Absolute Indicator Research Articles

Testing the quasar Hubble diagram with LISA standard sirens

Quasars have recently been used as an absolute distance indicator, extending the Hubble diagram to high redshift to reveal a deviation from the expansion history predicted for the standard, $\Lambda$CDM cosmology. Here we show that the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will efficiently test this claim with standard sirens at high redshift, defined by the coincident gravitational wave (GW) and electromagnetic (EM) observations of the merger of massive black hole binaries (MBHBs). Assuming a fiducial $\Lambda$CDM cosmology for generating mock standard siren datasets, the evidence for the $\Lambda$CDM model with respect to an alternative model inferred from quasar data is investigated. By simulating many realizations of possible future LISA observations, we find that for $50\%$ of these realizations (median result) 4 MBHB standard siren measurements will suffice to strongly differentiate between the two models, while 14 standard sirens will yield a similar result in $95\%$ of the realizations. In addition, we investigate the measurement precision of cosmological parameters as a function of the number of observed LISA MBHB standard sirens, finding that 15 events will on average achieve a relative precision of 5\% for $H_0$, reducing to 3\% and 2\% with 25 and 40 events, respectively. Our investigation clearly highlights the potential of LISA as a cosmological probe able to accurately map the expansion of the universe at $z\gtrsim 2$, and as a tool to cross-check and cross-validate cosmological EM measurements with complementary GW observations.

Key Aspects of Analysis of Profit and Profitability of Georgian Winemaking on the Example of JSC “Badagoni”

Profit is the main goal and the ultimate financial result of the business. Profit is an absolute indicator of the business operations of an enterprise and the main source of formation of its financial resources. Profit provides a characterization of the economic result obtained by enterprise as a result of its activities and, as a key indicator for assessing the activities of the enterprise, profit contributes to an increase in production, sales and product quality. The analysis of profit indicators allows us to draw important conclusions, but does not show the level of use of economic resources by the company. It is noteworthy that the starting point of a company's financial conditions and its stable business development largely depends on the efficient use of the economic resources. For these purposes, the relative rate of return – profitability - is used, which is calculated on different bases, for example: indicators of operating expenses, total expenses, average annual value of assets, capital employed, etc. The profitability analysis improves the results of the performance analysis, since it is the profitability ratios that characterize the level of efficiency of the resources used. Considering all the above, we can say that profitability is also a strong indicator of the quality of the assessment of the management of enterprise, since it determines how purposefully the management uses the economic resources of the company. Thus, the main task of management is to guide and control the indicators of the profit and profitability. In this article, a study of the main issues of the analysis of profit and profitability was carried out on the basis of the audited financial statements of the JSC “Badagoni” for the production of Georgian wine for 2018-2019. The document outlines the directions for improving the company's financial results and outlines measures for increasing profitability. Keywords: Profit; Earnings, Operating Profit; Advanced Capital; Profitability, Profitability Factor Analysis.

Key Aspects of Analysis of Profit and Profitability of Georgian Winemaking on the Example of JSC “Badagoni”

Profit is the main goal and the ultimate financial result of the business. Profit is an absolute indicator of the business operations of an enterprise and the main source of formation of its financial resources. Profit provides a characterization of the economic result obtained by enterprise as a result of its activities and, as a key indicator for assessing the activities of the enterprise, profit contributes to an increase in production, sales and product quality. The analysis of profit indicators allows us to draw important conclusions, but does not show the level of use of economic resources by the company. It is noteworthy that the starting point of a company's financial conditions and its stable business development largely depends on the efficient use of the economic resources. For these purposes, the relative rate of return – profitability - is used, which is calculated on different bases, for example: indicators of operating expenses, total expenses, average annual value of assets, capital employed, etc. The profitability analysis improves the results of the performance analysis, since it is the profitability ratios that characterize the level of efficiency of the resources used. Considering all the above, we can say that profitability is also a strong indicator of the quality of the assessment of the management of enterprise, since it determines how purposefully the management uses the economic resources of the company. Thus, the main task of management is to guide and control the indicators of the profit and profitability. In this article, a study of the main issues of the analysis of profit and profitability was carried out on the basis of the audited financial statements of the JSC “Badagoni” for the production of Georgian wine for 2018-2019. The document outlines the directions for improving the company's financial results and outlines measures for increasing profitability. Keywords: Profit; Earnings, Operating Profit; Advanced Capital; Profitability, Profitability Factor Analysis

KEY ASPECTS OF ANALYSIS OF PROFIT AND PROFITABILITY OF GEORGIAN WINEMAKING ON THE EXAMPLE OF JSC “BADAGONI”

Profit is the main goal and the ultimate financial result of the business. Profit is an absolute indicator of the business operations of an enterprise and the main source of formation of its financial resources. Profit provides a characterization of the economic result obtained by enterprise as a result of its activities and, as a key indicator for assessing the activities of the enterprise, profit contributes to an increase in production, sales and product quality. The analysis of profit indicators allows us to draw important conclusions, but does not show the level of use of economic resources by the company. It is noteworthy that the starting point of a company’s financial conditions and its stable business development largely depends on the efficient use of the economic resources. For these purposes, the relative rate of return – profitability - is used, which is calculated on different bases, for example: indicators of operating expenses, total expenses, average annual value of assets, capital employed, etc. The profitability analysis improves the results of the performance analysis, since it is the profitability ratios that characterize the level of efficiency of the resources used. Considering all the above, we can say that profitability is also a strong indicator of the quality of the assessment of the management of enterprise, since it determines how purposefully the management uses the economic resources of the company. Thus, the main task of management is to guide and control the indicators of the profit and profitability. In this article, a study of the main issues of the analysis of profit and profitability was carried out on the basis of the audited financial statements of the JSC “Badagoni” for the production of Georgian wine for 2018-2019. The document outlines the directions for improving the company’s financial results and outlines measures for increasing profitability. Keywords: Profit; Earnings, Operating Profit; Advanced Capital; Profitability, Profitability Factor Analysis.

Key Aspects of Analysis of Profit and Profitability of Georgian Winemaking on the Example of JSC “Badagoni”

Profit is the main goal and the ultimate financial result of the business. Profit is an absolute indicator of the business operations of an enterprise and the main source of formation of its financial resources. Profit provides a characterization of the economic result obtained by enterprise as a result of its activities and, as a key indicator for assessing the activities of the enterprise, profit contributes to an increase in production, sales and product quality. The analysis of profit indicators allows us to draw important conclusions, but does not show the level of use of economic resources by the company. It is noteworthy that the starting point of a company's financial conditions and its stable business development largely depends on the efficient use of the economic resources. For these purposes, the relative rate of return – profitability - is used, which is calculated on different bases, for example: indicators of operating expenses, total expenses, average annual value of assets, capital employed, etc. The profitability analysis improves the results of the performance analysis, since it is the profitability ratios that characterize the level of efficiency of the resources used. Considering all the above, we can say that profitability is also a strong indicator of the quality of the assessment of the management of enterprise, since it determines how purposefully the management uses the economic resources of the company. Thus, the main task of management is to guide and control the indicators of the profit and profitability. In this article, a study of the main issues of the analysis of profit and profitability was carried out on the basis of the audited financial statements of the JSC “Badagoni” for the production of Georgian wine for 2018-2019. The document outlines the directions for improving the company's financial results and outlines measures for increasing profitability. Keywords: Profit; Earnings, Operating Profit; Advanced Capital; Profitability, Profitability Factor Analysis.

KEY ASPECTS OF ANALYSIS OF PROFIT AND PROFITABILITY OF GEORGIAN WINEMAKING ON THE EXAMPLE OF JSC “BADAGONI”

Profit is the main goal and the ultimate financial result of the business. Profit is an absolute indicator of the business operations of an enterprise and the main source of formation of its financial resources. Profit provides a characterization of the economic result obtained by enterprise as a result of its activities and, as a key indicator for assessing the activities of the enterprise, profit contributes to an increase in production, sales and product quality. The analysis of profit indicators allows us to draw important conclusions, but does not show the level of use of economic resources by the company. It is noteworthy that the starting point of a company’s financial conditions and its stable business development largely depends on the efficient use of the economic resources. For these purposes, the relative rate of return – profitability - is used, which is calculated on different bases, for example: indicators of operating expenses, total expenses, average annual value of assets, capital employed, etc. The profitability analysis improves the results of the performance analysis, since it is the profitability ratios that characterize the level of efficiency of the resources used. Considering all the above, we can say that profitability is also a strong indicator of the quality of the assessment of the management of enterprise, since it determines how purposefully the management uses the economic resources of the company. Thus, the main task of management is to guide and control the indicators of the profit and profitability. In this article, a study of the main issues of the analysis of profit and profitability was carried out on the basis of the audited financial statements of the JSC “Badagoni” for the production of Georgian wine for 2018-2019. The document outlines the directions for improving the company’s financial results and outlines measures for increasing profitability. Keywords: Profit; Earnings, Operating Profit; Advanced Capital; Profitability, Profitability Factor Analysis.

Key Aspects of Analysis of Profit and Profitability of Georgian Winemaking on the Example of JSC “Badagoni”

Profit is the main goal and the ultimate financial result of the business. Profit is an absolute indicator of the business operations of an enterprise and the main source of formation of its financial resources. Profit provides a characterization of the economic result obtained by enterprise as a result of its activities and, as a key indicator for assessing the activities of the enterprise, profit contributes to an increase in production, sales and product quality. The analysis of profit indicators allows us to draw important conclusions, but does not show the level of use of economic resources by the company. It is noteworthy that the starting point of a company's financial conditions and its stable business development largely depends on the efficient use of the economic resources. For these purposes, the relative rate of return – profitability - is used, which is calculated on different bases, for example: indicators of operating expenses, total expenses, average annual value of assets, capital employed, etc. The profitability analysis improves the results of the performance analysis, since it is the profitability ratios that characterize the level of efficiency of the resources used. Considering all the above, we can say that profitability is also a strong indicator of the quality of the assessment of the management of enterprise, since it determines how purposefully the management uses the economic resources of the company. Thus, the main task of management is to guide and control the indicators of the profit and profitability. In this article, a study of the main issues of the analysis of profit and profitability was carried out on the basis of the audited financial statements of the JSC “Badagoni” for the production of Georgian wine for 2018-2019. The document outlines the directions for improving the company's financial results and outlines measures for increasing profitability. Keywords: Profit; Earnings, Operating Profit; Advanced Capital; Profitability, Profitability Factor Analysis.

Key Aspects of Analysis of Profit and Profitability of Georgian Winemaking on the Example of JSC “Badagoni”

Profit is the main goal and the ultimate financial result of the business. Profit is an absolute indicator of the business operations of an enterprise and the main source of formation of its financial resources. Profit provides a characterization of the economic result obtained by enterprise as a result of its activities and, as a key indicator for assessing the activities of the enterprise, profit contributes to an increase in production, sales and product quality. The analysis of profit indicators allows us to draw important conclusions, but does not show the level of use of economic resources by the company. It is noteworthy that the starting point of a company's financial conditions and its stable business development largely depends on the efficient use of the economic resources. For these purposes, the relative rate of return – profitability - is used, which is calculated on different bases, for example: indicators of operating expenses, total expenses, average annual value of assets, capital employed, etc. The profitability analysis improves the results of the performance analysis, since it is the profitability ratios that characterize the level of efficiency of the resources used. Considering all the above, we can say that profitability is also a strong indicator of the quality of the assessment of the management of enterprise, since it determines how purposefully the management uses the economic resources of the company. Thus, the main task of management is to guide and control the indicators of the profit and profitability. In this article, a study of the main issues of the analysis of profit and profitability was carried out on the basis of the audited financial statements of the JSC “Badagoni” for the production of Georgian wine for 2018-2019. The document outlines the directions for improving the company's financial results and outlines measures for increasing profitability. Keywords: Profit; Earnings, Operating Profit; Advanced Capital; Profitability, Profitability Factor Analysis.

KEY ASPECTS OF ANALYSIS OF PROFIT AND PROFITABILITY OF GEORGIAN WINEMAKING ON THE EXAMPLE OF JSC “BADAGONI”

Profit is the main goal and the ultimate financial result of the business. Profit is an absolute indicator of the business operations of an enterprise and the main source of formation of its financial resources. Profit provides a characterization of the economic result obtained by enterprise as a result of its activities and, as a key indicator for assessing the activities of the enterprise, profit contributes to an increase in production, sales and product quality. The analysis of profit indicators allows us to draw important conclusions, but does not show the level of use of economic resources by the company. It is noteworthy that the starting point of a company’s financial conditions and its stable business development largely depends on the efficient use of the economic resources. For these purposes, the relative rate of return – profitability - is used, which is calculated on different bases, for example: indicators of operating expenses, total expenses, average annual value of assets, capital employed, etc. The profitability analysis improves the results of the performance analysis, since it is the profitability ratios that characterize the level of efficiency of the resources used. Considering all the above, we can say that profitability is also a strong indicator of the quality of the assessment of the management of enterprise, since it determines how purposefully the management uses the economic resources of the company. Thus, the main task of management is to guide and control the indicators of the profit and profitability. In this article, a study of the main issues of the analysis of profit and profitability was carried out on the basis of the audited financial statements of the JSC “Badagoni” for the production of Georgian wine for 2018-2019. The document outlines the directions for improving the company’s financial results and outlines measures for increasing profitability. Keywords: Profit; Earnings, Operating Profit; Advanced Capital; Profitability, Profitability Factor Analysis.

KEY ASPECTS OF ANALYSIS OF PROFIT AND PROFITABILITY OF GEORGIAN WINEMAKING ON THE EXAMPLE OF JSC “BADAGONI

Profit is the main goal and the ultimate financial result of the business. Profit is an absolute indicator of the business operations of an enterprise and the main source of formation of its financial resources. Profit provides a characterization of the economic result obtained by enterprise as a result of its activities and, as a key indi-cator for assessing the activities of the enterprise, profit contributes to an increase in production, sales and product quality. The analy-sis of profit indicators allows us to draw important conclusions, but does not show the level of use of economic resources by the com-pany. It is noteworthy that the starting point of a company’s financial conditions and its stable business development largely depends on the efficient use of the economic resources. For these purposes, the relative rate of return – profitability - is used, which is calculated on different bases, for example: indicators of operating expenses, to-tal expenses, average annual value of assets, capital employed, etc. The profitability analysis improves the results of the performance analysis, since it is the profitability ratios that characterize the level of efficiency of the resources used. Considering all the above, we can say that profitability is also a strong indicator of the quality of the assessment of the management of enterprise, since it determines how purposefully the management uses the economic resources of the company. Thus, the main task of management is to guide and control the indicators of the profit and profitability. In this article, a study of the main issues of the analysis of profit and profitability was carried out on the basis of the audited financial statements of the JSC “Badagoni” for the production of Georgian wine for 2018-2019. The document outlines the directions for improving the company’s financial results and outlines measures for increasing profitability. Keywords: Profit; Earnings, Operating Profit; Advanced Capital; Profitability, Profitability Factor Analysis.

Empirical Analysis of “GHG Emission Avoidance” Calculation for Selection of Sustainable Environmental Projects

Innovative environmental projects, selected for co-financing, must contribute to the green recovery of Europe’s economy and maintain the momentum in its transition to climate neutrality. However, measuring overall sustainable environmental efficiency of a project is a complex matter. The “GHG emission avoidance” indicator, which began to appear in the award criteria of the environmentally oriented tenders of the European cohesion policy for the Programme period 2021-2027, enables the allocation of funds based on the achieved environmental benefits. The purpose of this paper is to present theoretical background and practical calculation of the “GHG emission avoidance” indicator. An absolute and relative indicator is analysed, with which investors quantitatively evaluate the potential for avoiding emissions, generated in the case of project implementation. The research part of this article is presented through case study of a project in the sector of glass, ceramics and building materials in energy-intensive industry, in which contribution of the selected sustainable project to the EU vision for a climate-neutral economy is demonstrated.

The effect of commissioning on Portuguese Primary Health Care units’ performance: A four-year national analysis

BackgroundPortugal underwent a paradigmatic Primary Health Care (PHC) reform in 2005. The reform implemented better health information systems, goal-oriented management, pay-for-performance schemes, functional autonomy for the front-line units, and the general adoption of commissioning processes.Since the implementation of the reform, the same set of indicators have been monitored nationally every year. However, from 2014–2016, the five Regional Health Administrations could individually select part of set of indicators to be commissioned.As the same some indicators were used commissioned in some regions, but not in others, a natural experimental setting to observe the impact of commissioning on the results by comparing the performance of commissioned versus non-commissioned indicators emerged and the effects of commissioning on PHC performance could be evaluated. AimOur article aims to clarify the effect of commissioning on the results achieved by PHC units in Portugal following the implementation of the reform. ResultsIn general, the indicator values improved with time in the three types of units that existed after the reform. However, Model B Family Health Units (‘Unidades de Saúde Familiar’ or USFs that use pay-for-performance and are more mature) obtained the highest absolute indicator values, followed by Model A USFs (newer units with a fixed salary) and Personalised Health Care Units (‘Unidades de Cuidados de Saúde Personalizados’ that were created under the model before the reform and offer a fixed salary), respectively. ConclusionThe results show a general increase in indicators in all PHC units. However, the indicators used in the commissioning processes exhibited a greater increase. There was no evidence that the better results exhibited by the commissioned indicators were achieved at the expense of a detrimental effect on non-commissioned indicators.

VOLUME OF PUBLIC FINANCES AS A SUBJECT OF CONTROL

The method proposed in the article to accurately calculate the amount of public finances as a subject of control makes it possible to satisfy the socio-economic need in the definition of value of control subject. The main focus of the research is to identify an improved analytical indicator for calculating the value of public finances PFR* (formula (1)), which is more versatile and absolute indicator. The proposed improvements are to take into account the elements of purely financial origin, namely: Consolidated Budget and Single Country Contribution. Such composition of the improved indicator overcomes the flaw of the existing formula, where the elements are the institutions that make up the state social insurance system and have an unstable and volatile nature. This, in turn, allowed developing a number of formulas that were confirmed by the made calculations, in particular: formulas of the volume of control subject for the corresponding reporting period (according to the planned aggregate value of public finances of the country) (formulas (2), (3)); the formula of the volume of control subject for the relevant reporting period (as a cumulative indicator of the cost expression of the country’s public finances upon execution) (formula (4)); the formula of absolute damage to the subject of control (for the relevant reporting period) (formula (5)); the formula for calculating a parameter for an effective and highly efficient institute of counrty control (formula (6)). The obtained indicators PFR*, TSCPFY, TSCPFY*, ALTSCPFY* made it possible to analyze supervisory reviews undertaken by the agents of the national institute of control and work out the parameter of quality assurance and quality assessment of the national institute of control. According to these test results, the developed indicators proved to be the tools of theoretical and practical scientific research of the institute of control as one of the elements of the institutional infrastructure of public finances, which directly ensures their stability.

EFFICIENCY OF STEAM GENERATORS AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

The possibility of a comprehensive assessment of steam generators efficiency at nuclear power plants with water-water reactors, based on the indicator of OEE (overall equipment effectiveness) is considered. It is proposed to consider efficiency as the probability of functioning from the standpoint of availability, performance and product quality.The aim of the work is to evaluate the possibility of using the OEE indicator to analyze the efficiency of NPP steam generators in complex conditions: reactor − steam generator − turbine. Achieving this goal will provide a comprehensive indicator of monitoring the efficiency of steam generating systems and have a tool for systematic monitoring of steam generators. To assess the organizational and environmental efficiency of the organizational structure, individual, group and integrated indicators are proposed, which reflect the share or decrease of the absolute indicator in the system compared to the baseline. The study is based on the analysis of long-term performance of units with steam generators PG-1000, which are comparable. It is shown that the main element of the steam generation system, which determines its efficiency, is the heat generating source. The contribution to the efficiency of all aspects of operation is estimated. It is shown that the efficiency index of OEE allows to characterize the efficiency of steam generators operation at nuclear power plants with water-water reactors, and can be used to monitor and control the process of their operation. In result of research, it is defined that steam generator efficiency increases in process of achievement of the maximum value of its productivity.

АНАЛІЗ ДЖЕРЕЛ ФОРМУВАННЯ ПРИБУТКУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

Profit is a general economic category of developed commodity production. It is part of the value of the goods. In the economic literature there are different concepts of profit, there is no consensus on its source. Profit is the main purpose and motive of entrepreneurial activity, a material source of economic and social development, investment and innovation. On the basis of profit, one of the most important indicators is calculated – the profitability indicator, which is defined as the ratio of profit to the costs associated with its receipt. A study of profits was carried out on the example of Lubnymyaso LLC. Proved that profit is the aim, effect, stimulus and factor of economic security of the enterprise. The possibility of obtaining more profit encourages managers to look for better ways to use resources. It was determined that the level and amount of profit formed under the influence of many factors that affect it negatively and positively. Analysis of profitability indicators is very important in determining the assessment of the financial condition of the enterprise. The purpose of the analysis is to establish and assess the financial condition of the enterprise, to carry out work aimed at its improvement on an ongoing basis. Analysis of the financial condition shows specific areas of such work. Analysis makes it possible to identify the most important aspects and the weakest positions in the financial condition of the enterprise. Analysis identifies ways to increase profits and profitability. This growth can be achieved by increasing the volume of products produced and sold, attracting investment for enterprise development and using innovations in the production process. Thus, we can conclude that the analysis of the profitability of the enterprise can be carried out in three stages: to analyze the profit of the enterprise as an absolute indicator of profitability; to analyze the degree of efficiency of the business entity, to investigate profitability indicators; on the basis of research to identify possible reserves and ways to increase the profitability of the enterprise.

Dindarlığın Bir Tezahürü Olarak Şüpheli Şeyleri Terk ve Azimetle Amel Etme

Genel olarak bir dine mensup olmayı ifade eden “dindar” kavramı, özel anlamda dinî emir ve yasaklara sıkıca bağlı, din işlerinde titiz ve dikkatli, dinî bilgileri içselleştirerek tecrübe eden bireyler için kullanılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu kavram, dine daha çok bağlı olmayı ifade etmektedir. Bu anlamda dini, hayatının merkezine oturtan dindar birey, tercihlerini bu doğrultuda şekillendirmektedir. Dinin toplum üzerindeki etkisini inceleyen sosyologlar dindarlık için bazı tarifler yapıp birtakım kıstaslar tayin etme cihetine gitmişlerdir. Dinin tarifinde olduğu gibi dindarlığın da farklı şekillerde tarif edildiği görülmektedir. Bu anlamda dindarlığın sübjektif yapısı ve aşkın boyutundan ötürü bireylerin dindarlık derecesinin kesin hatlarla idraki pek mümkün gözükmemektedir. Ne var ki kılık-kıyafet, saç-sakal, bazı dinî kavramlar kullanmak ve ibadetlerin ifası gibi zahiri kıstaslar, bireylerin dindarlık dereceleri hakkında fikir verebilmektedir. Ne var ki İslâm’da öze sirayet etmeyip kabukta kalmış görüntülere pek itibar edilmemiştir. Bu bağlamda her şeyi formel ibadetlerden ibaret görerek dindarlığın merkezine bu şekilci anlayışın konulması eleştirilmiştir. Dindarlığın şekilde kalmasında olduğu gibi inancı fiiliyata dökme hususunda gerekli ciddiyeti göstermemek de mühim bir problem olarak görüldüğünden her tür dindarlık tezahürünün “aldatıcı/gösterişçi dindarlık”, “taklidi dindarlık”, “tahkiki dindarlık” ve “zevk alınan dindarlık” şeklinde farklı sıfatlar ile nitelendirilmesi gibi bir ihtiyaç ortaya çıkmıştır. Dolayısıyla dindar birey, imanının gereği olan tasarruflarda bulunur ki Kur’ân ve sünnette buna dair pek çok örnek mevcuttur. Allah ve Rasûlüne itaat, kesinlik derecesinde iman, ürperen kalp, ibadetleri yerine getirme ve elinden ve dilinden emin olunma gibi hususlar bunlardan bazılarıdır. Tabi her şeyde olduğu gibi ibadetlerde de aşırılığa kaçılması yasaklanmıştır. Bu anlamda Hz. Peygamberin ashabı arasında her gün oruç tutmayı, evlenmemeyi ve ibadetlerle meşgul olup uyumamayı planlayanları uyarması ve güçleri oranında ibadet hayatlarını yaşamaları yönünde tavsiyelerde bulunması manidardır. Fıkhî açıdan bakıldığında ibadetlerin, dindarlığının en önemli göstergeleri arasında yer aldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca fıkıhta, dindarlığın tezahürü olabilecek başka durumlar da söz konusu olabilmektedir. Örneğin inanan birinin şüpheli şeyleri terk edip azîmet ile amel etmesi bu kıstaslar arasında gösterilebilir. Şöyle ki fıkhi açıdan yeterli delil bulunamadığı için kesin bilgi ve kanaate varamamaktan kaynaklanan tereddüt ve kararsızlığı ifade eden şüphe durumunda ilgili hususun helal mi haram mı olduğu net değildir. Bu durum, müçtehidin mezkûr hususlarda kesin hüküm vermesine mani olurken mükellefin de haram mı helal mi haram mı olduğunu kesin olarak bilmediği meselelerde mütereddit olmasına sebep olmaktadır. Burada mükellefin önüne şüpheli olanı yapma veya terk etme şeklinde iki yol çıkmaktadır. Şüpheli şeylere bulaşıp harama düşme tehlikesi karşısında Hz. Peygamber’in haramlar ve helaller arasında bulunan şüpheli durumlardan sakınılması yönündeki tavsiyesini esas alarak şüpheli şeylerden uzaklaşması, kişinin dindarlığının farklı bir tezahürü olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Normal, yani herhangi bir özrün bulunmadığı durumlarda her bir mükelleften ayrı ayrı yapılması istenen ve azîmet diye ifade edilen asli hükümlere gelince, ruhsatla amel etmediği zaman günahkâr olacağı durumlar hariç, kişinin daha çok meşakkatli olan azîmet ile amel etmesi, onun dindarlığının farklı bir tezahürü olacaktır. Böyle durumlarda seferi iken ruhsat olduğu halde oruç tutulmasının daha hayırlı olduğu ve dolayısıyla failinin daha dindar olacağı yönünde naslar varken azimet ile ruhsattan hangisinin daha üstün olduğunun bilinmediği durumlar da vardır. Hal böyleyken bu gibi durumlarda da kişinin azimetle amel etmesi de onun dindarlığının farklı bir boyutu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada her iki husus, yani şüpheli şeyleri terk etmenin yanı sıra azimet ile amel etme ile ilgili teknik detay ve ihtilaflardan kaçınılarak sadece mezkûr hususların dindarlık üzerindeki etkileri ve bunların İslâm hukukundaki yansımaları izah edilmiştir. Ayrıca azîmet ile amelin mutlak olarak dindarlık göstergesi sayılıp sayılmayacağı sorgulanmıştır.

Short-Term Photovoltaic Power Prediction Based on Similar Days and Improved SOA-DBN Model

Existing methods in predicting short-term photovoltaic (PV) power have low accuracy and cannot satisfy actual demand. Thus, a prediction model based on similar days and seagull optimization algorithm (SOA) is proposed to optimize a deep belief network (DBN). Fast correlation-based filter (FCBF) method is used to select a meteorological feature set with the best correlation with PV output and avoid redundancy among meteorological factors affecting PV output. In addition, a comprehensive similarity index combining European distance and gray correlation degree is proposed to select the similar day. Then, SOA is used to optimize the number of neurons and the learning rate parameters in DBN. Based on the nonuniform mutation and opposition-based learning method, an improved seagull optimization algorithm (ISOA) with higher optimization accuracy is proposed. Finally, the ISOA-DBN prediction model is established, and the experimental analysis is conducted using the actual data of PV power stations in Australia. Results show that compared with DBN, support vector machine (SVM), extreme learning machine (ELM), radial basis function (RBF), Elman, and back propagation (BP), the mean absolute percentage error indicator of ISOA-DBN is only 1.512% on a sunny day, 5.975 on a rainy day, 3.359 on a cloudy to sunny day, and 1.911% on a sunny to cloudy day. Therefore, the good accuracy of the proposed model is verified.

A Novel Fertility Indicator Equation Using Estradiol Levels for Assessment of Phase of the Menstrual Cycle.

Background and Objectives: Urinary hormone home monitoring assays are now available for fertility awareness methods (FAMs) of family planning, but lack sensitivity and precision in establishing the start of the fertile phase. We hypothesized that with a suitable algorithm, daily serum or blood estradiol (E2) levels could serve as a better analyte to determine the phase of the ovulatory cycle and the fertile start day (FSD). Materials and Methods: Published day-specific serum E2 levels, indexed to the serum luteinizing hormone (LH) peak, were analyzed from three independent laboratories for a threshold for a FSD. A fertility indicator quation (FIE) was discovered and tested with these data and a FSD was determined using the mean or median and variance ranges of the day-specific E2 data. Results: The considerable variance of day-specific serum E2 levels made an absolute serum E2 indicator for phase of cycle problematic. However, a FIE was discovered which maps the day-specific E2 levels of the ovulatory cycle enabling the fertile phase and transition to the luteal phase to be signaled. In this equation, FIE(D) is the value of FIE on day, D, of the cycle and has both a magnitude and sign. The magnitude of FIE(D) is the product of the normalized change in day-specific E2 levels over two consecutive intervals, (D-2, D-1) and (D-1, D), multiplied by 100, and is formulated as: (E2 (on D-1) − E2 (on D-2))/E2 (on D-2) × (E2(on D) − E2 (on D-1))/E2 (on D-1) × 100. The sign of FIE(D) is either + or − or ind (indeterminate) and is assigned on the basis of the direction of this product. Using a FIE threshold of ≥2.5 as the start of the fertile phase, the FSDs were Day −5 or Day −6, with FSD Day −4 for an outlier set of E2 levels. The maximum FIE value ranged 9.5–27.8 and occurred most often on Day −2. An inflection point with a large change in FIE magnitude and change in sign from + to − always occurred at Day 0 for all sets of day-specific E2 data signaling transition to the luteal phase. Conclusions: The fertility indicator equation, a product of two sequential normalized changes in serum E2 levels with a sign indicating confidence in direction of change, is powerful in identifying the fertile phase and subsequent transition to the postovulatory phase and may serve as a useful algorithm for FAMs of family planning.

A Research Note on Relationships Between the Vertical Jump and Standing Broad Jump in Law Enforcement Recruits: Implications for Lower-Body Power Testing.

Lockie, RG, Moreno, MR, and Dawes, JJ. A research note on relationships between the vertical jump and standing broad jump in law enforcement recruits: implications for lower-body power testing. J Strength Cond Res 36(8): 2326-2329, 2022-Jump testing is often used to infer lower-body power in law enforcement recruits. The vertical jump (VJ) is most common, but can be equipment-intensive. The standing broad jump (SBJ) also provides a measure of lower-body power, requires less equipment, and could be practical for training staff with limited resources. There has been no analysis of the relationships between the VJ and SBJ in law enforcement recruits to ensure they measure similar qualities. This research note investigated the relationships between the VJ and SBJ in recruits from one agency. The sample included 71 men and 23 women who completed the VJ and SBJ before academy. Independent samples t -tests compared the sexes in both jump tests. Pearson's correlations calculated relationships between the VJ and SBJ variables (VJ height, height relative to body mass, peak power and power-to-body mass ratio calculated from VJ height; SBJ distance and distance relative to body mass) in all recruits combined, men, and women. Male recruits outperformed females in all absolute VJ and SBJ variables ( p < 0.001), except for relative-to-body mass VJ and SBJ. There were large significant relationships between most jump variables for all recruits combined, men, and women ( r = 0.371-0.684). Relative VJ and SBJ did not significantly relate ( r = 0.123-0.203). There were generally strong relationships between the VJ and SBJ in recruits, although the relative data indicated some differences in qualities assessed by each jump. Nonetheless, training staff could use the SBJ as a lower-body absolute power indicator, especially with limited resources.

Approach changing into organization processes and personnel management in context of digitalization

The virtual teams which are the subject of study becoming more significant in conditions of digitalization. The virtual team possess specific characteristics that determine a number of advantages and disadvantages and also makes changes to the processes of organization, management and control. The members of virtual teams can be divided in area and (or) in time from the position of organization, they can be beyond personal contact with each other and use different software for communication. Despite this the virtual team is endowed with a large grade of independence and the members of virtual team are share, plan and control all types of work by themselves. Most negative factor is the lack of direct communication between group members and this has a significant impact on all the problems and risks of a virtual team according to experts. It is important to implement an absolute indicator of performance evaluation in order to stimulate communication within the team. The authors propose to apply the temporarily oriented indicators as the most objective indicator of virtual team effectiveness evaluation. The advantages of this indicator are: simplicity of calculations, applicability to any teams, relevance in the context of digitalization and the common interest of all team members.