absolute majority of cases allows avoiding bacterial complications.Conclusion. The conducted study proved the effectiveness of Gedelix in the complex treatment of viral acute rhinosinusitis in smokers. In the absolute majority of cases (80% of the total number of patients in the group) it was possible to avoid long-term exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and bacterial complications.

Перспектива формирования единого финансового рынка ЕАЭС с точки зрения российских интересов: возможности и ограничения

This article offers a comprehensive analysis of various aspects of the financial integration of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) at its present stage of development. Opportunities and prospects, risks, and limitations were analyzed from the point of view of Russia’s national interests, taking into account the country’s EAEU presidency in 2018. Financial integration should be deepened; it could have a powerful systemic effect and help accomplish several interrelated goals, such as giving a new impetus to Eurasian integration and overcoming the relative stagnation caused by the exhaustion of the natural integrational effects of the EAEU’s “start-up stage.” At the same time, the authors assume that (in the absolute majority of cases) EAEU countries have common interests in the financial aspect of integration. A successful Eurasian project could lead to the adoption of a multilateral approach with an emphasis on concerted actions, which would make financial integration beneficial to all members of the EAEU, individually and collectively alike. The article presents an in-depth analysis of the Eurasian Economic Commission’s (EEC) regulatory documents and compares the EAEU’s financial integration with that of other integration associations (such as the European Union and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations). The analysis identifies the most promising areas of financial integration in the medium term, taking into account members’ obligations. The list of priority measures to step up integrational cooperation aimed at creating a single financial market is presented at the supranational (for the EAEU) and national (for Russia) levels.

Syntax of the Hittite focus particle -pat

Summary In the paper I review the evidence for the distribution of the Hittite focus particle -pat in the phrase it modifies (= has scope over) and in the clause. Traditionally -pat is considered to have a free distribution within the clause. As I will show, the particle does not simply attest a second position constraint within the phrase (i. e. it always occurs after the first stressed word). In the absolute majority of cases (94 %), -pat is in the second position within the clause. The second position is achieved in two ways – at the left edge of the clause and within the immediately preverbal position. This was first formulated by Molina (2018) and is confirmed in this paper by the larger dataset. This fits perfectly well into the broader picture of other Hittite words with the a second position constraint as sketched in the paper. Rare deviations from the second position are explained by independent factors, mostly having to do with the information structure status of -pat.

Anatomic features of anterior chamber angle in children with glaucoma depending on the degree of the cicatricial retinopathy of prematurity

Introduction. The retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a leading condition in the nosological structure of ophthalmic pathology in preterm children. A number of researchers note the increase in frequency of glaucoma development in such patients, considerably worsening the prognosis of the disease. At the same time, features of ocular hydrostatics and hydrodynamics taking into account the immaturity of the eye are studied insufficiently.
 The purpose of the study was to estimate the anterior chamber angle anatomy in preterm children with glaucoma depending on the cicatricial ROP severity.
 Materials and methods. The study group included 45 preterm children (87 eyes) aged from 6 months to 18 years with glaucoma on the background of cicatricial ROP. The control group consisted of 27 full-term children (54 eyes) with congenital glaucoma. As an addition to traditional ophthalmologic examination, iridocorneal goniography using a pediatric retinal camera was performed.
 Results. In children of the study group, anomalies of anterior chamber angle anatomic structure were diagnosed in the absolute majority of cases 97.7% of cases (85 eyes) and depended on the cicatricial ROP severity: at degrees 1-3 they were similar to those in congenital glaucoma in full-term children; at degrees 4-5 glaucoma was of secondary nature and developed as a result of a combination of dysgenesis signs in the anterior chamber angle.
 Conclusion. Cicatricial ROP of any degree is a high risk factor for the development of secondary glaucoma.

Conservative treatment of traumatic injuries of the rotatory-bicepital complex

The effectiveness of the developed approaches to the conservative treatment of traumatic injuries of the rotatory-bicepital complex is assessed. The long-term results of conservative treatment of 29 patients for the period from 2004 to 2017 and treated in the Mogilyov regional hospital and the SCTC of the 6th Minsk city clinical hospital were studied. The conservative treatment indications were considered to be the cases with traumatic partial local or extensive injuries of the rotator-bicepital complex in the presence of clinical manifestations in the form of pain syndrome and limitation of limb movements and in the absence of a decrease in limb strength in the sectoral testing of elements. The proposed tactical approaches implied immobilization, physiotherapy, local injection therapy.The developed conservative approaches to treating patients with damage to the rotary element of RBC allowed one to achieve a favorable outcome in the absolute majority of cases with long periods of patient follow-up, which improved the performance evaluation indicators according to the Oxford questionnaire for Me shoulder from 56 [48–58] to 12 [12–32] (Me [Q25–Q75]). The applied conservative approaches to treating patients with damage to the rotary element of RBC are a promising way to improve the clinical treatment results of patients with partial injuries of the rotator-bicepital complex.

Historie a současnost léčby hepatitid B a C

Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the worlds major causes of chronic liver disease. Care of patients infected with HBV and HCV and/or over the last 20 years has significantly improved thanks to the better understanding of the pathophysiology of disease, improvement of diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive options. The goal of treatment of chronic hepatitis B is to extend the length of life and improve its quality through the barriers of the progression of chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis, decompensation cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Chronic HBV infection can by currently treated either with tenofovir or entecavir orally (absolute majority of cases), and that in the long-term (years), or even for life-long therapy, or with pegylated interferon α-2a, which is given by injection once a week for 48 weeks (limited possibility of use). The primary goal of chronic hepatitis C treatment is to cure the infection, by achieving a sustained virological response defined as undetectable virus nucleic acid (HCV RNA) in peripheral blood 12 or 24 weeks after the end of therapy. At present, IFN-free regimens become the standard of chronic HCV therapy with the efficiency of 95-100 % and with minimum of side effects and contraindications.Key words: chronic hepatitis B - chronic hepatitis C - IFN-free therapy.

Evolution and Ways of Contemporary International Justice Development

The process of expansion of international courts that has been going on for more than twenty-five years so far has produced very extensive empirical evidence that not only assesses the correctness of theories and concepts that attempt to explain this phenomenon, but also draws conclusions concerning activities of international courts, determines their common characteristics and substantiates the emergence of some new trends in international justice. The author proceeds from the fact that the chaotic nature of the process of international courts appearance is a consequence of objective realities of contemporary international law caused by the absence of a single world law-maker and the existence of sovereign States with their dynamically changing priorities and interests instead of such a single law-maker. Today, proposals to form a centralized system of international courts similar to the national judicial system, or, at least, some kind of a judicial hierarchy among international courts presided over by the ICJ seem to be more than utopian. In practice, a particular international court is established only when the balance of benefits and preferences that are acquired by a founding state outweigh (as it seems to be) disadvantages and limitations that appear after the formation of the court. However, the process of establishing the courts cannot be formalized and, in each particular case, Nations operate through trial and error, using the set of measures already tested in practice to control ships. Among States, an attitude towards jurisdictional competition of international courts is changing, and it is understood that this competition should be encouraged. The competition of international courts is a part of the mechanism of checks and balances that is spontaneously developing now at the international level. In this competition, each court acts for itself, and an expected by many global community of judges has not appeared. It is conceptually and factually wrong to refer to the citation by one court of the decisions of other courts as a dialogue, because, in fact, in the absolute majority of cases, it is a unilateral citation of the decisions of well-known and authoritative courts made by regional, obscure or newly created courts, which is carried out not for the purpose of exchanging views, but primarily to enhance the legitimacy of their decisions in the eyes of their addressees.

Strength assessment of historic brick masonry

The identification of residual service life of a structure is an exceptionally demanding task in the case of reconstructed or newly modernised buildings. The identification of residual service life requires the study and knowledge of the mutual interaction of a building with its external environment, in particular, the time variable effects and impacts which lead to degradation processes and phenomena affecting and, in the absolute majority of cases, degrading the physical, mechanical and other properties of materials and structures. The article presents the results of in-situ and laboratory research of strength parameters of masonry from the start of the 20th century applying destructive and non-destructive tests. Besides, a probabilistic model and a procedure for the determination of masonry strength are described. It appears that the probabilistic approach leads to a design value by ca 5% higher than the deterministic approach.